Dissecting stimulus-specific Ca2+ signals in amyloplasts and
... Ca2+ signals inside the plastids (Nomura and Shiina, 2014). Moreover, it has to be considered that different functional types of plastids are present in plants, and their structural and physiological differences may lead to differential involvement in the Ca2+ signalling network. In an in toto exper ...
... Ca2+ signals inside the plastids (Nomura and Shiina, 2014). Moreover, it has to be considered that different functional types of plastids are present in plants, and their structural and physiological differences may lead to differential involvement in the Ca2+ signalling network. In an in toto exper ...
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... Scarpulla RC. Transcriptional Paradigms in Mammalian Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function. Physiol Rev 88: 611– 638, 2008; doi:10.1152/physrev.00025.2007.—Mitochondria contain their own genetic system and undergo a unique mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. Each organelle has multiple copies of a cova ...
... Scarpulla RC. Transcriptional Paradigms in Mammalian Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function. Physiol Rev 88: 611– 638, 2008; doi:10.1152/physrev.00025.2007.—Mitochondria contain their own genetic system and undergo a unique mode of cytoplasmic inheritance. Each organelle has multiple copies of a cova ...
The role of c-di-GMP signaling in an Aeromonas veronii biovar
... pSB536, which preferentially detects N-(butanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), was used (Swift et al., 1997; Winson et al., 1998). To estimate the amount of HSL in the culture, a standard curve of relative light units as a function of C4-HSL concentration was constructed using E. coli JM109 (pSB53 ...
... pSB536, which preferentially detects N-(butanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), was used (Swift et al., 1997; Winson et al., 1998). To estimate the amount of HSL in the culture, a standard curve of relative light units as a function of C4-HSL concentration was constructed using E. coli JM109 (pSB53 ...
Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia with all
... anthracyclines which improved the complete remission (CR) rate, though the 5-year overall survival could only be attained in a small proportion of patients. A rational and intriguing hypothesis, to induce differentiation of APL cells rather than killing them, was raised in the 1970s. Laudably, the u ...
... anthracyclines which improved the complete remission (CR) rate, though the 5-year overall survival could only be attained in a small proportion of patients. A rational and intriguing hypothesis, to induce differentiation of APL cells rather than killing them, was raised in the 1970s. Laudably, the u ...
mechanisms regulating neuromuscular junction development and
... derived from experiments using either mice or rats. While numerous differences to human NMJs exist in their morphology and the time course of their development, molecular concepts derived from rodent NMJs have often been validated by the identification of the same genes being causative for acquired ...
... derived from experiments using either mice or rats. While numerous differences to human NMJs exist in their morphology and the time course of their development, molecular concepts derived from rodent NMJs have often been validated by the identification of the same genes being causative for acquired ...
How do neurons communicate?
... see depolarization (change from negative inside neuron to more positive) ◦ “threshold” – if a great enough depolarization occurs, an action potential will occur ◦ action potential – very quick – milliseconds Other terms – spike, firing, generating an AP ...
... see depolarization (change from negative inside neuron to more positive) ◦ “threshold” – if a great enough depolarization occurs, an action potential will occur ◦ action potential – very quick – milliseconds Other terms – spike, firing, generating an AP ...
Mechanistic insights into pancreatic beta
... beta-cells in pancreatic islets underlies diabetes. Restoration of the secretion of the proper amount of insulin is a goal. Betacell mass is increased by neogenesis, proliferation and cell hypertrophy, and is decreased by beta-cell death primarily through apoptosis. Many hormones and nutrients affec ...
... beta-cells in pancreatic islets underlies diabetes. Restoration of the secretion of the proper amount of insulin is a goal. Betacell mass is increased by neogenesis, proliferation and cell hypertrophy, and is decreased by beta-cell death primarily through apoptosis. Many hormones and nutrients affec ...
CXCR4 and CXCR7 Have Distinct Functions in Regulating
... Interneuron Migration Ectopic CXCL12 expression in the lateral prenatal neocortex causes interneuron accumulation in vivo, which is presumably mediated by the CXCR4 receptor (Li et al., 2008). However, it ...
... Interneuron Migration Ectopic CXCL12 expression in the lateral prenatal neocortex causes interneuron accumulation in vivo, which is presumably mediated by the CXCR4 receptor (Li et al., 2008). However, it ...
