Neuronal polarity: establishing and maintaining the axon initial
... ion channels in the postsynapse open, by for instance binding of a neurotransmitter, which result in a local influx of sodium ions. This influx of sodium ions depolarizes the membrane causing a local change in membrane resting potential (-60mV normally) towards a more positive charge. The electric s ...
... ion channels in the postsynapse open, by for instance binding of a neurotransmitter, which result in a local influx of sodium ions. This influx of sodium ions depolarizes the membrane causing a local change in membrane resting potential (-60mV normally) towards a more positive charge. The electric s ...
Intraflagellar transport and the generation of dynamic, structurally
... regulated fashion. Other key players, including an expansive superfamily of small GTPases (e.g. Rab, Arf and Arl proteins), emerged early to control membrane transport events [1]. Together, this ensemble of proteins is postulated to have central roles in the origin of eukaryotic endomembranes, the n ...
... regulated fashion. Other key players, including an expansive superfamily of small GTPases (e.g. Rab, Arf and Arl proteins), emerged early to control membrane transport events [1]. Together, this ensemble of proteins is postulated to have central roles in the origin of eukaryotic endomembranes, the n ...
PDF
... specific; in chick it is 90 min, in mouse 120 min and in humans 4-5 h (Dequeant and Pourquie, 2008). The majority of known clock genes belong to the Notch pathway (reviewed by Dequéant and Pourquié, 2008; Gibb et al., 2010; Kageyama et al., 2007) and, in mouse, this pathway is crucial for dynamic ex ...
... specific; in chick it is 90 min, in mouse 120 min and in humans 4-5 h (Dequeant and Pourquie, 2008). The majority of known clock genes belong to the Notch pathway (reviewed by Dequéant and Pourquié, 2008; Gibb et al., 2010; Kageyama et al., 2007) and, in mouse, this pathway is crucial for dynamic ex ...
Introduction to biophysics
... The cortical tissue consists for about 80 % of pyramidal cells (fig. 3) and the remainder are so called inter-neurons. There are two types of pyramidal neurons, the upper pyramidal neurons lying in layers II and III and the lower pyramidal neurons which we find mainly in layer V. Both receive their ...
... The cortical tissue consists for about 80 % of pyramidal cells (fig. 3) and the remainder are so called inter-neurons. There are two types of pyramidal neurons, the upper pyramidal neurons lying in layers II and III and the lower pyramidal neurons which we find mainly in layer V. Both receive their ...
New therapeutic approaches for Human African trypanosomiasis
... PEGlycated-chitosan nanoparticles coated by a nanobody that target the surface of T. brucei................................................................................................. 55 ...
... PEGlycated-chitosan nanoparticles coated by a nanobody that target the surface of T. brucei................................................................................................. 55 ...
Tcf3: a transcriptional regulator of axis induction in the early embryo
... 1997; Morin et al., 1997), tissue homeostasis (van de Wetering et al., 2002) and stem cell maintenance (Reya et al., 2003), placing Tcf/Lef factors at the center of a number of crucial steps in development. Tcf/Lef proteins can also function to repress the transcription of target genes (Brannon et a ...
... 1997; Morin et al., 1997), tissue homeostasis (van de Wetering et al., 2002) and stem cell maintenance (Reya et al., 2003), placing Tcf/Lef factors at the center of a number of crucial steps in development. Tcf/Lef proteins can also function to repress the transcription of target genes (Brannon et a ...
introduction to polyomaviruses
... Protein coding sequences are displayed as large arrows. Early transcripts encode small T-antigen (sT) and large T-antigen (LT) proteins. In most polyomaviruses for which transcript maps are available, additional T-antigen isoforms (not shown) are encoded by multiply spliced mRNAs. The late promoter ...
... Protein coding sequences are displayed as large arrows. Early transcripts encode small T-antigen (sT) and large T-antigen (LT) proteins. In most polyomaviruses for which transcript maps are available, additional T-antigen isoforms (not shown) are encoded by multiply spliced mRNAs. The late promoter ...
SQA CfE Higher Human Biology Unit 1: Human Cells
... In the early embryo all the cells are able to divide, whereas in the adult body only relatively few have this ability. Such cells are called stem cells. As the embryo grows, different groups of cells start to become specialised to carry out particular functions. At the same time, their potential to ...
