Emerging roles of Axin in cerebral cortical development
... GSK3β and β-catenin (Figure 1). In brief, Axin interacts with adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), GSK3β, and β-catenin via distinct domains to form the β-catenin destruction complex (Furuhashi et al., 2001). Without Wnt ligand stimulation, Axin facilitates GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation of β-catenin, ...
... GSK3β and β-catenin (Figure 1). In brief, Axin interacts with adenomatosis polyposis coli (APC), GSK3β, and β-catenin via distinct domains to form the β-catenin destruction complex (Furuhashi et al., 2001). Without Wnt ligand stimulation, Axin facilitates GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation of β-catenin, ...
The cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and its role in
... Waeber and Habener, 1992). The biological functions of these isoforms have not been well characterized. However, available data suggest that certain alternatively spliced exons present in these rarer CREB isoforms generate inhibitory forms of CREB that might be important for regulating expression an ...
... Waeber and Habener, 1992). The biological functions of these isoforms have not been well characterized. However, available data suggest that certain alternatively spliced exons present in these rarer CREB isoforms generate inhibitory forms of CREB that might be important for regulating expression an ...
Chem 499 Final Exam Name
... 3. Valinomycin (shown below) is an antibiotic which is able to transport ions into and out of cells. Would you expect valinomycin is better at transporting anions, cations or both? Explain your reasoning. Propose an explanation for how this can occur considering the polarity of all the interacting c ...
... 3. Valinomycin (shown below) is an antibiotic which is able to transport ions into and out of cells. Would you expect valinomycin is better at transporting anions, cations or both? Explain your reasoning. Propose an explanation for how this can occur considering the polarity of all the interacting c ...
Datasheet Blank Template - Santa Cruz Biotechnology
... morphogen, dorsal. Both proteins specifically bind to DNA sequences that are the same or slight variations of the 10 bp κB sequence in the immunoglobulin κ light chain enhancer. This same sequence is also present in a number of other cellular and viral enhancers. The DNA binding activity of NFκB is ...
... morphogen, dorsal. Both proteins specifically bind to DNA sequences that are the same or slight variations of the 10 bp κB sequence in the immunoglobulin κ light chain enhancer. This same sequence is also present in a number of other cellular and viral enhancers. The DNA binding activity of NFκB is ...
as a PDF - CiteSeerX
... only 16 intracellular amino acids) can induce tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins.10 Like many adhesion molecules, CD34 may have roles in both adhesion and differentiation. In a myeloid leukemia cell line we demonstrated that forced expression impaired terminal differentiation.12 To a ...
... only 16 intracellular amino acids) can induce tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins.10 Like many adhesion molecules, CD34 may have roles in both adhesion and differentiation. In a myeloid leukemia cell line we demonstrated that forced expression impaired terminal differentiation.12 To a ...
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... Benchmark: “Describe how biological systems can maintain equilibrium (homeostasis).” Benchmark: “Identify unique structures in cells from plants, animals, and prokaryotes.” Benchmark: “Identify cell organelles and state how their activities contribute to a particular type of cell carrying out its fu ...
... Benchmark: “Describe how biological systems can maintain equilibrium (homeostasis).” Benchmark: “Identify unique structures in cells from plants, animals, and prokaryotes.” Benchmark: “Identify cell organelles and state how their activities contribute to a particular type of cell carrying out its fu ...
Chemosensory Systems
... sour [acids, which are also irritants, activating the common chemical sense]. Species differences can be tremendous, especially for the many compounds with bitter tastes. 4. Stimulus-receptor interaction occurs in taste-bud pores, into which taste-bud cells project microvilli. Membrane ion channels ...
... sour [acids, which are also irritants, activating the common chemical sense]. Species differences can be tremendous, especially for the many compounds with bitter tastes. 4. Stimulus-receptor interaction occurs in taste-bud pores, into which taste-bud cells project microvilli. Membrane ion channels ...
Title Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis surface topographical
... The use of surface roughness as a parameter is usually quantified as the average roughness and root mean squared roughness. However, quantifying membrane topography in the presence of surface topographical heterogeneities (redefined as surface defects throughout this study) can be challenging [21], ...
... The use of surface roughness as a parameter is usually quantified as the average roughness and root mean squared roughness. However, quantifying membrane topography in the presence of surface topographical heterogeneities (redefined as surface defects throughout this study) can be challenging [21], ...
A Simple Biophysically Plausible Model for Long Time
... Figure 2 illustrates the proposed feedback loop. After the stimulus presentation, relatively high calcium concentration decays, but also drives the CAN current which depolarizes the cell causing a spike that brings more calcium in the cell effectively prolonging the calcium decay. The rate of the de ...
