the Golgi Apparatus as the central station of the
... operates in the intracellular traffic. It is the association of three heavy and three light chains that form the so-called tryskelion units and are linked as polyhedrons like the net in basketball. They were first associated with receptor-mediated endocytosis but they have also been reported in the ...
... operates in the intracellular traffic. It is the association of three heavy and three light chains that form the so-called tryskelion units and are linked as polyhedrons like the net in basketball. They were first associated with receptor-mediated endocytosis but they have also been reported in the ...
Glial Cell Inhibition of Neurons by Release of ATP
... dye fluorescence was monitored with 488 nm excitation, a 500 nm longpass barrier filter, and confocal microscopy (Odyssey scanner; Noran, Middleton, WI). Glial Ca 2⫹ changes and neuronal responses were recorded simultaneously. ATP imaging. ATP release from glial cells was detected using the luciferi ...
... dye fluorescence was monitored with 488 nm excitation, a 500 nm longpass barrier filter, and confocal microscopy (Odyssey scanner; Noran, Middleton, WI). Glial Ca 2⫹ changes and neuronal responses were recorded simultaneously. ATP imaging. ATP release from glial cells was detected using the luciferi ...
Glucose and forskolin regulate IAPP gene expression through
... messengers such as calcium and cAMP in the glucose regulation of IAPP gene expression has been suggested (12, 13). These intracellular second messengers are usually elevated in response to various extracellular stimuli and activate corresponding protein kinases, thereby leading to alterations of int ...
... messengers such as calcium and cAMP in the glucose regulation of IAPP gene expression has been suggested (12, 13). These intracellular second messengers are usually elevated in response to various extracellular stimuli and activate corresponding protein kinases, thereby leading to alterations of int ...
Aerobic Fermentation and the Depletion of the Amino Acid Pool in
... stabilized, the pool level increases by an internal replenishment process which is thought to involve the degradation of certain labile proteins to amino acids (1, 3). Presumably, the slow increase in the amino acid pool for freshly harvested cells without glucose is the result of the same internal ...
... stabilized, the pool level increases by an internal replenishment process which is thought to involve the degradation of certain labile proteins to amino acids (1, 3). Presumably, the slow increase in the amino acid pool for freshly harvested cells without glucose is the result of the same internal ...
Direct killing of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–infected B
... screened for anti-EBV CD4 T cells in peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL)–derived T-cell lines from healthy donors or kidney recipients and in synovial fluid (SF)–derived T-cell lines from arthritis patients, previously shown to be greatly enriched for EBV-specific CD8 T cells.11 Along this screening, a ...
... screened for anti-EBV CD4 T cells in peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL)–derived T-cell lines from healthy donors or kidney recipients and in synovial fluid (SF)–derived T-cell lines from arthritis patients, previously shown to be greatly enriched for EBV-specific CD8 T cells.11 Along this screening, a ...
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... by resistance (R) genes that interact with pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes (Abramovitch et al. 2006; Belkhadir et al. 2004; Bent and Mackey 2007; Chisholm et al. 2006; Jones and Dangl 2006). In molecular terms, R gene products, often from the nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) receptor ...
... by resistance (R) genes that interact with pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes (Abramovitch et al. 2006; Belkhadir et al. 2004; Bent and Mackey 2007; Chisholm et al. 2006; Jones and Dangl 2006). In molecular terms, R gene products, often from the nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) receptor ...
trisphosphate specifically interacts with the phox homology domain
... high affinity for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in vitro, we wanted to examine whether this interaction occurs also in vivo. Therefore, we generated EGFP-PLD1 PX constructs. pEGFP-PLD1 PX wild type, pEGFP-PLD1 PX(R179K) or pEGFP-PLD1 PX(R179A) were expressed in NIH-3T3 cells. After 24 hours of serum starvation, w ...
... high affinity for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in vitro, we wanted to examine whether this interaction occurs also in vivo. Therefore, we generated EGFP-PLD1 PX constructs. pEGFP-PLD1 PX wild type, pEGFP-PLD1 PX(R179K) or pEGFP-PLD1 PX(R179A) were expressed in NIH-3T3 cells. After 24 hours of serum starvation, w ...
70 Histopathology The mouse liver is made up of a large number of
... up of thousands of lobules which contain hepatic cells that are the basic metabolic cells of the liver. The liver has to perform certain important functions that include the break down of fats, production of urea, conversion of glucose derived from the food into glycogen, preparation of vital amino ...
