Regulation of leg size and shape by the Dachsous
... subsequent restoration of the relevant structure. Many insights into the mechanisms underlying such regeneration processes have been obtained from studies on limb regeneration in urodeles (for reviews, see Nye et al., 2003; Brockes and Kumar, 2008) and hemimetabolous insects (for a review, see Nakam ...
... subsequent restoration of the relevant structure. Many insights into the mechanisms underlying such regeneration processes have been obtained from studies on limb regeneration in urodeles (for reviews, see Nye et al., 2003; Brockes and Kumar, 2008) and hemimetabolous insects (for a review, see Nakam ...
Transcriptional regulation of mammalian autophagy at a glance
... with endosomes to form amphisomes (Ravikumar et al., 2009). Autophagosomes and/or amphisomes are then trafficked to the lysosomes with which they exchange content, enabling degradation of the autophagic contents by the lysosomal hydrolases (Jahreiss et al., 2008). Autophagy is mediated by a set of ...
... with endosomes to form amphisomes (Ravikumar et al., 2009). Autophagosomes and/or amphisomes are then trafficked to the lysosomes with which they exchange content, enabling degradation of the autophagic contents by the lysosomal hydrolases (Jahreiss et al., 2008). Autophagy is mediated by a set of ...
FtsZ - Cytoskeleton, Inc.
... (1,13,14) and the basic subunit of FtsZ is a monomer whereas the tubulin subunit is an alpha and beta heterodimer (1-3). Also, the necessity of GTP hydrolysis for FtsZ assembly in vitro varies with experimental conditions (5,14-16); a FtsZ mutant that assembles, but lacks GTPase activity, leads to a ...
... (1,13,14) and the basic subunit of FtsZ is a monomer whereas the tubulin subunit is an alpha and beta heterodimer (1-3). Also, the necessity of GTP hydrolysis for FtsZ assembly in vitro varies with experimental conditions (5,14-16); a FtsZ mutant that assembles, but lacks GTPase activity, leads to a ...
Probing for Binding Regions of the FtsZ Protein Surface through Site
... limits the rate of constriction and may contribute to the force (3; also see related discussions at the F1000Prime website [4, 5] and in reference 6). The FtsZ protein comprises a globular domain that is structurally homologous to tubulin. This globular domain can be divided further into two subdoma ...
... limits the rate of constriction and may contribute to the force (3; also see related discussions at the F1000Prime website [4, 5] and in reference 6). The FtsZ protein comprises a globular domain that is structurally homologous to tubulin. This globular domain can be divided further into two subdoma ...
A role for actin in regulating apoptosis/programmed cell death
... reception of an apoptotic stimulus leads to an increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane, allowing proapoptotic molecules such as cytochrome c, AIF1 (apoptosisinducing factor 1) and Endo G (endonuclease G) to be released from the intermembrane space into the cytoplasm. Cytochr ...
... reception of an apoptotic stimulus leads to an increase in the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane, allowing proapoptotic molecules such as cytochrome c, AIF1 (apoptosisinducing factor 1) and Endo G (endonuclease G) to be released from the intermembrane space into the cytoplasm. Cytochr ...
Evolution of Function in Protein Superfamilies, from a Structural
... Figure 2(b) includes all protein domains, belonging to both single and multi-domain proteins. Surprisingly, the effect of modular construction on functional diversi®cation is not that dramatic, and is signi®cant only below 40 %. Even within the 3040 % sequence identity region, almost 90 % of pairs s ...
... Figure 2(b) includes all protein domains, belonging to both single and multi-domain proteins. Surprisingly, the effect of modular construction on functional diversi®cation is not that dramatic, and is signi®cant only below 40 %. Even within the 3040 % sequence identity region, almost 90 % of pairs s ...
- Wiley Online Library
... upstream from the XCC4100 gene, encoding a putative xylose isomerase (Table 1). Interestingly, several genes surrounding XCC2828, XCC4100, XCC4119 and XCC4120 genes code for proteins displaying high similarities to proteins of the xylose regulon of Cc-CB15 (Fig. 2a; Table S2). Among these proteins, ...
... upstream from the XCC4100 gene, encoding a putative xylose isomerase (Table 1). Interestingly, several genes surrounding XCC2828, XCC4100, XCC4119 and XCC4120 genes code for proteins displaying high similarities to proteins of the xylose regulon of Cc-CB15 (Fig. 2a; Table S2). Among these proteins, ...
Early development of the zebrafish pronephros and analysis of
... Previous studies have established that the pronephric ducts are fully formed and patent to the exterior by 24 hours postfertilization (hpf) (Kimmel et al., 1995). However, the formation of the pronephric tubules and glomeruli in zebrafish has not been described. Guided by the position of the mature ...