... Figure 2 illustrates the proposed feedback loop. After the stimulus presentation, relatively high calcium concentration decays, but also drives the CAN current which depolarizes the cell causing a spike that brings more calcium in the cell effectively prolonging the calcium decay. The rate of the de ...
Innate antiviral defense of zebrafish : from signalling to specialized
... mechanisms at a molecular level via induction of specialized effector proteins that disrupt viral cycle at various points. They also induce chemokines that regulate leukocyte activation and migration. IFNs are induced when a virus is detected by a number of specialized sensors constituting a surveil ...
... mechanisms at a molecular level via induction of specialized effector proteins that disrupt viral cycle at various points. They also induce chemokines that regulate leukocyte activation and migration. IFNs are induced when a virus is detected by a number of specialized sensors constituting a surveil ...
Cutaneous Sensory Neurons Expressing the Mrgprd Receptor
... the external environment. The exact stimulus varies, but there is an absolute requirement, often for the survival of the organism, that the skin be capable of detecting stimuli in both the innocuous and noxious range. Consequently the skin responds to stimulus intensities ranging from light touch or ...
... the external environment. The exact stimulus varies, but there is an absolute requirement, often for the survival of the organism, that the skin be capable of detecting stimuli in both the innocuous and noxious range. Consequently the skin responds to stimulus intensities ranging from light touch or ...
Leaf growth in grasses is determined by the cell division and
... sheath (i.e., the leaf growth zone), which is highly distinct and relatively simply organized (Hu et al. 2005). Thus, the grass leaf presents a good opportunity to study general leaf growth processes in plants. Leaf growth in wheat, as for other plants like rice, barley, maize and sorghum, is one of ...
... sheath (i.e., the leaf growth zone), which is highly distinct and relatively simply organized (Hu et al. 2005). Thus, the grass leaf presents a good opportunity to study general leaf growth processes in plants. Leaf growth in wheat, as for other plants like rice, barley, maize and sorghum, is one of ...
Centrosome misorientation mediates slowing of the cell cycle under
... Revised: Jan 30, 2012 Accepted: Feb 17, 2012 ...
... Revised: Jan 30, 2012 Accepted: Feb 17, 2012 ...
Molecular mapping of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in focal
... migration and transmembrane signaling. These adhesions are formed in specialized sub-cellular sites, known as focal adhesions (Burridge and Chrzanowska-Wodnicka, 1996; Geiger et al., 2001) where matrix-attached integrin receptors interact with the actin cytoskeleton via a submembrane, multimolecular ...
... migration and transmembrane signaling. These adhesions are formed in specialized sub-cellular sites, known as focal adhesions (Burridge and Chrzanowska-Wodnicka, 1996; Geiger et al., 2001) where matrix-attached integrin receptors interact with the actin cytoskeleton via a submembrane, multimolecular ...
lipoprotein metabolism
... What are the lipids carried by CM? Where is CM formed? What is the source for lipids in CM? How does the CM release FFA? What is the fate of the FFA and Glycerol? Where is the LPL found? What are the components of Remnant CM? ...
... What are the lipids carried by CM? Where is CM formed? What is the source for lipids in CM? How does the CM release FFA? What is the fate of the FFA and Glycerol? Where is the LPL found? What are the components of Remnant CM? ...
Transport functions and physiological significance of 76 kDa Ral
... in LPO leading to the formation of toxic products including 4-HNE. It has been suggested that MRP1 may contribute to drug resistance by transporting GS-HNE. While this may be true for some cell types it appears that other transporters, including RLIP76, may play a major role in these mechanisms (Awa ...
... in LPO leading to the formation of toxic products including 4-HNE. It has been suggested that MRP1 may contribute to drug resistance by transporting GS-HNE. While this may be true for some cell types it appears that other transporters, including RLIP76, may play a major role in these mechanisms (Awa ...
State of the Art Manufacturing of Protein Hydrolysates
... of the manufacturers remove salt partially or completely by precipitation nanofiltration and/or ion exchange resins. However, acid hydrolysates are widely used in the food and pet food industry as flavor enhancers (Nagodawithana 1998, 2010). This is covered in greater detail in Chapter 11. The manuf ...
... of the manufacturers remove salt partially or completely by precipitation nanofiltration and/or ion exchange resins. However, acid hydrolysates are widely used in the food and pet food industry as flavor enhancers (Nagodawithana 1998, 2010). This is covered in greater detail in Chapter 11. The manuf ...
