Localization of the Wilms` tumour protein WT1 in avian embryos
... were then rehydrated in TRIS-phosphate-buffered saline (TPBS) and the endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched by incubation for 30 min with 3% hydrogen peroxide in TPBS. After washing, non-specific binding sites were saturated for 30 min with 16% sheep serum, 1% bovine serum albumin and 0.5% Tri ...
... were then rehydrated in TRIS-phosphate-buffered saline (TPBS) and the endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched by incubation for 30 min with 3% hydrogen peroxide in TPBS. After washing, non-specific binding sites were saturated for 30 min with 16% sheep serum, 1% bovine serum albumin and 0.5% Tri ...
Guidance cues involved in the development of the peripheral
... Slits are a family of large, secreted proteins containing four leucine-rich repeats surrounded by conserved N- and C-terminal domains, nine EGF-like repeats, an ALPS domain and a cysteine-rich carboxyl terminal domain (see Wong et al., 2002). Slits are primarily known for their role in neural repuls ...
... Slits are a family of large, secreted proteins containing four leucine-rich repeats surrounded by conserved N- and C-terminal domains, nine EGF-like repeats, an ALPS domain and a cysteine-rich carboxyl terminal domain (see Wong et al., 2002). Slits are primarily known for their role in neural repuls ...
LPS- or Pseudomonas aeruginosa- mediated activation of
... polarizes into the inflammation-driving M1 phenotype (Sica & Mantovani, 2012). M1 macrophages are characterized by the synthesis and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α, and are able to develop a severe respiratory burst thus contributing to the defense against mi ...
... polarizes into the inflammation-driving M1 phenotype (Sica & Mantovani, 2012). M1 macrophages are characterized by the synthesis and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α, and are able to develop a severe respiratory burst thus contributing to the defense against mi ...
Transcriptional repression by MYB3R proteins regulates plant organ
... (CYCD3;1), see Fig. 2B, in situ observation of CYCB1;2-GFP during development that changes from a cell cycle dependent patchy pattern to a more even expression all point to a de-repressed gene expression. 2) The second area that came up in the comments of both referees is whether we have provided en ...
... (CYCD3;1), see Fig. 2B, in situ observation of CYCB1;2-GFP during development that changes from a cell cycle dependent patchy pattern to a more even expression all point to a de-repressed gene expression. 2) The second area that came up in the comments of both referees is whether we have provided en ...
Sulphur and nitrogen regulation of the protease
... was repeated for 5 min. The samples were centrifuged (10 min, 13 000 g, 4 uC) and the supernate was recovered. Total RNAs were collected by further centrifugation after addition of 500 ml 2propanol. The pellets were washed in 70 % ethanol and suspended in RNase-free water. cDNA synthesis (1 h at 42 ...
... was repeated for 5 min. The samples were centrifuged (10 min, 13 000 g, 4 uC) and the supernate was recovered. Total RNAs were collected by further centrifugation after addition of 500 ml 2propanol. The pellets were washed in 70 % ethanol and suspended in RNase-free water. cDNA synthesis (1 h at 42 ...
ROS-talk – how the apoplast, the chloroplast, and the nucleus get
... accumulation of ROS. The first phase occurs within tens of minutes from the onset of infection. It is mostly apoplastic and is tightly linked to NADPH oxidase activity (Figure 2). The second increase in ROS production happens several hours after the pathogen attack (Lamb and Dixon, 1997; Jones and Da ...
... accumulation of ROS. The first phase occurs within tens of minutes from the onset of infection. It is mostly apoplastic and is tightly linked to NADPH oxidase activity (Figure 2). The second increase in ROS production happens several hours after the pathogen attack (Lamb and Dixon, 1997; Jones and Da ...
T Cells FOXP3 Target Genes in Natural Regulatory Genome
... 12). In particular, the existence of two major human-specific FOXP3 isoforms (14) with different regulatory capacities (15, 16) and the transient induction of FOXP3 following activation of CD4+CD252 non-Tregs in humans (17) suggest a degree of species-specific function by, and regulation of, FOXP3. ...
... 12). In particular, the existence of two major human-specific FOXP3 isoforms (14) with different regulatory capacities (15, 16) and the transient induction of FOXP3 following activation of CD4+CD252 non-Tregs in humans (17) suggest a degree of species-specific function by, and regulation of, FOXP3. ...
