Hepatic Secretion of Conjugated Drugs and Endogenous Substances
... on an amino acid alignment. Despite the fact that these three MRP isoforms share only a relatively low degree of amino acid identity, a close evolutionary relationship of these transporters is indicated by their similar genomic organization. The identification of MRP3, MRP4, MRP5, and MRP6 was mainl ...
... on an amino acid alignment. Despite the fact that these three MRP isoforms share only a relatively low degree of amino acid identity, a close evolutionary relationship of these transporters is indicated by their similar genomic organization. The identification of MRP3, MRP4, MRP5, and MRP6 was mainl ...
attached paper highlights
... PGC-1a in myotubes strongly induces the expression of downstream transcription factors such as NRFs and Tfam.17 Unlike NRFs or Tfam, however, PGC-1a levels correlate with cardiac and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, suggesting that it plays a major role in setting mitochondrial content.18 PGC-1a ...
... PGC-1a in myotubes strongly induces the expression of downstream transcription factors such as NRFs and Tfam.17 Unlike NRFs or Tfam, however, PGC-1a levels correlate with cardiac and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, suggesting that it plays a major role in setting mitochondrial content.18 PGC-1a ...
Two Microtubule-Associated Proteins of the
... polymerization. It also induced the formation of large microtubule bundles by forming cross-bridges between microtubules evenly along the whole length of microtubules. In the presence of AtMAP65-1, microtubule bundles were more resistant to cold and dilution treatments. AtMAP65-6, however, demonstra ...
... polymerization. It also induced the formation of large microtubule bundles by forming cross-bridges between microtubules evenly along the whole length of microtubules. In the presence of AtMAP65-1, microtubule bundles were more resistant to cold and dilution treatments. AtMAP65-6, however, demonstra ...
The term fluorescence was coined by Stokes circa 1850 to name a
... and insensitive to ions. Once inside the cell, these derivatized indicators are hydrolyzed by ubiquitous intracellular esterases, releasing the ion-sensitive polyanionic indicator (see http://probes.invitrogen.com/handbook/boxes/0428.html). Cell-impermeable (salt) forms of Ca fluorophores can be loa ...
... and insensitive to ions. Once inside the cell, these derivatized indicators are hydrolyzed by ubiquitous intracellular esterases, releasing the ion-sensitive polyanionic indicator (see http://probes.invitrogen.com/handbook/boxes/0428.html). Cell-impermeable (salt) forms of Ca fluorophores can be loa ...
Control of Male Gametophyte Development
... Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.016659. ...
... Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.016659. ...
Neurotransmitter signaling through heterotrimeric G
... Gα subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins have a slow but significant intrinsic GTPase activity, such that purified Gα protein can hydrolyze bound GTP to GDP with a half time on the order of a few minutes. A key contribution of C. elegans and yeast genetics was the discovery of a class of “regulator ...
... Gα subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins have a slow but significant intrinsic GTPase activity, such that purified Gα protein can hydrolyze bound GTP to GDP with a half time on the order of a few minutes. A key contribution of C. elegans and yeast genetics was the discovery of a class of “regulator ...
as PDF
... methods enable the separation of complex protein mixtures on a single gel. Proteins are separated in two dimensions: in the first dimension, they are fractionated according to their isoelectric point using a pH gradient gel, which is subsequently placed on a polyacrylamide gel slab for further separ ...
... methods enable the separation of complex protein mixtures on a single gel. Proteins are separated in two dimensions: in the first dimension, they are fractionated according to their isoelectric point using a pH gradient gel, which is subsequently placed on a polyacrylamide gel slab for further separ ...
lmmunocytochemical Localization of Protein Kinase C lsozymes in
... pretreated with their correspondingtypes of PKC isozyme and no longer gave positive signalsagainst 50 ng of the purified isozyme by immunoblot analysis. Regional distribution of PKC isozymesin rat brain All PKC immunoreactivities were widely distributed throughout the various regionsof rat brain. In ...
... pretreated with their correspondingtypes of PKC isozyme and no longer gave positive signalsagainst 50 ng of the purified isozyme by immunoblot analysis. Regional distribution of PKC isozymesin rat brain All PKC immunoreactivities were widely distributed throughout the various regionsof rat brain. In ...
Exogenous Free Ubiquitin Enhances Lily Pollen
... increased in pollen tubes treated with exogenous Ub compared to those without Ub, suggesting that Ub may facilitate SCA endocytosis. These results show that Ub can act as an enhancer of pollen tube adhesion in vitro and that it is taken up into the pollen tube as is SCA. The Ub machinery may play a ...