Mutational Analysis of Muscle Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
... changes resulting from these mutations are designated by position, wild-type amino acid~mutant amino acid. The sequence of the deletion mutants are presented in Materials and Methods. ¢ High affinity BTX binding was assayed by toxin antitoxin immunoprecipitation of extracts from cells pulse labeled ...
... changes resulting from these mutations are designated by position, wild-type amino acid~mutant amino acid. The sequence of the deletion mutants are presented in Materials and Methods. ¢ High affinity BTX binding was assayed by toxin antitoxin immunoprecipitation of extracts from cells pulse labeled ...
Mitochondria and energy production
... kinase-mediated mechanism. The other mechanism involves amino acids (e.g. leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) that are not concentrated within the liver but appear to exert their actions via an mTOR-mediated pathway. Recent studies have clarified the mechanism by which glutamine and system A substr ...
... kinase-mediated mechanism. The other mechanism involves amino acids (e.g. leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) that are not concentrated within the liver but appear to exert their actions via an mTOR-mediated pathway. Recent studies have clarified the mechanism by which glutamine and system A substr ...
Cytokinins regulate vascular morphogenesis in the Arabidopsis
... photosynthesised carbohydrates are transported via the phloem to nourish other organs of the plant. During primary development vascular tissues differentiate from procambium, and during secondary development they differentiate from cambium. The mechanisms underlying the xylem and the phloem developm ...
... photosynthesised carbohydrates are transported via the phloem to nourish other organs of the plant. During primary development vascular tissues differentiate from procambium, and during secondary development they differentiate from cambium. The mechanisms underlying the xylem and the phloem developm ...
Physiological and Pharmacological Alterations in Postsynaptic
... clinically useful partial and generalized tonic-clonic anticonvulsant drugs, but not those effective in control of absence seizures (Sombati and DeLorenzo 1995). In this latter model, the epileptic state is created by kindling the cultures with a 3-h pretreatment in medium containing no added Mg 2/ ...
... clinically useful partial and generalized tonic-clonic anticonvulsant drugs, but not those effective in control of absence seizures (Sombati and DeLorenzo 1995). In this latter model, the epileptic state is created by kindling the cultures with a 3-h pretreatment in medium containing no added Mg 2/ ...
Mosses as model systems for the study of metabolism and
... examples of the first land plants, and as such had to adjust to environmental stresses not found in water. Consequently, mechanisms have evolved to cope with drought and other stresses, that may represent the earliest form of a stress-signaling pathway. Most research on ABA in bryophytes has concent ...
... examples of the first land plants, and as such had to adjust to environmental stresses not found in water. Consequently, mechanisms have evolved to cope with drought and other stresses, that may represent the earliest form of a stress-signaling pathway. Most research on ABA in bryophytes has concent ...
Clockwork green—the circadian oscillator in
... molecularly (Strayer et al. 2000). The toc1 mutant was, in fact, the first mutant with a period defect identified in Arabidopsis by virtue of aberrant CAB::LUC rhythms with a 21-h period (Millar et al. 1995). TOC1 is the founding member of a family of so-called pseudo-response regulators, PRR1 (see ...
... molecularly (Strayer et al. 2000). The toc1 mutant was, in fact, the first mutant with a period defect identified in Arabidopsis by virtue of aberrant CAB::LUC rhythms with a 21-h period (Millar et al. 1995). TOC1 is the founding member of a family of so-called pseudo-response regulators, PRR1 (see ...
Hydrogen peroxide modulates the dynamic microtubule
... Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt in a variety of important plant species worldwide (Bhat & Subbarao 1999). Although the physiology of plant defence against Verticillium infection is well established, comprising the production of the PR proteins, phytoalexin ...
... Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt in a variety of important plant species worldwide (Bhat & Subbarao 1999). Although the physiology of plant defence against Verticillium infection is well established, comprising the production of the PR proteins, phytoalexin ...
Non Conservation of Function for the
... (E)9.5–E11.5. During this period, muscle formation depends on the myogenic regulatory factors, Myf5 and Mrf4. In their absence, Prdm1 is not activated, in apparent contrast to zebra fish where Prdm1 is expressed in the absence of Myf5 and MyoD that drive myogenesis in adaxial cells. However, as in z ...
... (E)9.5–E11.5. During this period, muscle formation depends on the myogenic regulatory factors, Myf5 and Mrf4. In their absence, Prdm1 is not activated, in apparent contrast to zebra fish where Prdm1 is expressed in the absence of Myf5 and MyoD that drive myogenesis in adaxial cells. However, as in z ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.