Fatty acid modification and membrane lipids
... bilayer which facilitates protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions, an important feature in the understanding of membrane function and linked membrane-bound enzyme systems (Bakardjieva et al. 1979; Chapman, 1982). Protein. The intrinsic proteins in the fluid-mosaic model penetrate the lipid bi ...
... bilayer which facilitates protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions, an important feature in the understanding of membrane function and linked membrane-bound enzyme systems (Bakardjieva et al. 1979; Chapman, 1982). Protein. The intrinsic proteins in the fluid-mosaic model penetrate the lipid bi ...
Remodeling of endosomes during lysosome biogenesis involves
... features. So far, most, if not all, of the proteins present on endosomes have also been found on phagosomes (Garin et al., 2001). Among these markers, rab5, a member of the rab family of small GTPases present on early endocytic and phagocytic structures has been particularly studied (Chavrier et al. ...
... features. So far, most, if not all, of the proteins present on endosomes have also been found on phagosomes (Garin et al., 2001). Among these markers, rab5, a member of the rab family of small GTPases present on early endocytic and phagocytic structures has been particularly studied (Chavrier et al. ...
Spore Formation Bacillus subtilis during Compartmentalization of
... focus primarily on B. subtilis but include discussion of other species where we think it appropriate. We discuss in detail the genetic and biochemical experiments that have led to the discovery and characterization of cell-specific programs of gene expression. Since sporulation follows a distinct se ...
... focus primarily on B. subtilis but include discussion of other species where we think it appropriate. We discuss in detail the genetic and biochemical experiments that have led to the discovery and characterization of cell-specific programs of gene expression. Since sporulation follows a distinct se ...
Enzymes for Cell Dissociation and Lysis - Sigma
... tissue digestions the crude collagenase products have always been the most effective. Some researchers have tried mixtures of chromatographically purified collagenase with a protease such as trypsin or subtilisin to digest tissue. ...
... tissue digestions the crude collagenase products have always been the most effective. Some researchers have tried mixtures of chromatographically purified collagenase with a protease such as trypsin or subtilisin to digest tissue. ...
Estradiol, Substance P, and the PI3K-Akt
... The pain system is exceedingly complex. Its features include plasticity in the primary afferents, dorsal horn, and brain; pain inhibition systems; descending modulation from the brain to the dorsal horn; changes in extracellular signaling molecules and inflammatory mediators; changes in membrane rec ...
... The pain system is exceedingly complex. Its features include plasticity in the primary afferents, dorsal horn, and brain; pain inhibition systems; descending modulation from the brain to the dorsal horn; changes in extracellular signaling molecules and inflammatory mediators; changes in membrane rec ...
Review. Multiple signaling modalities mediated by dendritic
... and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal o ...
... and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal o ...
A model of chloroplast growth regulation in mesophyll cells
... Dockery and Keener (2001) based their quorum sensing model on the eight component gene-regulatory system described in Van Delden and Iglewski (1998). They simplified it down to two ordinary differential equations using time scale assumptions. We adopt the two variable model in this paper but conside ...
... Dockery and Keener (2001) based their quorum sensing model on the eight component gene-regulatory system described in Van Delden and Iglewski (1998). They simplified it down to two ordinary differential equations using time scale assumptions. We adopt the two variable model in this paper but conside ...
Cloning and sequence analysis of cnaA gene encoding the catalytic
... to study its function in detail. While earlier reports of calcineurin A from ¢lamentous fungi suggested its requirement for hyphal growth and cell cycle regulation [5,6], a putative role of this protein phosphatase in sporulation, salt stress response and the alkaline pH-mediated signal transduction ...
... to study its function in detail. While earlier reports of calcineurin A from ¢lamentous fungi suggested its requirement for hyphal growth and cell cycle regulation [5,6], a putative role of this protein phosphatase in sporulation, salt stress response and the alkaline pH-mediated signal transduction ...
Plasma membrane HATPase regulation is required for auxin
... unilateral blue light irradiation, PIN3 is polar in the endodermal cells on the lit side (Ding et al, 2011). In all other tissues, PINs and ABCBs are expressed apolarly. We did not consider active IAA (auxin indole-3-acetic acid) influx contributions resulting from AUX1/LAX for the following reasons ...
... unilateral blue light irradiation, PIN3 is polar in the endodermal cells on the lit side (Ding et al, 2011). In all other tissues, PINs and ABCBs are expressed apolarly. We did not consider active IAA (auxin indole-3-acetic acid) influx contributions resulting from AUX1/LAX for the following reasons ...
