1 Calcium at the Cell Wall
... regulates myriad processes, including secretion of cell wall components. In the cell wall Ca2+, at 10 μM10 mM, binds negative charges on pectins and imparts structural rigidity to the wall. The plasma membrane occupies a pivotal position between these two compartments, where selective channels regul ...
... regulates myriad processes, including secretion of cell wall components. In the cell wall Ca2+, at 10 μM10 mM, binds negative charges on pectins and imparts structural rigidity to the wall. The plasma membrane occupies a pivotal position between these two compartments, where selective channels regul ...
Combined fluorescence and electrochemical investigation on the
... result is displayed by a plot of A/A0 as a function of the fatty acid concentration, where A0 is the fluorescence of the probe/HSA complex before addition of the fatty acid, and A is the fluorescence after addition of the fatty acid at a certain concentration. Titration of C8 against HSA with the drug ...
... result is displayed by a plot of A/A0 as a function of the fatty acid concentration, where A0 is the fluorescence of the probe/HSA complex before addition of the fatty acid, and A is the fluorescence after addition of the fatty acid at a certain concentration. Titration of C8 against HSA with the drug ...
Genetic Control of Fusion Pore Expansion in the Epidermis of
... retarded in eff-1 and idf-1 mutants. We generate kinetic cell fusion maps for embryos grown at different temperatures. Different sides of the same cell differ in their fusogenicity: the left and right membrane domains are fusion-incompetent, whereas the anterior and posterior membrane domains fuse w ...
... retarded in eff-1 and idf-1 mutants. We generate kinetic cell fusion maps for embryos grown at different temperatures. Different sides of the same cell differ in their fusogenicity: the left and right membrane domains are fusion-incompetent, whereas the anterior and posterior membrane domains fuse w ...
Beili B24 25 Insulin
... between 1 and 10%. The relative binding affinity of this group of insulin analogs for the insulin receptor was determined to differ by more than thousand-fold from the most potent to the least potent peptide studied. Consistent with previous observations predominantly employing native amino acids, w ...
... between 1 and 10%. The relative binding affinity of this group of insulin analogs for the insulin receptor was determined to differ by more than thousand-fold from the most potent to the least potent peptide studied. Consistent with previous observations predominantly employing native amino acids, w ...
Job Sharing in the Endomembrane System: Vacuolar
... energized by the proton gradient and membrane potential created by the combined activity of two proton pumps, the vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and the vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase). Both proton pumps are highly abundant tonoplast proteins, underlining that the amount of energy invested into ...
... energized by the proton gradient and membrane potential created by the combined activity of two proton pumps, the vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and the vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase). Both proton pumps are highly abundant tonoplast proteins, underlining that the amount of energy invested into ...
C. elegans the L1 larval stage
... Axon guidance is the developmental process where developing neurons navigate their processes based on attractive and repulsive cues. C. elegans has been an instrumental model in the study of neurobiology with one of the key benefits being a relatively simple nervous system which comprises of only 30 ...
... Axon guidance is the developmental process where developing neurons navigate their processes based on attractive and repulsive cues. C. elegans has been an instrumental model in the study of neurobiology with one of the key benefits being a relatively simple nervous system which comprises of only 30 ...
Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles
... ⫺70 mV. When an input signal occurs, mechanically, chemically, or voltage-gated channels (usually Na⫹, Cl⫺, or Ca2⫹) open to lead to a graded potential at the dendrites or the cell body. If the graded potential is sufficient (when it arrives at the trigger zone of the axon hillock) to depolarize the ...
... ⫺70 mV. When an input signal occurs, mechanically, chemically, or voltage-gated channels (usually Na⫹, Cl⫺, or Ca2⫹) open to lead to a graded potential at the dendrites or the cell body. If the graded potential is sufficient (when it arrives at the trigger zone of the axon hillock) to depolarize the ...
Salivary gland development in Drosophila
... segments when SCR is expressed everywhere, some downstream genes, such as fork head (fkh), are also induced in more posterior segments (Panzer et al., 1992). This observation suggests differences among salivary gland genes with respect to which anterior-posterior regulators limit their expression. H ...
... segments when SCR is expressed everywhere, some downstream genes, such as fork head (fkh), are also induced in more posterior segments (Panzer et al., 1992). This observation suggests differences among salivary gland genes with respect to which anterior-posterior regulators limit their expression. H ...
Fastness in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
... have shown that most essential enzymes forming the central core of type II fatty acid synthase (FASII) are phosphorylated by STPK [6] and that, at least in vitro, post-translational phosphorylation inhibits the activity of these enzymes. These include the b-ketoacyl ACP synthase KasA, the b-ketoacyl ...
... have shown that most essential enzymes forming the central core of type II fatty acid synthase (FASII) are phosphorylated by STPK [6] and that, at least in vitro, post-translational phosphorylation inhibits the activity of these enzymes. These include the b-ketoacyl ACP synthase KasA, the b-ketoacyl ...
Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles
... ⫺70 mV. When an input signal occurs, mechanically, chemically, or voltage-gated channels (usually Na⫹, Cl⫺, or Ca2⫹) open to lead to a graded potential at the dendrites or the cell body. If the graded potential is sufficient (when it arrives at the trigger zone of the axon hillock) to depolarize the ...
... ⫺70 mV. When an input signal occurs, mechanically, chemically, or voltage-gated channels (usually Na⫹, Cl⫺, or Ca2⫹) open to lead to a graded potential at the dendrites or the cell body. If the graded potential is sufficient (when it arrives at the trigger zone of the axon hillock) to depolarize the ...
Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables
... Freeze-thaw cycles: Commodity specific, but membrane damage/rupturing is considerably greater with a slow freeze (large ice crystals) compared to a rapid freeze. Cryoprotective agents can be used to protect the cells if necessary; examples include sugar or salt solutions (increases the osmotic press ...
... Freeze-thaw cycles: Commodity specific, but membrane damage/rupturing is considerably greater with a slow freeze (large ice crystals) compared to a rapid freeze. Cryoprotective agents can be used to protect the cells if necessary; examples include sugar or salt solutions (increases the osmotic press ...
Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads
... supplemental material). Next, we investigated the membrane-binding characteristics of two S. salmonicida annexin homologs, one being annexin 3 with four canonical AB loops and the second being annexin 5 with a single intact AB loop in the fourth endonexin repeat. Annexins 3 and 5, expressed as gluta ...
... supplemental material). Next, we investigated the membrane-binding characteristics of two S. salmonicida annexin homologs, one being annexin 3 with four canonical AB loops and the second being annexin 5 with a single intact AB loop in the fourth endonexin repeat. Annexins 3 and 5, expressed as gluta ...
University of Birmingham Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a
... (cell death), adjusting innervation, targeting, and connectivity to target size [1]. Neurotrophins (NTs) are the major class of molecules promoting neuronal survival in vertebrates. They also control cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and they are required for axonal and dendritic elab ...
... (cell death), adjusting innervation, targeting, and connectivity to target size [1]. Neurotrophins (NTs) are the major class of molecules promoting neuronal survival in vertebrates. They also control cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation, and they are required for axonal and dendritic elab ...
Vanadium-Binding Proteins (Vanabins)
... organism because molecular biology has revealed that ascidians have key chordate features in common with the vertebrates. Moreover, their genome size is relatively small (~160 million bases) and they possess fundamentally all of basic developmental genes. They are, therefore, one of model organisms ...
... organism because molecular biology has revealed that ascidians have key chordate features in common with the vertebrates. Moreover, their genome size is relatively small (~160 million bases) and they possess fundamentally all of basic developmental genes. They are, therefore, one of model organisms ...
FMM_Colin_Mitchell - Bioenergetic Failure
... This is also a phospholipid bilayer, but with a protein to phospholipid ratio of 3:1 by weight (cf. a ratio of 1:1 in the plasma membrane) i.e. it is highly protein dense. It contains a specific phospholipid, cardiolipin, which is characteristic of mitochondrial and bacterial plasma membranes. It do ...
... This is also a phospholipid bilayer, but with a protein to phospholipid ratio of 3:1 by weight (cf. a ratio of 1:1 in the plasma membrane) i.e. it is highly protein dense. It contains a specific phospholipid, cardiolipin, which is characteristic of mitochondrial and bacterial plasma membranes. It do ...
Sialic Acid Binding Domains of CD22 Are Required For Negative
... (R130A and R137E), diminishes the negative regulatory function of CD22. This means that the ectodomains of CD22 are required for full function. We favor the hypothesis that this loss of function is directly due to the loss of binding to a sialic acid containing ligand. The R130 residue is highly con ...
... (R130A and R137E), diminishes the negative regulatory function of CD22. This means that the ectodomains of CD22 are required for full function. We favor the hypothesis that this loss of function is directly due to the loss of binding to a sialic acid containing ligand. The R130 residue is highly con ...
Rubisco
... Fructose 6-phosphate is an important branchpoint. Cell can choose to synthesize starch or regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate from F-6-P. Animals do not have these following enzymes so they can not perform photosynthesis: Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase ribulose 5-phosphate kinase rubisco ...
... Fructose 6-phosphate is an important branchpoint. Cell can choose to synthesize starch or regenerate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate from F-6-P. Animals do not have these following enzymes so they can not perform photosynthesis: Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase ribulose 5-phosphate kinase rubisco ...
Cis-trans isomerization of omega dihedrals in Proteins
... prolyl residues. They show, as previously reported (Pal, Chakrabarti 1999), that position preceding cis-proline is strongly occupied by the aromatic amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine, and by small residue glycine, as well as proline itself. Phenylalanine and tyrosine, but not tryptophan, are the m ...