The maize mutant narrow sheath fails to establish
... development is the subdivision of organ primordia into developmental compartments (Garcia-Bellido et al., 1973). First identified by their boundaries of cell-lineage restriction, compartments were later shown to arise via the expression of transcriptional activators in particular regions (e.g. Kornb ...
... development is the subdivision of organ primordia into developmental compartments (Garcia-Bellido et al., 1973). First identified by their boundaries of cell-lineage restriction, compartments were later shown to arise via the expression of transcriptional activators in particular regions (e.g. Kornb ...
Brown, V, Small, K, Lakkis, L, Feng, Y, Gunter, C, Wilkinson, KD and Warren, ST: Purified recombinant Fmrp exhibits selective RNA-binding as an intrinsic property of the fragile X mental retardation protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 273:15521-15527 (1998).
... homopolymeric RNA (8). However, the amino acid context surrounding the RGG box may influence the specificity and avidity of the RNA-nucleic acid interaction (8, 9). The KH domain is highly conserved in hnRNP K, yeast MER-1 splicing regulator, Sam68, and chicken vigillin, among other RNA-binding prot ...
... homopolymeric RNA (8). However, the amino acid context surrounding the RGG box may influence the specificity and avidity of the RNA-nucleic acid interaction (8, 9). The KH domain is highly conserved in hnRNP K, yeast MER-1 splicing regulator, Sam68, and chicken vigillin, among other RNA-binding prot ...
Glial cells modulate the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons
... showed that FAC reduced evoked and spontaneous ATP release. All together these data show that putative astrocytes are the source of endogenous ATP, which via activation of presynaptic P2X receptors, facilitates the evoked glutamate release and increases the synaptic transmission efficacy in the NTS- ...
... showed that FAC reduced evoked and spontaneous ATP release. All together these data show that putative astrocytes are the source of endogenous ATP, which via activation of presynaptic P2X receptors, facilitates the evoked glutamate release and increases the synaptic transmission efficacy in the NTS- ...
Slow Changes in the Availability of Voltage
... cause a decrement in the availability of ion channels. ‘‘Long enough’’ being measured in terms of (a(v) + b(v))−1, which is the characteristic time of the C ⇔ O relaxation; the depolarizing voltage should be such that a(v)/(a(v) + b(v)), the steady-state probability of the channels to be found in th ...
... cause a decrement in the availability of ion channels. ‘‘Long enough’’ being measured in terms of (a(v) + b(v))−1, which is the characteristic time of the C ⇔ O relaxation; the depolarizing voltage should be such that a(v)/(a(v) + b(v)), the steady-state probability of the channels to be found in th ...
A homozygous splicing mutation causing a
... MmD (11). The most prevalent classical form is characterized by the predominance of axial muscle weakness leading in most cases to respiratory insufficiency and scoliosis. Ophthalmoplegia associated with this form of MmD represents a specific subgroup. The moderate form consists of generalized muscl ...
... MmD (11). The most prevalent classical form is characterized by the predominance of axial muscle weakness leading in most cases to respiratory insufficiency and scoliosis. Ophthalmoplegia associated with this form of MmD represents a specific subgroup. The moderate form consists of generalized muscl ...
The versatility of mitochondrial calcium signals: From stimulation of
... the lipid phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-diphosphate or growth factors receptors (also causing the production of IP3 through the activation of phospholipase C) [2]. An alternative route for raising [Ca2+]c depends on the opening of various classes of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels [3]. The concerted actio ...
... the lipid phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-diphosphate or growth factors receptors (also causing the production of IP3 through the activation of phospholipase C) [2]. An alternative route for raising [Ca2+]c depends on the opening of various classes of plasma membrane Ca2+ channels [3]. The concerted actio ...
The roles of reactive oxygen metabolism in drought: not so cut and
... Other than the organelles discussed above, the plasma membrane together with the cell wall and apoplast could make an important contribution to drought‐induced ROS production. Adjustments in the cell wall are part of drought responses in many species, and involve processes such as both ...
... Other than the organelles discussed above, the plasma membrane together with the cell wall and apoplast could make an important contribution to drought‐induced ROS production. Adjustments in the cell wall are part of drought responses in many species, and involve processes such as both ...