... Previous studies have established that the pronephric ducts are fully formed and patent to the exterior by 24 hours postfertilization (hpf) (Kimmel et al., 1995). However, the formation of the pronephric tubules and glomeruli in zebrafish has not been described. Guided by the position of the mature ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
... Based on this definition a neurotransmitter could be exemplified by actylcholine (ACh) released from motor nerves to excite and contract the fibres of our skeletal muscles. Indeed the synapses there, i.e. the junctions between nerve and muscle fibres, are anatomically and chemically geared to act as ...
... Based on this definition a neurotransmitter could be exemplified by actylcholine (ACh) released from motor nerves to excite and contract the fibres of our skeletal muscles. Indeed the synapses there, i.e. the junctions between nerve and muscle fibres, are anatomically and chemically geared to act as ...
Storage lipids of yeasts: a survey of nonpolar lipid metabolism in
... (Fei et al., 2011a, b; Grillitsch et al., 2011). Most of these LD proteins play an important role in lipid metabolism and homeostasis. However, LD were also discussed to contribute to other cellular functions such as storage and degradation of protein aggregates (Fujimoto et al., 2008). Under certai ...
... (Fei et al., 2011a, b; Grillitsch et al., 2011). Most of these LD proteins play an important role in lipid metabolism and homeostasis. However, LD were also discussed to contribute to other cellular functions such as storage and degradation of protein aggregates (Fujimoto et al., 2008). Under certai ...
Anal. Chem. (2011) - American Chemical Society
... molecular masses of less than about 3400 Da (vide infra). Because of the low frequency of aspartic acid (5.45%) (versus a combined frequency of 11.38% for R and K),31 peptides produced by the microwave D-cleavage approach have an average amino acid length of about 16. These larger peptides generally ...
... molecular masses of less than about 3400 Da (vide infra). Because of the low frequency of aspartic acid (5.45%) (versus a combined frequency of 11.38% for R and K),31 peptides produced by the microwave D-cleavage approach have an average amino acid length of about 16. These larger peptides generally ...
Sodium in smooth muscle relaxation - AJP
... Goodford (11) has proposed a or may not block calcium influx and efflux at the same two-stage calcium removal process in the membrane rate (10, 13). However, it is being assumed that such consisting first of an energy-requiring process followed error will exist in both the control as well as test ca ...
... Goodford (11) has proposed a or may not block calcium influx and efflux at the same two-stage calcium removal process in the membrane rate (10, 13). However, it is being assumed that such consisting first of an energy-requiring process followed error will exist in both the control as well as test ca ...
Optimizing cofactor availability for the production of recombinant
... allowed higher yields of active recombinant heme protein in S. cerevisiae [11]. Thus, we cooverexpressed either of the eight involved HEM genes (Table 1) using the strong constitutive promoter PGAP [20] in a P. pastoris strain recombinantly producing the heme protein HRP. The screenings revealed tre ...
... allowed higher yields of active recombinant heme protein in S. cerevisiae [11]. Thus, we cooverexpressed either of the eight involved HEM genes (Table 1) using the strong constitutive promoter PGAP [20] in a P. pastoris strain recombinantly producing the heme protein HRP. The screenings revealed tre ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... response range (EMRR) to amino acids (i.e., Group I units), we initially failed to document the occurrence of units that exhibited a broader response specificity. However, to obtain an estimate of the percentage of Group I units, we performed a subset of experiments consisting of 164 different elect ...
... response range (EMRR) to amino acids (i.e., Group I units), we initially failed to document the occurrence of units that exhibited a broader response specificity. However, to obtain an estimate of the percentage of Group I units, we performed a subset of experiments consisting of 164 different elect ...
Slow axonal transport and the genesis of neuronal morphology
... that dendrites contain microtubules of both polarity orientations while axons contain exclusively microtubules with their plus ends directed away from the cell body (Baas et al., 1988; Sharp et al., 1995). Actinbased organelle transport is particularly important in regions of axons and dendrites tha ...
... that dendrites contain microtubules of both polarity orientations while axons contain exclusively microtubules with their plus ends directed away from the cell body (Baas et al., 1988; Sharp et al., 1995). Actinbased organelle transport is particularly important in regions of axons and dendrites tha ...
PROTEIN-LIPID INTERPLAY IN FUSION AND FISSION OF
... Earlier attempts to analyze this stage of fusion (19) predicted large contributions to the energy from intermembrane repulsion and hydrophobic monolayer discontinuities. This result was related to the assumption that membranes approach each other at rather large areas on the tops of smooth membrane ...
... Earlier attempts to analyze this stage of fusion (19) predicted large contributions to the energy from intermembrane repulsion and hydrophobic monolayer discontinuities. This result was related to the assumption that membranes approach each other at rather large areas on the tops of smooth membrane ...
Turnover of protein phosphorylation evolving under
... of tyrosine 527 on the protein kinase and oncogene Src inactivates the protein through the interaction of this modified residue with its SH2 domain, which closes the kinase into an inactive conformation (Frame, 2002). Because single phosphorylation sites in specific cases play key roles in protein reg ...