... prolyl residues. They show, as previously reported (Pal, Chakrabarti 1999), that position preceding cis-proline is strongly occupied by the aromatic amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine, and by small residue glycine, as well as proline itself. Phenylalanine and tyrosine, but not tryptophan, are the m ...
Domains of the Adenovirus E1A Protein Required for
... E2F-dependent promoter but that this activity is dependent on the cell line (Bagchi et al. 1990). That is, there was little if any trans-activation in HeLa cells, whereas the trans-activation in L cells was only slightly less efficient than that of the 13S E1A product. This result correlates w i t h ...
... E2F-dependent promoter but that this activity is dependent on the cell line (Bagchi et al. 1990). That is, there was little if any trans-activation in HeLa cells, whereas the trans-activation in L cells was only slightly less efficient than that of the 13S E1A product. This result correlates w i t h ...
Regulation of Natural Killer and CD4 T cell function by
... different cytokines and chemokines 22,23. IFNγ and TNFα produced by NK cells directly contribute to the control of several infections, and NK cells can also produce chemokines like MIP-1β, MIP-1α and RANTES to attract other inflammatory cells 24. Transcripts for certain cytokines and cytolytic media ...
... different cytokines and chemokines 22,23. IFNγ and TNFα produced by NK cells directly contribute to the control of several infections, and NK cells can also produce chemokines like MIP-1β, MIP-1α and RANTES to attract other inflammatory cells 24. Transcripts for certain cytokines and cytolytic media ...
Cell Wall, Cytoskeleton, and Cell Expansion in Higher Plants
... NMR studies have detected limited XyG–cellulose interactions in Arabidopsis primary walls (Dick-Perez et al., 2011). Moreover, the xxt1xxt2 mutant, which lacked detectable XyG, displayed a relatively mild phenotype, suggesting that the load-bearing function might not only be assumed by XyG–cellulose ...
... NMR studies have detected limited XyG–cellulose interactions in Arabidopsis primary walls (Dick-Perez et al., 2011). Moreover, the xxt1xxt2 mutant, which lacked detectable XyG, displayed a relatively mild phenotype, suggesting that the load-bearing function might not only be assumed by XyG–cellulose ...
Molecular and morphological analyses of basal forebrain
... nearly all forebrain structures such as the cortex, striatum, hippocampus, amygdala and septum (Marin et al., 2000; Gelman et al., 2009; Nobrega-Pereira et al., 2010). Migratory cells from each of these three embryonic proliferative zones are further classified into septal progenitor domains, SE1-6 ...
... nearly all forebrain structures such as the cortex, striatum, hippocampus, amygdala and septum (Marin et al., 2000; Gelman et al., 2009; Nobrega-Pereira et al., 2010). Migratory cells from each of these three embryonic proliferative zones are further classified into septal progenitor domains, SE1-6 ...
Mast Cell-Derived Exosomes Induce Phenotypic and Functional
... these molecules. Tolerosomes assembled in and released from the small intestinal epithelial cells are another example of exosomelike structures (9). Tolerosomes isolated from serum shortly after Ag feeding or from in vitro-pulsed intestinal epithelial cells are fully capable of inducing Ag-specific ...
... these molecules. Tolerosomes assembled in and released from the small intestinal epithelial cells are another example of exosomelike structures (9). Tolerosomes isolated from serum shortly after Ag feeding or from in vitro-pulsed intestinal epithelial cells are fully capable of inducing Ag-specific ...
Intracellular localization of NDH II - Journal of Cell Science
... into the cytoplasm when transcription is inhibited (Piñol-Roma and Dreyfuss, 1992). A similar effect was also observed for NDH II after treatment of cells with actinomycin D (Fig. 1B). However, following transcriptional inhibition the increased cytoplasmic signal of NDH II was less apparent than tha ...
... into the cytoplasm when transcription is inhibited (Piñol-Roma and Dreyfuss, 1992). A similar effect was also observed for NDH II after treatment of cells with actinomycin D (Fig. 1B). However, following transcriptional inhibition the increased cytoplasmic signal of NDH II was less apparent than tha ...
PDF
... per gonad arm that can be detected at any given time is very low [4.0 apoptotic germ cells on average in hermaphrodites 48 hours post the fourth larval (L4) stage] (Gumienny et al., 1999). For this reason, we analyzed constitutive germ cell apoptosis in the background of ced-6(n2095). n2095 is a los ...
... per gonad arm that can be detected at any given time is very low [4.0 apoptotic germ cells on average in hermaphrodites 48 hours post the fourth larval (L4) stage] (Gumienny et al., 1999). For this reason, we analyzed constitutive germ cell apoptosis in the background of ced-6(n2095). n2095 is a los ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.