Multiple signalling modalities mediated by dendritic exocytosis of
... and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal o ...
... and increased bundling [10,11]. Another salient feature is that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal o ...
The AP-3 adaptor complex is required for vacuolar function
... Proteins linking cargos with the coat proteins form complexes known as adaptor protein (AP) complexes [1-3]. APs are key regulators of protein sorting into vesicles. Four different heterotetrameric AP complexes (AP-1 to AP-4) have been characterized so far in eukaryotes including yeast, Drosophila a ...
... Proteins linking cargos with the coat proteins form complexes known as adaptor protein (AP) complexes [1-3]. APs are key regulators of protein sorting into vesicles. Four different heterotetrameric AP complexes (AP-1 to AP-4) have been characterized so far in eukaryotes including yeast, Drosophila a ...
ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISION IN PLANTS
... have different fates. These are called asymmetric cell divisions, whether or not asymmetry is morphologically evident at the time of division (48). Asymmetric cell divisions are traditionally divided into two flavors. The difference in daughter cells may be due to unequal partitioning of factors in ...
... have different fates. These are called asymmetric cell divisions, whether or not asymmetry is morphologically evident at the time of division (48). Asymmetric cell divisions are traditionally divided into two flavors. The difference in daughter cells may be due to unequal partitioning of factors in ...
the structure and function of cartilage proteoglycans
... of their core proteins (Fig. 2). This results in the accumulation of fragments that bear the G1 regions and the loss of those that do not by diffusion from the tissue, ultimately yielding proteoglycan aggregates that are enriched in aggrecan G1 regions rather than more intact molecules. The G1 regio ...
... of their core proteins (Fig. 2). This results in the accumulation of fragments that bear the G1 regions and the loss of those that do not by diffusion from the tissue, ultimately yielding proteoglycan aggregates that are enriched in aggrecan G1 regions rather than more intact molecules. The G1 regio ...
Genetic Dissection of Chloroplast Biogenesis and
... develop along with the newly assembled photosystems for assimilating light for photosynthesis. Alternatively, proplastid to chloroplast differentiation in the light proceeds directly. In some cases, chloroplasts can also develop from other plastids such as chromoplasts, though our focus here will be ...
... develop along with the newly assembled photosystems for assimilating light for photosynthesis. Alternatively, proplastid to chloroplast differentiation in the light proceeds directly. In some cases, chloroplasts can also develop from other plastids such as chromoplasts, though our focus here will be ...
The immunomodulatory actions of adenosine during systemic
... conditions, interstitial adenosine concentrations are very low (within the nanomolar range),10 but sufficient to activate three of its receptors, namely, the A1, A 2a and A3 receptor.13 The A 2b receptor has a lower affinity for adenosine (Km > 1 μM) and therefore requires higher concentrations of ...
... conditions, interstitial adenosine concentrations are very low (within the nanomolar range),10 but sufficient to activate three of its receptors, namely, the A1, A 2a and A3 receptor.13 The A 2b receptor has a lower affinity for adenosine (Km > 1 μM) and therefore requires higher concentrations of ...
Metabolic rate depression in animals
... regulatory control that are conserved across phylogenetic lines and that are broadly applied to the control of multiple cell functions. One such mechanism is reversible protein phosphorylation which is now known to contribute to the regulation of fuel metabolism, to ion channel arrest, and to the su ...
... regulatory control that are conserved across phylogenetic lines and that are broadly applied to the control of multiple cell functions. One such mechanism is reversible protein phosphorylation which is now known to contribute to the regulation of fuel metabolism, to ion channel arrest, and to the su ...
Vasopressin-stimulated Ca2 spiking in vascular smooth muscle cells
... increase in frequency with increasing AVP concentration ([AVP]) in A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells. These Ca2⫹ spikes arise due to Ca2⫹-dependent action potentials. Hence, in contrast to InsP3-mediated release of intracellular Ca2⫹, the Ca2⫹ spikes have a strict requirement for extracellular Ca2⫹ ...
... increase in frequency with increasing AVP concentration ([AVP]) in A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cells. These Ca2⫹ spikes arise due to Ca2⫹-dependent action potentials. Hence, in contrast to InsP3-mediated release of intracellular Ca2⫹, the Ca2⫹ spikes have a strict requirement for extracellular Ca2⫹ ...