Reprogramming glucose metabolism in cancer: can it be
... pancreas and liver 19,21. HK1 is the most ubiquitous isoform and is found in most adult tissues, whereas HK2 is expressed at high levels only in skeletal muscle, heart and adipose tissues, although it is also highly expressed in embryonic tissues. However, HK2 expression is induced in cancer cells t ...
... pancreas and liver 19,21. HK1 is the most ubiquitous isoform and is found in most adult tissues, whereas HK2 is expressed at high levels only in skeletal muscle, heart and adipose tissues, although it is also highly expressed in embryonic tissues. However, HK2 expression is induced in cancer cells t ...
1 sirt1 is involved in glucocorticoid-mediated control of
... JBC Papers in Press. Published on September 20, 2007 as Manuscript M707114200 The latest version is at http://www.jbc.org/cgi/doi/10.1074/jbc.M707114200 ...
... JBC Papers in Press. Published on September 20, 2007 as Manuscript M707114200 The latest version is at http://www.jbc.org/cgi/doi/10.1074/jbc.M707114200 ...
Characterization of Citrate Transport through the Plasma Membrane
... purified plasma membranes from each cell type and then measured the activities of the enzymes. We used an aqueous polymer two-phase system, which is known to be one of the most reliable methods for isolating highly purified plasma membrane. As shown in Table 2, the activities of the vanadate-sensiti ...
... purified plasma membranes from each cell type and then measured the activities of the enzymes. We used an aqueous polymer two-phase system, which is known to be one of the most reliable methods for isolating highly purified plasma membrane. As shown in Table 2, the activities of the vanadate-sensiti ...
LexA-GAL4 Activates Transcription from a Downstream Site
... most important conclusion is diagrammed in Figure 6. Although LexA-GAL4 and LexA both bind lexA operators in yeast (this paper, and Brent and Ptashne, 1984), LexA-GAL4 activates transcription, while LexA does not. LexA-GAL4 does not interact with UASG. Activation of transcription ty LexA-GAL4 is les ...
... most important conclusion is diagrammed in Figure 6. Although LexA-GAL4 and LexA both bind lexA operators in yeast (this paper, and Brent and Ptashne, 1984), LexA-GAL4 activates transcription, while LexA does not. LexA-GAL4 does not interact with UASG. Activation of transcription ty LexA-GAL4 is les ...
- ScienceCentral
... al., 1996). Cyp26 enzymes are thought to play a central role in the appropriate regulation of the RA signal as a posteriorizing factor in CNS development (Abu-Abed et al., 2001; Sakai et al., 2001; Sirbu et al., 2005). Mice and humans possess three Cyp26 genes: Cyp26a1, Cyp26b1 and Cyp26c1 (MacLean ...
... al., 1996). Cyp26 enzymes are thought to play a central role in the appropriate regulation of the RA signal as a posteriorizing factor in CNS development (Abu-Abed et al., 2001; Sakai et al., 2001; Sirbu et al., 2005). Mice and humans possess three Cyp26 genes: Cyp26a1, Cyp26b1 and Cyp26c1 (MacLean ...
Dynamics of Lipid Transfer by Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Proteins
... Of many lipid transfer proteins identified, all have been implicated in essential cellular processes, but the activity of none has been demonstrated in intact cells. Among these, phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITP) are of particular interest as they can bind to and transfer phosphatidylino ...
... Of many lipid transfer proteins identified, all have been implicated in essential cellular processes, but the activity of none has been demonstrated in intact cells. Among these, phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITP) are of particular interest as they can bind to and transfer phosphatidylino ...
An inside-out origin for the eukaryotic cell
... through which protrusions project. This arrangement allows cells to interact directly and dynamically with the external environment while retaining their genetic material in a protective keep. These phyla are ecologically successful, with many thousands of living and extinct species [64]. The rapid ...
... through which protrusions project. This arrangement allows cells to interact directly and dynamically with the external environment while retaining their genetic material in a protective keep. These phyla are ecologically successful, with many thousands of living and extinct species [64]. The rapid ...
Flow-through electroporation based on constant voltage
... 1. Introduction Advances in cell biology have been generating knowledge on genes, proteins and their involvement in cell development, differentiation and malignancy. Enabled by such knowledge, genetically modified cells with enhanced functions have emerged as promising materials in cell-based therapi ...