... increased in pollen tubes treated with exogenous Ub compared to those without Ub, suggesting that Ub may facilitate SCA endocytosis. These results show that Ub can act as an enhancer of pollen tube adhesion in vitro and that it is taken up into the pollen tube as is SCA. The Ub machinery may play a ...
Nicotinic Receptors in Addiction Pathways
... presynaptic nAChRs function as frequency-dependent regulators of dopamine release (Exley and Cragg, 2008). Although dopamine release probability after a single action potential is quite high, further release by subsequent action potentials in a burst is limited by short-term depression. The role of ...
... presynaptic nAChRs function as frequency-dependent regulators of dopamine release (Exley and Cragg, 2008). Although dopamine release probability after a single action potential is quite high, further release by subsequent action potentials in a burst is limited by short-term depression. The role of ...
A leucine aminopeptidase is involved in kinetoplast DNA
... their active site, whereas the M17 family members lack this motif and require two metal ions per monomer for activity [31]. LAPs have diverse subcellular localizations; initially found in the cytosol, they have been subsequently encountered in chloroplasts [32], on bacterial surfaces [33], or tegume ...
... their active site, whereas the M17 family members lack this motif and require two metal ions per monomer for activity [31]. LAPs have diverse subcellular localizations; initially found in the cytosol, they have been subsequently encountered in chloroplasts [32], on bacterial surfaces [33], or tegume ...
Developmentally regulated, alternative splicing of the Rpn10 gene
... signal; and secondly, the proteolytic attack of multiubiquitylated proteins by the 26S proteasome. There are growing lines of evidence that the Ub±proteasome pathway plays a critical role in various biologically important processes, including cell cycle, apoptosis, signal transduction, development a ...
... signal; and secondly, the proteolytic attack of multiubiquitylated proteins by the 26S proteasome. There are growing lines of evidence that the Ub±proteasome pathway plays a critical role in various biologically important processes, including cell cycle, apoptosis, signal transduction, development a ...
The ATP synthase is involved in generating mitochondrial cristae
... cristae morphology. These two subunits are non-essential components of ATP synthase and are required for the dimerization and oligomerization of ATP synthase. Mitochondria of yeast cells de®cient in either subunits e or g were found to have numerous digitations and onion-like structures that corresp ...
... cristae morphology. These two subunits are non-essential components of ATP synthase and are required for the dimerization and oligomerization of ATP synthase. Mitochondria of yeast cells de®cient in either subunits e or g were found to have numerous digitations and onion-like structures that corresp ...
Phospholipid Class and Fatty Acid Composition of Golgi Apparatus
... endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane exhibited the highest percentage of saturated acids when compared to other lipid classes from the respective membrane fraction. Overall, sphingomyelin of Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane contained the highest percentage of saturated acid ...
... endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane exhibited the highest percentage of saturated acids when compared to other lipid classes from the respective membrane fraction. Overall, sphingomyelin of Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane contained the highest percentage of saturated acid ...
On the role of gut microbiota in intestinal physiology and
... benefits. However, mechanistic knowledge of these has been limited, but are now becoming increasingly clear. We used germ-free mice to study three aspects of host physiology; the effects of the microbiota on small intestinal postnatal vascularization (I), small intestinal permeability (II), as well ...
... benefits. However, mechanistic knowledge of these has been limited, but are now becoming increasingly clear. We used germ-free mice to study three aspects of host physiology; the effects of the microbiota on small intestinal postnatal vascularization (I), small intestinal permeability (II), as well ...
Regulation of the initiation of chromosomal replication in bacteria
... should undergo morphological changes. In these organisms the decision ‘to replicate or not to replicate’ has to be precisely controlled at a number of levels. Bacteria, much like eukaryotic cells, coordinate cell division with DNA replication. Little is known about how the replication machinery coor ...
... should undergo morphological changes. In these organisms the decision ‘to replicate or not to replicate’ has to be precisely controlled at a number of levels. Bacteria, much like eukaryotic cells, coordinate cell division with DNA replication. Little is known about how the replication machinery coor ...
On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell
... multicellular animals studied so far, including cnidaria, nematodes, insects, amphibians, birds and mammals.16,18,20,24,25,63,64 The evolutionary conservation of programmed cell death in the animal kingdom does not only involve its existence and role, but extends to some central aspects of its genet ...
... multicellular animals studied so far, including cnidaria, nematodes, insects, amphibians, birds and mammals.16,18,20,24,25,63,64 The evolutionary conservation of programmed cell death in the animal kingdom does not only involve its existence and role, but extends to some central aspects of its genet ...
