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... data obtained from chick suggests that sequential BMP-FGF signaling is sufficient to establish thymus fate (Neves et al., 2012). By contrast, SHH signaling promotes parathyroid fate and is a negative regulator of thymus fate. In its absence, embryos lack Gcm2, downregulate Tbx1 and expand Bmp4 and F ...
... data obtained from chick suggests that sequential BMP-FGF signaling is sufficient to establish thymus fate (Neves et al., 2012). By contrast, SHH signaling promotes parathyroid fate and is a negative regulator of thymus fate. In its absence, embryos lack Gcm2, downregulate Tbx1 and expand Bmp4 and F ...
The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
... mycorrhiza-defective M. truncatula mutants are giving cues as to how biologically active root and fungal factors may regulate cell functions during early interactions. They also point to a role of symbiosis-related plant genes in pathways for specifically sensing fungal signals by the host root. 2.1 ...
... mycorrhiza-defective M. truncatula mutants are giving cues as to how biologically active root and fungal factors may regulate cell functions during early interactions. They also point to a role of symbiosis-related plant genes in pathways for specifically sensing fungal signals by the host root. 2.1 ...
Arabidopsis Phragmoplast-Associated Kinesins Play
... In plant cells, cytokinesis is brought about by the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast has a dynamic microtubule array of two mirrored sets of microtubules, which are aligned perpendicularly to the division plane with their plus ends located at the division site. It is not well understood how the phragm ...
... In plant cells, cytokinesis is brought about by the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast has a dynamic microtubule array of two mirrored sets of microtubules, which are aligned perpendicularly to the division plane with their plus ends located at the division site. It is not well understood how the phragm ...
Sirtuins at a Glance - Journal of Cell Science
... humans, genetic variation in SIRT1 was shown to be correlated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in studies of Dutch populations (Zillikens et al., 2009b; Zillikens et al., 2009a). Taken together, these findings provide strong evidence that SIRT1 has significant roles in metabolic diseases, such as ty ...
... humans, genetic variation in SIRT1 was shown to be correlated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in studies of Dutch populations (Zillikens et al., 2009b; Zillikens et al., 2009a). Taken together, these findings provide strong evidence that SIRT1 has significant roles in metabolic diseases, such as ty ...
The muscle fiber type–fiber size paradox: hypertrophy or oxidative
... and the balance between protein synthesis and degradation (human cellular protein turnover: *0.8 g kg body weight-1 day-1 (Paddon-Jones and Rasmussen 2009) determines how the functional parameters change, i.e., whether contractile or mitochondrial protein is gained or lost. Muscle protein synthesis ...
... and the balance between protein synthesis and degradation (human cellular protein turnover: *0.8 g kg body weight-1 day-1 (Paddon-Jones and Rasmussen 2009) determines how the functional parameters change, i.e., whether contractile or mitochondrial protein is gained or lost. Muscle protein synthesis ...
Cell-Mediated Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate in
... higher plants, the distribution of crystals, like their morphology, follows species-specific patterns, indicating regulation over the sites and modes of calcium oxalate accumulation (Arnott and Pautard, 1970). Why and how do different plants make such diverse crystals from the same chemical substanc ...
... higher plants, the distribution of crystals, like their morphology, follows species-specific patterns, indicating regulation over the sites and modes of calcium oxalate accumulation (Arnott and Pautard, 1970). Why and how do different plants make such diverse crystals from the same chemical substanc ...
ATR Regulates a G2-Phase Cell-Cycle Checkpoint
... telangiectasia-mutated [ATM] in mammals, Mec1 in S. cerevisiae) are essential regulators of cell-cycle checkpoints, sensing DNA damage and/or single-stranded DNA and activating downstream effectors of cell-cycle progression and DNA repair. ATM is activated primarily by DNA double-strand breaks. ATMd ...
... telangiectasia-mutated [ATM] in mammals, Mec1 in S. cerevisiae) are essential regulators of cell-cycle checkpoints, sensing DNA damage and/or single-stranded DNA and activating downstream effectors of cell-cycle progression and DNA repair. ATM is activated primarily by DNA double-strand breaks. ATMd ...
as a PDF
... Higher plants cannot escape from the place where they germinate and settle, even if the environmental conditions drastically change. Plants have developed many mechanisms during the course of evolution to survive in such circumstances by changing growth direction or architecture of their body shape. ...
... Higher plants cannot escape from the place where they germinate and settle, even if the environmental conditions drastically change. Plants have developed many mechanisms during the course of evolution to survive in such circumstances by changing growth direction or architecture of their body shape. ...