... In the early embryo all the cells are able to divide, whereas in the adult body only relatively few have this ability. Such cells are called stem cells. As the embryo grows, different groups of cells start to become specialised to carry out particular functions. At the same time, their potential to ...
Organelle Assembly in Yeast: Characterization of
... shown to be synthesized at the level of the ER as inactive precursors. These proenzymes transit through the Golgi complex and are sorted to the vacuole, where they are processed to the mature active enzymes (16, 19, 32, 54). Sequence determinants have been defined within proCPY and proPrA that are n ...
... shown to be synthesized at the level of the ER as inactive precursors. These proenzymes transit through the Golgi complex and are sorted to the vacuole, where they are processed to the mature active enzymes (16, 19, 32, 54). Sequence determinants have been defined within proCPY and proPrA that are n ...
1 METT-10, A Putative Methyltransferase, Inhibits Germ
... zone, but not in the adjacent meiotic region (Figure 1B). The suspected ectopic proliferating cells in mett-10(oz36) mutants label with EdU within a 3 hour period, showing that they are cycling (Figure 1C). Because EdU labels cells in both mitotic and meiotic S-phase, we also stained for additional ...
... zone, but not in the adjacent meiotic region (Figure 1B). The suspected ectopic proliferating cells in mett-10(oz36) mutants label with EdU within a 3 hour period, showing that they are cycling (Figure 1C). Because EdU labels cells in both mitotic and meiotic S-phase, we also stained for additional ...
709_2010_211_MOESM2_ESM - Springer Static Content Server
... RESPONSE REGULATOR 6: Encodes a Type-A response regulator that is responsive to cytokinin treatment. Its C-ter domain is very short in comparison to other Arabidopsis ARRs (17 total). Arr6 protein is stabilized by cytokinin. Process: Cytokinin mediated signaling pathway (Hwang et al. 2002; To et al. ...
... RESPONSE REGULATOR 6: Encodes a Type-A response regulator that is responsive to cytokinin treatment. Its C-ter domain is very short in comparison to other Arabidopsis ARRs (17 total). Arr6 protein is stabilized by cytokinin. Process: Cytokinin mediated signaling pathway (Hwang et al. 2002; To et al. ...
as a PDF
... Plant cell vacuoles may have storage or lytic functions, but biochemical markers specific for the tonoplasts of functionally distinct vacuoles are poorly defined. Here, we use antipeptide antibodies specific for the tonoplast intrinsic proteins a-TIP, g-TIP, and d-TIP in confocal immunofluorescence ...
... Plant cell vacuoles may have storage or lytic functions, but biochemical markers specific for the tonoplasts of functionally distinct vacuoles are poorly defined. Here, we use antipeptide antibodies specific for the tonoplast intrinsic proteins a-TIP, g-TIP, and d-TIP in confocal immunofluorescence ...
Autism One
... Decreased levels of Akt are associated with schizophrenia (Emamian et al. 2004), and in individuals with TSC mutations exhibiting central nervous system disorders including autism (Wiznitzer 2004). Reelin plays a pivotal role in migration of neurons and in the development of neuronal connections. Dy ...
... Decreased levels of Akt are associated with schizophrenia (Emamian et al. 2004), and in individuals with TSC mutations exhibiting central nervous system disorders including autism (Wiznitzer 2004). Reelin plays a pivotal role in migration of neurons and in the development of neuronal connections. Dy ...
Tonoplast Intrinsic Protein Isoforms as Markers for Vacuolar Functions
... Plant cell vacuoles may have storage or lytic functions, but biochemical markers specific for the tonoplasts of functionally distinct vacuoles are poorly defined. Here, we use antipeptide antibodies specific for the tonoplast intrinsic proteins a-TIP, g-TIP, and d-TIP in confocal immunofluorescence ...
... Plant cell vacuoles may have storage or lytic functions, but biochemical markers specific for the tonoplasts of functionally distinct vacuoles are poorly defined. Here, we use antipeptide antibodies specific for the tonoplast intrinsic proteins a-TIP, g-TIP, and d-TIP in confocal immunofluorescence ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... Bile is produced by hepatocytes in the liver, draining through the many bile ducts that penetrate the liver. During this process, the epithelial cells add a watery solution that is rich in bicarbonates that dilutes and increases alkalinity of the solution. Bile then flows into the common hepatic duc ...