... of tyrosine 527 on the protein kinase and oncogene Src inactivates the protein through the interaction of this modified residue with its SH2 domain, which closes the kinase into an inactive conformation (Frame, 2002). Because single phosphorylation sites in specific cases play key roles in protein reg ...
Viral Membrane Channels: Role and Function in the Virus Life Cycle
... assembly [42]. The viral protein responsible for the fluctuation of calcium store is none other than the NSP4 viroporin [49,111–114]. NSP4 is synthesized as an ER trans-membrane glycoprotein but can also exist in secreted form as enterotoxin to induce diarrhea by simultaneously activating secretion ...
... assembly [42]. The viral protein responsible for the fluctuation of calcium store is none other than the NSP4 viroporin [49,111–114]. NSP4 is synthesized as an ER trans-membrane glycoprotein but can also exist in secreted form as enterotoxin to induce diarrhea by simultaneously activating secretion ...
Activin-mediated mesoderm induction requires FGF
... not seem to affect another activin-inducible behavior of animal cap cells, that of spreading on fibronectin-coated plates. The truncated FGF receptor blocks the activin- and FGF-mediated induction of a muscle specific gene We compared the sensitivity of activin- and bFGF-mediated mesoderm induction ...
... not seem to affect another activin-inducible behavior of animal cap cells, that of spreading on fibronectin-coated plates. The truncated FGF receptor blocks the activin- and FGF-mediated induction of a muscle specific gene We compared the sensitivity of activin- and bFGF-mediated mesoderm induction ...
A B23-interacting sequence as a tool to visualize protein interactions
... different steps. Three main specific components are observed by electron microscopy (Scheer and Hock, 1999): the fibrillar centers (FCs), the dense fibrillar component (DFC) and the granular component (GC). In the active nucleolus, the early rRNA processing proteins are associated with transcripts d ...
... different steps. Three main specific components are observed by electron microscopy (Scheer and Hock, 1999): the fibrillar centers (FCs), the dense fibrillar component (DFC) and the granular component (GC). In the active nucleolus, the early rRNA processing proteins are associated with transcripts d ...
Optogenetic drive of neocortical pyramidal neurons generates fMRI
... MUA responses driven by light were localized to 700–800 μm depth, reflecting spiking activity in or near layer V, while dendritic and somatic responses were reflected in LFP and dcLFP increases at 100–800 μm depth. Similar to the BOLD and SUA responses, the MUA (Fig. 4D) and dcLFP (Fig. 4E) response ...
... MUA responses driven by light were localized to 700–800 μm depth, reflecting spiking activity in or near layer V, while dendritic and somatic responses were reflected in LFP and dcLFP increases at 100–800 μm depth. Similar to the BOLD and SUA responses, the MUA (Fig. 4D) and dcLFP (Fig. 4E) response ...
Molecular and General Genetics
... the constitutive synthesis of alkaline phosphatase (Table 2) nor of PhoE protein (not shown). Thus, pJP72 completely complements phoM mutations and therefore probably contains a phoM + allele. To obtain a physical map, the purified pJP72 was subjected to single and double digestions with several res ...
... the constitutive synthesis of alkaline phosphatase (Table 2) nor of PhoE protein (not shown). Thus, pJP72 completely complements phoM mutations and therefore probably contains a phoM + allele. To obtain a physical map, the purified pJP72 was subjected to single and double digestions with several res ...
Plant physiology
... 2012). Most lipid droplets consist of a core of triglycerides (TAGs) and/or sterol esters coated by a phospholipids monolayer and embedded with proteins (Zweytick et al., 2000). Plants accumulate TAGs in different tissues, primarily in seeds but also in fruit, such as palm oil, flowers, and leaves. T ...
... 2012). Most lipid droplets consist of a core of triglycerides (TAGs) and/or sterol esters coated by a phospholipids monolayer and embedded with proteins (Zweytick et al., 2000). Plants accumulate TAGs in different tissues, primarily in seeds but also in fruit, such as palm oil, flowers, and leaves. T ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... identify and discriminate extracellularly recorded action potentials were peak amplitude, valley amplitude, spike height, spike width, spike time, and time between spikes. Spike events, EOG signals, and experimental parameters (i.e., beginning of a recording period, onset of stimulation, and end of ...
... identify and discriminate extracellularly recorded action potentials were peak amplitude, valley amplitude, spike height, spike width, spike time, and time between spikes. Spike events, EOG signals, and experimental parameters (i.e., beginning of a recording period, onset of stimulation, and end of ...
PKC modulates NF-B and AP-1 via mitogen
... the p54/p46 c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs), are important upstream regulators for the induction of various transcription factors (12, 37, 44). The role of each MAPK subfamily in the activation of transcription factors appears to be cell-type specific. In noncardiac cells, it has been shown that p ...
... the p54/p46 c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs), are important upstream regulators for the induction of various transcription factors (12, 37, 44). The role of each MAPK subfamily in the activation of transcription factors appears to be cell-type specific. In noncardiac cells, it has been shown that p ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.