Transcriptional Regulation of the Human Toll
... flagellin from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (9). The protein product of the TLR2 gene has been implicated in signal transduction events induced by several microbial products (e.g., peptidoglycans, lipopeptides, and lipoarabinomannans) (10 – 17). In contrast to other TLR proteins, T ...
... flagellin from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (9). The protein product of the TLR2 gene has been implicated in signal transduction events induced by several microbial products (e.g., peptidoglycans, lipopeptides, and lipoarabinomannans) (10 – 17). In contrast to other TLR proteins, T ...
Molecular Underpinnings of Motor Pattern Generation: Differential
... to draw circles around identified pyloric neurons at the point at which the diameter of the soma was largest and the membrane was most intensely stained. C ells were then cut out with the scissor tool and removed to a new N IH worksheet. A single representative slice was taken for each identified ne ...
... to draw circles around identified pyloric neurons at the point at which the diameter of the soma was largest and the membrane was most intensely stained. C ells were then cut out with the scissor tool and removed to a new N IH worksheet. A single representative slice was taken for each identified ne ...
Visualization of ATP levels inside single living cells with
... currency of all living organisms. The high phosphatetransfer potential of ATP is used for many biological processes, including muscle contraction, synthesis and degradation of biological molecules, and membrane transport. In addition, it has been suggested that ATP acts as an intracellular or extrac ...
... currency of all living organisms. The high phosphatetransfer potential of ATP is used for many biological processes, including muscle contraction, synthesis and degradation of biological molecules, and membrane transport. In addition, it has been suggested that ATP acts as an intracellular or extrac ...
Isoform 5 of PIPKIc regulates the endosomal trafficking and
... pathways, including epsin, AP180, dynamin, sorting nexins (SNXs), ARFs and clathrin adaptor protein complexes (Carlton et al., 2005; Carlton and Cullen, 2005; Martin, 2001; Schill and Anderson, 2009a; Seet and Hong, 2006). Collectively, PI(4,5)P2 is a potent regulatory molecule in diverse cellular s ...
... pathways, including epsin, AP180, dynamin, sorting nexins (SNXs), ARFs and clathrin adaptor protein complexes (Carlton et al., 2005; Carlton and Cullen, 2005; Martin, 2001; Schill and Anderson, 2009a; Seet and Hong, 2006). Collectively, PI(4,5)P2 is a potent regulatory molecule in diverse cellular s ...
Removal of SDS from biological protein digests for proteomic
... the suitable selection of their building blocks (metal and organic linker). Apart from these features, the lower acidity of the active centers in MOFs makes these materials even very attractive compared Zeolites (highly acidic centers). Also, MOFs may be changing the interactions of adsorbing reacta ...
... the suitable selection of their building blocks (metal and organic linker). Apart from these features, the lower acidity of the active centers in MOFs makes these materials even very attractive compared Zeolites (highly acidic centers). Also, MOFs may be changing the interactions of adsorbing reacta ...
Excess SMAD signaling contributes to heart and muscle dysfunction
... II on the plasma membrane (13). These receptors phosphorylate an intracellular receptor SMAD, either SMAD2 or SMAD3, which then complexes with the co-SMAD, SMAD4, before entering the nucleus and acting to change gene transcription. While there are over 30 TGFb superfamily members, there are only fiv ...
... II on the plasma membrane (13). These receptors phosphorylate an intracellular receptor SMAD, either SMAD2 or SMAD3, which then complexes with the co-SMAD, SMAD4, before entering the nucleus and acting to change gene transcription. While there are over 30 TGFb superfamily members, there are only fiv ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... leptin signalling attenuates the firing frequency of VTA DA neurons [39]. Again, these opposing functions suggest that leptin acts on neuronal excitability in a region- and/or neuron-dependent manner. However, the biological basis for the opposing effects remains to be determined. ...
... leptin signalling attenuates the firing frequency of VTA DA neurons [39]. Again, these opposing functions suggest that leptin acts on neuronal excitability in a region- and/or neuron-dependent manner. However, the biological basis for the opposing effects remains to be determined. ...
Antioxidant Enzymes and Function
... same assay as GPx, measure NADPH Other substrates besides GSSG: only mixed disulfides between GSH & γ-glutamylcysteine or CoA ...
... same assay as GPx, measure NADPH Other substrates besides GSSG: only mixed disulfides between GSH & γ-glutamylcysteine or CoA ...
Interplay Between Phospholipids and
... in the headgroups of phospholipids: under phosphate-limiting conditions, phospholipids can be replaced by the non-phosphate containing lipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), previously assumed to reside in plastid membranes. The extra-plastidial phospholipid-to-DGDG replacement occurs in plasma me ...