Maintenance of ZPA signaling in cultured mouse limb bud cells
... extracellular components are not eliminated from the high density culture. This finding indicates that the decline of ZPA signaling does not normally occur in a cell autonomous manner and supports the idea that a maintenance activity stabilizes the signaling ability of limb bud cells during developm ...
... extracellular components are not eliminated from the high density culture. This finding indicates that the decline of ZPA signaling does not normally occur in a cell autonomous manner and supports the idea that a maintenance activity stabilizes the signaling ability of limb bud cells during developm ...
The Role of Pollen Tube Reception in Reproductive Isolation
... molecular arms race between genes involved in hybrid incompatibilities (6). A molecular arms race can be triggered by intrinsic selfish elements driving the evolution of their “restoring” counterparts, for example during cytoplasmic male sterility, (see section 1.3, (7)) or by selective pressure in ...
... molecular arms race between genes involved in hybrid incompatibilities (6). A molecular arms race can be triggered by intrinsic selfish elements driving the evolution of their “restoring” counterparts, for example during cytoplasmic male sterility, (see section 1.3, (7)) or by selective pressure in ...
Functional Regulation of MyD88-Activated Interferon Regulatory
... Uev1a/Mms2 heterodimer acting as an E2, which then promotes synthesis of lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin chains (31). Polyubiquitination through K63 does not generally target proteins for proteasomal degradation but regulates important cel- ...
... Uev1a/Mms2 heterodimer acting as an E2, which then promotes synthesis of lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin chains (31). Polyubiquitination through K63 does not generally target proteins for proteasomal degradation but regulates important cel- ...
Import of Agrobacterium T-DNA into Plant Nuclei: Two
... complexes in combination with in vitro nuclear import systems. In previous studies, T-DNA complexes were reconstituted from fluorescently labeled ssDNA and purified VirD2 and VirE2 and tested in a mammalian in vitro nuclear import system (Ziemienowicz et al., 1999). Such systems were shown to be dep ...
... complexes in combination with in vitro nuclear import systems. In previous studies, T-DNA complexes were reconstituted from fluorescently labeled ssDNA and purified VirD2 and VirE2 and tested in a mammalian in vitro nuclear import system (Ziemienowicz et al., 1999). Such systems were shown to be dep ...
Alpha and beta subunits of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1
... recognisable mitochondrion, but recently have been shown to have evolved from fungi and to possess heat shock protein genes derived from mitochondria. These findings make it clear that microsporidian ancestors were mitochondrial, yet it remains unknown whether they still contain the organelle, and i ...
... recognisable mitochondrion, but recently have been shown to have evolved from fungi and to possess heat shock protein genes derived from mitochondria. These findings make it clear that microsporidian ancestors were mitochondrial, yet it remains unknown whether they still contain the organelle, and i ...
Cotto J. Fox S. Morimoto R . HSF1 granules
... et al., 1997). The co-expression of multiple HSFs and characterization of regulatory conditions has revealed that different members of the HSF family mediate the response to distinct forms of cellular stress. Consistent with this, HSF1 responds to the classical inducer of the heat shock response, HS ...
... et al., 1997). The co-expression of multiple HSFs and characterization of regulatory conditions has revealed that different members of the HSF family mediate the response to distinct forms of cellular stress. Consistent with this, HSF1 responds to the classical inducer of the heat shock response, HS ...
Glycosylation of closely spaced acceptor sites in
... oligosaccharide donor relative to the OST in cells. Potential glycosylation sites will pass by the translocation channel associated STT3A complex at the protein synthesis elongation rate, which is roughly 5–6 residues per second in mammalian cells (Hershey, 1991). Dolichol-linked oligosaccharide poo ...
... oligosaccharide donor relative to the OST in cells. Potential glycosylation sites will pass by the translocation channel associated STT3A complex at the protein synthesis elongation rate, which is roughly 5–6 residues per second in mammalian cells (Hershey, 1991). Dolichol-linked oligosaccharide poo ...
Ch. 2 - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... If action potentials are all or none, how does the nervous system code differences in sensory stimulus amplitudes? What property (or properties) of ion channels makes them selective to only one ion such as K+, and not another such as Na+? Is it the size of the channel, other factors, or a combinatio ...
... If action potentials are all or none, how does the nervous system code differences in sensory stimulus amplitudes? What property (or properties) of ion channels makes them selective to only one ion such as K+, and not another such as Na+? Is it the size of the channel, other factors, or a combinatio ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.