... up of thousands of lobules which contain hepatic cells that are the basic metabolic cells of the liver. The liver has to perform certain important functions that include the break down of fats, production of urea, conversion of glucose derived from the food into glycogen, preparation of vital amino ...
DNA Replication Origin Function Is Promoted by H3K4 Di
... ABSTRACT DNA replication is a highly regulated process that is initiated from replication origins, but the elements of chromatin structure that contribute to origin activity have not been fully elucidated. To identify histone post-translational modifications important for DNA replication, we initiate ...
... ABSTRACT DNA replication is a highly regulated process that is initiated from replication origins, but the elements of chromatin structure that contribute to origin activity have not been fully elucidated. To identify histone post-translational modifications important for DNA replication, we initiate ...
The epithelial junction: bridge, gate, and fence.
... the extracellular gate anchored to a hoop of membrane structures that constitute the fence? Is the fence part of a scaffolding that is distributed through the whole cell membrane, and that maintains the cell’s shape? Cell asymmetry at the fence also raises questions of membrane assembly. Presumably ...
... the extracellular gate anchored to a hoop of membrane structures that constitute the fence? Is the fence part of a scaffolding that is distributed through the whole cell membrane, and that maintains the cell’s shape? Cell asymmetry at the fence also raises questions of membrane assembly. Presumably ...
Bioluminescence Microscopy
... beetle luciferase from Phrixothrix hirtus, Toyobo). Image kindly provided by Olympus Corporation, Tokyo. ...
... beetle luciferase from Phrixothrix hirtus, Toyobo). Image kindly provided by Olympus Corporation, Tokyo. ...
Negative feedback control of the autoimmune
... to suppression of the Th1-associated cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-, produced as an early response to antigen in vivo, while sparing IL-10 production. CD4+ T cell tolerance encompasses anergy, down-regulation of IFN-, and increased IL-10 production Although the serum cytokine profile provides an overall ...
... to suppression of the Th1-associated cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-, produced as an early response to antigen in vivo, while sparing IL-10 production. CD4+ T cell tolerance encompasses anergy, down-regulation of IFN-, and increased IL-10 production Although the serum cytokine profile provides an overall ...
Trafficking of the human transferrin receptor in plant cells: effects of
... Plant cells possess much of the molecular machinery necessary for receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), but this process still awaits detailed characterization. In order to identify a reliable and well-characterized marker to investigate RME in plant cells, we have expressed the human transferrin rec ...
... Plant cells possess much of the molecular machinery necessary for receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), but this process still awaits detailed characterization. In order to identify a reliable and well-characterized marker to investigate RME in plant cells, we have expressed the human transferrin rec ...
The Role of T-Cell Leukemia Translocation
... MacDonald et al. reported the formation of multinucleated cells that respond to osteotropic hormones in long-term human bone marrow cultures (MacDonald et al. 1987). In 1988, Takahashi et al. and in 1989, Hattersley et al. used marrow cells of mice to examine osteoclast-like cell formation from thei ...
... MacDonald et al. reported the formation of multinucleated cells that respond to osteotropic hormones in long-term human bone marrow cultures (MacDonald et al. 1987). In 1988, Takahashi et al. and in 1989, Hattersley et al. used marrow cells of mice to examine osteoclast-like cell formation from thei ...
Changes in endothelial phenotype may explain changes in
... paracrine signals that regulate their numbers in the wound including TNF-α and IL-1, ...
... paracrine signals that regulate their numbers in the wound including TNF-α and IL-1, ...
Membrane Bistability in Olfactory Bulb Mitral Cells
... found between the duration of the downstate and the duration of the following upstate (Pearson, p ⬍ 10 ⫺ 5). This interaction suggests that processes occurring during the downstate influence generation of the subsequent upstate. Bistable activity may therefore be influenced by interactions among spe ...
... found between the duration of the downstate and the duration of the following upstate (Pearson, p ⬍ 10 ⫺ 5). This interaction suggests that processes occurring during the downstate influence generation of the subsequent upstate. Bistable activity may therefore be influenced by interactions among spe ...
Hypothetical photosensory structure in ciliated protozoan, Blepharisma
... fragmentation of some of the mitochondria occurred, followed by the appearance of a number of net-like globules in the cytoplasm, which were expelled to outside and then involved in cell-to-cell or cell-to-substratum adhesion. The cells were transformed into a spherical shape, and a number of ellips ...