... in the headgroups of phospholipids: under phosphate-limiting conditions, phospholipids can be replaced by the non-phosphate containing lipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), previously assumed to reside in plastid membranes. The extra-plastidial phospholipid-to-DGDG replacement occurs in plasma me ...
livret final - Institut des Métaux en Biologie de Grenoble
... Inorganic complexes are increasingly used for biological applications, as metallodrugs or metalloprobes. Recently, challenging imaging techniques have emerged that led to new information on sub-cellular distribution of molecules that are important to fully understand their biological activity. The I ...
... Inorganic complexes are increasingly used for biological applications, as metallodrugs or metalloprobes. Recently, challenging imaging techniques have emerged that led to new information on sub-cellular distribution of molecules that are important to fully understand their biological activity. The I ...
Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of
... downstream neurons by the opening of voltage gated-sodium channels at specialized excitable microdomains referred to as the axon initial segment (AIS) and nodes of Ranvier (Figure 1). Action potential initiation at the AIS and efficient propagation across the nodes of Ranvier requires the localizati ...
... downstream neurons by the opening of voltage gated-sodium channels at specialized excitable microdomains referred to as the axon initial segment (AIS) and nodes of Ranvier (Figure 1). Action potential initiation at the AIS and efficient propagation across the nodes of Ranvier requires the localizati ...
Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding acidophilic amylase
... conditions (data not shown). Therefore, the 160 kDa form was apparently not a disulphide-linkeddimer of the 90 kDa form. The amount of protein in the 90 kDa and 160 kDa bands was approximately the same, yet the starch-degrading activity of the 160 kDa protein was much higher (Fig. 1). Thus, the 160 ...
... conditions (data not shown). Therefore, the 160 kDa form was apparently not a disulphide-linkeddimer of the 90 kDa form. The amount of protein in the 90 kDa and 160 kDa bands was approximately the same, yet the starch-degrading activity of the 160 kDa protein was much higher (Fig. 1). Thus, the 160 ...
Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
... Most vertebrates detect all 5 taste qualities • Cats are unable to detect sweetness, it is usually not a part of their diet. Most omnivores like ripe fruit associated with sweetness.. • Saltiness – sodium chloride, necessary to maintain electrolytes. • Umami – a protein detector. • Sour – associated ...
... Most vertebrates detect all 5 taste qualities • Cats are unable to detect sweetness, it is usually not a part of their diet. Most omnivores like ripe fruit associated with sweetness.. • Saltiness – sodium chloride, necessary to maintain electrolytes. • Umami – a protein detector. • Sour – associated ...
the physiology of a lepidopteran muscle receptor
... segments other than that stimulated. In contrast, Hughes (1957), who used amputation and transection of connectives in conjunction with cinematography on the same animal, had to postulate intersegmental connexions to explain his results. Wilson (1965) evoked this same stretch reflex using sinusoidal ...
... segments other than that stimulated. In contrast, Hughes (1957), who used amputation and transection of connectives in conjunction with cinematography on the same animal, had to postulate intersegmental connexions to explain his results. Wilson (1965) evoked this same stretch reflex using sinusoidal ...
Products for Solid State NMR - Sigma
... Post-genomic research efforts, high-throughput methodology and advances in areas such as mass spectrometry or electron microscopy have revealed that biological functioning is controlled by biomolecular interaction networks, often in a heterogeneous and dense molecular environment. For example, the c ...
... Post-genomic research efforts, high-throughput methodology and advances in areas such as mass spectrometry or electron microscopy have revealed that biological functioning is controlled by biomolecular interaction networks, often in a heterogeneous and dense molecular environment. For example, the c ...
Requirements for CPC localization during anaphase
... contractile ring that is localized at the furrow-tip 3. ...
... contractile ring that is localized at the furrow-tip 3. ...
The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (TNFAIP3) is a central regulator of
... Gene targeting experiments showed that IKK2 and NEMO, but not IKK1, are required for NF-kB activation by TNF and TLRs [3]. Some receptors such as the lymphotoxin b receptor and CD40 receptor have the ability to activate an alternative NF-kB pathway, involving IKK1 and leading to p100 NF-kB processin ...
... Gene targeting experiments showed that IKK2 and NEMO, but not IKK1, are required for NF-kB activation by TNF and TLRs [3]. Some receptors such as the lymphotoxin b receptor and CD40 receptor have the ability to activate an alternative NF-kB pathway, involving IKK1 and leading to p100 NF-kB processin ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.