Calcium-induced calcium release supports recruitment of synaptic
... activity to 44 ± 31% of its initial rate (n = 6, p = 0.001). Similarly, ryanodine, which blocks ...
... activity to 44 ± 31% of its initial rate (n = 6, p = 0.001). Similarly, ryanodine, which blocks ...
Specialization of oleosins in OB dynamics during seed development
... cell wall stains, no fluorescent dye allowed discriminating OBs from cell walls in living embryos (Figure 3-1 a, b). Consequently, individual plant cells could not be detected, and we used estimators of the distance between each OB to its neighbors to answer the question of distribution in the 3D sp ...
... cell wall stains, no fluorescent dye allowed discriminating OBs from cell walls in living embryos (Figure 3-1 a, b). Consequently, individual plant cells could not be detected, and we used estimators of the distance between each OB to its neighbors to answer the question of distribution in the 3D sp ...
The Differential Degradation of Two Cytosolic Proteins As a Tool to
... 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 5 min after flushing the blood with PBS for 30 s. The liver was postfixed in the same mixture for 3 h. Hepatocytes were fixed in 2% glutaraldebyde for 1 h and embedded in 10% gelatin (l~ters et al., 1991). Sometimes cells were broken mechanically and incuba ...
... 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 5 min after flushing the blood with PBS for 30 s. The liver was postfixed in the same mixture for 3 h. Hepatocytes were fixed in 2% glutaraldebyde for 1 h and embedded in 10% gelatin (l~ters et al., 1991). Sometimes cells were broken mechanically and incuba ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF - e
... ([Ca2+]i ~ 100 nM) compared to their high concentration in both extracellular medium (in the range of mM) and intracellular stores (mainly the Sarco/Endo/Plasmic Reticulum (SR/ER)). This gradient allows Ca2+ to be a ubiquitous second messenger for various cellular functions: metabolism, apoptosis, p ...
... ([Ca2+]i ~ 100 nM) compared to their high concentration in both extracellular medium (in the range of mM) and intracellular stores (mainly the Sarco/Endo/Plasmic Reticulum (SR/ER)). This gradient allows Ca2+ to be a ubiquitous second messenger for various cellular functions: metabolism, apoptosis, p ...
Hydrogen peroxide plays multiple roles in plant
... attention during the last decades. Ample evidence has proven that H2O2 plays an important role in plants under severe environmental conditions, which include various biotic and abiotic stresses (Dat et al. 2000). H2O2 participates in many resistance mechanisms, including reinforcement of the plant c ...
... attention during the last decades. Ample evidence has proven that H2O2 plays an important role in plants under severe environmental conditions, which include various biotic and abiotic stresses (Dat et al. 2000). H2O2 participates in many resistance mechanisms, including reinforcement of the plant c ...
Haem biosynthesis and excretion of porphyrins
... liberated iron is reutilized. HO-1 activity is induced by a variety of stimuli, including haem itself, heavy metals, organic chemicals, endotoxins, hyperthermia, hypoglycaemia, burns and oxidative stress. Stimuli that increase HO-1 gene expression could accelerate the flux of metabolites through the ...
... liberated iron is reutilized. HO-1 activity is induced by a variety of stimuli, including haem itself, heavy metals, organic chemicals, endotoxins, hyperthermia, hypoglycaemia, burns and oxidative stress. Stimuli that increase HO-1 gene expression could accelerate the flux of metabolites through the ...
Arabidopsis Phragmoplast-Associated Kinesins Play
... In plant cells, cytokinesis is brought about by the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast has a dynamic microtubule array of two mirrored sets of microtubules, which are aligned perpendicularly to the division plane with their plus ends located at the division site. It is not well understood how the phragm ...
... In plant cells, cytokinesis is brought about by the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast has a dynamic microtubule array of two mirrored sets of microtubules, which are aligned perpendicularly to the division plane with their plus ends located at the division site. It is not well understood how the phragm ...
Visualization of ATP levels inside single living cells with
... currency of all living organisms. The high phosphatetransfer potential of ATP is used for many biological processes, including muscle contraction, synthesis and degradation of biological molecules, and membrane transport. In addition, it has been suggested that ATP acts as an intracellular or extrac ...
... currency of all living organisms. The high phosphatetransfer potential of ATP is used for many biological processes, including muscle contraction, synthesis and degradation of biological molecules, and membrane transport. In addition, it has been suggested that ATP acts as an intracellular or extrac ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.