... fragmentation of some of the mitochondria occurred, followed by the appearance of a number of net-like globules in the cytoplasm, which were expelled to outside and then involved in cell-to-cell or cell-to-substratum adhesion. The cells were transformed into a spherical shape, and a number of ellips ...
Plasma Membrane Depolarization Induced by
... stress, Nod factors, and different elicitors like cryptogein (Spalding and Cosgrove, 1992; Lebrun-Garcia et al., 1999; Zingarelli et al., 1999; Kurkdjian et al., 2000). These depolarizations are due to modifications of plasma membrane ion channel activities. Blue light and cold stress activate anion ...
... stress, Nod factors, and different elicitors like cryptogein (Spalding and Cosgrove, 1992; Lebrun-Garcia et al., 1999; Zingarelli et al., 1999; Kurkdjian et al., 2000). These depolarizations are due to modifications of plasma membrane ion channel activities. Blue light and cold stress activate anion ...
Planta
... diVerential expression of 631 (379 up regulated) and 666 (350 up regulated) genes, respectively (supplementary data). As a Wrst approximation, diVerentially expressed genes at both 48 and 72 h were categorized into 24 groups based on function (Table 1). Each functional gene category includes at leas ...
... diVerential expression of 631 (379 up regulated) and 666 (350 up regulated) genes, respectively (supplementary data). As a Wrst approximation, diVerentially expressed genes at both 48 and 72 h were categorized into 24 groups based on function (Table 1). Each functional gene category includes at leas ...
Positive Regulation of IκB Kinase Signaling by Protein
... further reinforce the model that PP2A binds to IKK, facilitating the induction of IκB kinase activity, targeted degradation of IκB, and release of NF-κB to its nuclear site of action. Instead, our studies support the idea that this region of IKKγ is a novel protein-protein interaction domain, which ...
... further reinforce the model that PP2A binds to IKK, facilitating the induction of IκB kinase activity, targeted degradation of IκB, and release of NF-κB to its nuclear site of action. Instead, our studies support the idea that this region of IKKγ is a novel protein-protein interaction domain, which ...
cell-substratum adhesion of neurite growth cones, and its role in
... growth cones cultured on polylysine are complex, ranging from white to black in many areas. Beneath the bases of growth cones are large black zones of close contact, though the most interesting areas are at the peripheral sites of extension and retraction of microspikes and lamellipodiumlike veils ( ...
... growth cones cultured on polylysine are complex, ranging from white to black in many areas. Beneath the bases of growth cones are large black zones of close contact, though the most interesting areas are at the peripheral sites of extension and retraction of microspikes and lamellipodiumlike veils ( ...
Dynamic Organization of DNA Replication in Mammalian Cell Nuclei
... Hochstrasser and Sedat, 1987a,b) . Often, the disposition of the nucleolus is characteristic of the cell type . In epithelial cells of insects, the nucleolar patterns of adjacent cells are mirror images of each other (Locke and Leung, 1985) . In the interphase nuclei of both human and mouse central ...
... Hochstrasser and Sedat, 1987a,b) . Often, the disposition of the nucleolus is characteristic of the cell type . In epithelial cells of insects, the nucleolar patterns of adjacent cells are mirror images of each other (Locke and Leung, 1985) . In the interphase nuclei of both human and mouse central ...
Cancer across the tree of life: cooperation and cheating in
... suppression have also independently evolved many times. Most work characterizing the fundamental features of cancer and neoplastic growths has focused on cancer in humans and mice (e.g. [9,10]), with some work on cancer in captive animals [11,12], and very little work on cancer in the wild [13]. Her ...
... suppression have also independently evolved many times. Most work characterizing the fundamental features of cancer and neoplastic growths has focused on cancer in humans and mice (e.g. [9,10]), with some work on cancer in captive animals [11,12], and very little work on cancer in the wild [13]. Her ...
The Effect of Catalase on Recovery of Heat-injured
... inactivation and the mechanism by which strand breaks occur. Sedgwick & Bridges (1972) reported that the kinetics of strand breakage and their relation to loss of viability varied depending on the strain tested. They proposed that the mechanism of DNA strand breakage was indirect, possibly involving ...
... inactivation and the mechanism by which strand breaks occur. Sedgwick & Bridges (1972) reported that the kinetics of strand breakage and their relation to loss of viability varied depending on the strain tested. They proposed that the mechanism of DNA strand breakage was indirect, possibly involving ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.