Effects of 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Substance P on Neurons of the
... A brain slice was transferred to a recording chamber attached to the stage of a Nikon ECLIPSE E600-FN microscope and anchored with a nylon mesh. During recording, the slice was perfused at 2–2.5 ml/min with oxygenated physiological saline solution at 35°C. All drugs were dissolved in physiological s ...
... A brain slice was transferred to a recording chamber attached to the stage of a Nikon ECLIPSE E600-FN microscope and anchored with a nylon mesh. During recording, the slice was perfused at 2–2.5 ml/min with oxygenated physiological saline solution at 35°C. All drugs were dissolved in physiological s ...
Identification of genes expressed in cultures of E. coli lysogens
... genome of temperate, lambdoid Stx phages. Genes essential for phage maintenance and replication are encoded on approximately 50% of the genome, while most of the remaining genes are of unknown function nor is it known if these annotated hypothetical genes are even expressed. It is hypothesized that ...
... genome of temperate, lambdoid Stx phages. Genes essential for phage maintenance and replication are encoded on approximately 50% of the genome, while most of the remaining genes are of unknown function nor is it known if these annotated hypothetical genes are even expressed. It is hypothesized that ...
THE QUEST FOR A MESSAGE: BUDDING YEAST, A MODEL
... that hybridizes in the last exon to evidence the total amount of transcript [53]. The last probe enables to account for changes in transcription levels or RNA stability of a particular transcript. Armed with this tool, several laboratories have set out to study the global effect on splicing of a la ...
... that hybridizes in the last exon to evidence the total amount of transcript [53]. The last probe enables to account for changes in transcription levels or RNA stability of a particular transcript. Armed with this tool, several laboratories have set out to study the global effect on splicing of a la ...
REVIEWS
... carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. This enables them to feed the central metabolic pathways — glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate pathway, the citric acid cycle and the 2‑oxoglutarate–glutamate–glutamine cycle — from which all of the precursors that are required for the synthesis of the cell’s ...
... carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. This enables them to feed the central metabolic pathways — glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate pathway, the citric acid cycle and the 2‑oxoglutarate–glutamate–glutamine cycle — from which all of the precursors that are required for the synthesis of the cell’s ...
MPN+, a putative catalytic motif found in a subset of MPN domain
... 1). These proteins are the shortest MPN protein identified so far and most likely correspond to the structural core region of the domain. Since the finding of prokaryotic MPN proteins was highly unexpected, the validity of the assignment was confirmed by profile searches starting from the bacterioph ...
... 1). These proteins are the shortest MPN protein identified so far and most likely correspond to the structural core region of the domain. Since the finding of prokaryotic MPN proteins was highly unexpected, the validity of the assignment was confirmed by profile searches starting from the bacterioph ...
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... apical domain, leading to its release from the cortex. Because the Par3-aPKC complex is absent from the basolateral domain, Lgl cannot be phosphorylated in this domain and thus remains localised to the cortex (Betschinger et al., 2003). In Drosophila neuroblasts, basolaterally localised Lgl [L(2)gl ...
... apical domain, leading to its release from the cortex. Because the Par3-aPKC complex is absent from the basolateral domain, Lgl cannot be phosphorylated in this domain and thus remains localised to the cortex (Betschinger et al., 2003). In Drosophila neuroblasts, basolaterally localised Lgl [L(2)gl ...
Immunohistochemical sweat gland profiles
... Background Human sweat glands are heterogeneous in their structures and functions. Accordingly, eccrine, apocrine, and apoeccrine glands are distinguished. Aims Some immunohistochemical markers are expected to distinguish the sweat gland types in their secretory and excretory parts. Methods This stu ...
... Background Human sweat glands are heterogeneous in their structures and functions. Accordingly, eccrine, apocrine, and apoeccrine glands are distinguished. Aims Some immunohistochemical markers are expected to distinguish the sweat gland types in their secretory and excretory parts. Methods This stu ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General
... a. Within seconds after insulin binds to its receptors, 80% of the cells increase their uptake of glucose (true of muscle and adipose cells but not the neurons of the brain) b. Cell membrane becomes more permeable to many amino acids, potassium ions, and phosphate ions, causing increased transport o ...
... a. Within seconds after insulin binds to its receptors, 80% of the cells increase their uptake of glucose (true of muscle and adipose cells but not the neurons of the brain) b. Cell membrane becomes more permeable to many amino acids, potassium ions, and phosphate ions, causing increased transport o ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.