... 1. Introduction Advances in cell biology have been generating knowledge on genes, proteins and their involvement in cell development, differentiation and malignancy. Enabled by such knowledge, genetically modified cells with enhanced functions have emerged as promising materials in cell-based therapi ...
The Spatial Pattern of Cochlear Amplification
... Neuron 76, 989–997, December 6, 2012 ª2012 Elsevier Inc. 989 ...
... Neuron 76, 989–997, December 6, 2012 ª2012 Elsevier Inc. 989 ...
Full-Text PDF
... their cargoes (i.e., damaged proteins and organelles) [43]. Thus, in aging tissue, the increase of lysosomal content is thought to be a result of dysfunctional autophagy, rather than that of increased autophagy. Since SAβGAL activity is not required for senescence [44], the increase of SAβGAL activi ...
... their cargoes (i.e., damaged proteins and organelles) [43]. Thus, in aging tissue, the increase of lysosomal content is thought to be a result of dysfunctional autophagy, rather than that of increased autophagy. Since SAβGAL activity is not required for senescence [44], the increase of SAβGAL activi ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms
... pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane l ...
... pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane l ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms - IMBB
... pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane l ...
... pathological situations. Three major types of cell death have been defined based on morphological criteria.28 Type 1 programmed cell death (or apoptosis) is characterized by dependence on caspases, chromatin condensation and fragmentation and overall cell shrinkage. Blebbing of the plasma membrane l ...
Regulation of mTORC1 by amino acids
... raptor (regulatory associated protein of mTOR) [5,6]; two endogenous kinase inhibitors referred to as DEPTOR (DEP domain containing MTOR-interacting protein) [7] and PRAS40 (proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa, also known as AKT1S1) [8]; and mLST8 (MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog) [9] whose f ...
... raptor (regulatory associated protein of mTOR) [5,6]; two endogenous kinase inhibitors referred to as DEPTOR (DEP domain containing MTOR-interacting protein) [7] and PRAS40 (proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa, also known as AKT1S1) [8]; and mLST8 (MTOR associated protein, LST8 homolog) [9] whose f ...
Cytomechanical properties of papaver pollen tubes are altered after
... Intracellular signal transduction and cellular responses are generally studied using biochemistry. However, cytomechanical investigations have recently provided another approach. Two facets of intracellular signaling are relevant to a mechanospatial approach. First, the question of how the signal an ...
... Intracellular signal transduction and cellular responses are generally studied using biochemistry. However, cytomechanical investigations have recently provided another approach. Two facets of intracellular signaling are relevant to a mechanospatial approach. First, the question of how the signal an ...
Full Text - The Journal of Immunology
... response to E. coli IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that has among its functions the amplification of neutrophil recruitment and the activation and differentiation of T and B cells (21–25). The rapid up-regulation of IL-6 during UTIs in humans and mice make this molecule an ideal read-out for epithel ...
... response to E. coli IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that has among its functions the amplification of neutrophil recruitment and the activation and differentiation of T and B cells (21–25). The rapid up-regulation of IL-6 during UTIs in humans and mice make this molecule an ideal read-out for epithel ...
Glucose and forskolin regulate IAPP gene expression through
... messengers such as calcium and cAMP in the glucose regulation of IAPP gene expression has been suggested (12, 13). These intracellular second messengers are usually elevated in response to various extracellular stimuli and activate corresponding protein kinases, thereby leading to alterations of int ...
... messengers such as calcium and cAMP in the glucose regulation of IAPP gene expression has been suggested (12, 13). These intracellular second messengers are usually elevated in response to various extracellular stimuli and activate corresponding protein kinases, thereby leading to alterations of int ...
Glial Cell Inhibition of Neurons by Release of ATP
... dye fluorescence was monitored with 488 nm excitation, a 500 nm longpass barrier filter, and confocal microscopy (Odyssey scanner; Noran, Middleton, WI). Glial Ca 2⫹ changes and neuronal responses were recorded simultaneously. ATP imaging. ATP release from glial cells was detected using the luciferi ...
... dye fluorescence was monitored with 488 nm excitation, a 500 nm longpass barrier filter, and confocal microscopy (Odyssey scanner; Noran, Middleton, WI). Glial Ca 2⫹ changes and neuronal responses were recorded simultaneously. ATP imaging. ATP release from glial cells was detected using the luciferi ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.