... Bile is produced by hepatocytes in the liver, draining through the many bile ducts that penetrate the liver. During this process, the epithelial cells add a watery solution that is rich in bicarbonates that dilutes and increases alkalinity of the solution. Bile then flows into the common hepatic duc ...
Formation of Helical Hairpins during Membrane Protein Integration
... microsomes, but that the introduction of ``turnpromoting'' residues such as Pro, Asn, Arg, or Asp near the middle of the poly-Leu stretch leads to the formation of a helical hairpin.5 As an easily scored marker for the lumenal or cytoplasmic localization of the P2 domain, an N-glycosylation site (As ...
... microsomes, but that the introduction of ``turnpromoting'' residues such as Pro, Asn, Arg, or Asp near the middle of the poly-Leu stretch leads to the formation of a helical hairpin.5 As an easily scored marker for the lumenal or cytoplasmic localization of the P2 domain, an N-glycosylation site (As ...
Protein O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine
... in the ER and Golgi; however, in 1984 a novel glycosylation modification was first reported in which a single β-N-acetyl-glucosamine moiety was attached via an O-linkage to serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins [2]. This modification, now commonly known as O-GlcN ...
... in the ER and Golgi; however, in 1984 a novel glycosylation modification was first reported in which a single β-N-acetyl-glucosamine moiety was attached via an O-linkage to serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins [2]. This modification, now commonly known as O-GlcN ...
Hypoxia in skeletal muscles: from physiology to gene expression
... angiogenesis have been shown to increase by hypoxia [73]. For example, Myllyharju et al. shows an increase in mRNA expression of proteins in collagen chains such as Proα1(I), proα1(III), and α2(IV) and vertebrate collagen P4Hs I and II after hypoxic exposure [1]. LOX which are likely involved in ext ...
... angiogenesis have been shown to increase by hypoxia [73]. For example, Myllyharju et al. shows an increase in mRNA expression of proteins in collagen chains such as Proα1(I), proα1(III), and α2(IV) and vertebrate collagen P4Hs I and II after hypoxic exposure [1]. LOX which are likely involved in ext ...
The N-Terminal Domain of ERK1 Accounts for the Functional
... effectiveness of ERK1 could arise further downstream on the pathway leading to nuclear signalling. Once activated in the cytoplasm, ERK1 and ERK2 translocate into the nucleus and interact with their nuclear substrates to induce specific programs of gene expression [17,18]. Nuclear localisation of ac ...
... effectiveness of ERK1 could arise further downstream on the pathway leading to nuclear signalling. Once activated in the cytoplasm, ERK1 and ERK2 translocate into the nucleus and interact with their nuclear substrates to induce specific programs of gene expression [17,18]. Nuclear localisation of ac ...
HEMAGGLUTINATION BY PURIFIED TYPE I ESCHERICHIA
... Amino Acid Analysis. 200/~1 of 4 N methanesulfonic acid (12) (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Illinois) were added to 2 mg (approximately 120 nmol) of purified pili in a 12 x 75 m m acid-cleaned Pyrex tube. The tube was sealed under vacuum and the pili hydrolyzed for 24 h at ll0°C. The tube was t h e ...
... Amino Acid Analysis. 200/~1 of 4 N methanesulfonic acid (12) (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Illinois) were added to 2 mg (approximately 120 nmol) of purified pili in a 12 x 75 m m acid-cleaned Pyrex tube. The tube was sealed under vacuum and the pili hydrolyzed for 24 h at ll0°C. The tube was t h e ...
PDF
... subsequent restoration of the relevant structure. Many insights into the mechanisms underlying such regeneration processes have been obtained from studies on limb regeneration in urodeles (for reviews, see Nye et al., 2003; Brockes and Kumar, 2008) and hemimetabolous insects (for a review, see Nakam ...
... subsequent restoration of the relevant structure. Many insights into the mechanisms underlying such regeneration processes have been obtained from studies on limb regeneration in urodeles (for reviews, see Nye et al., 2003; Brockes and Kumar, 2008) and hemimetabolous insects (for a review, see Nakam ...
Regulation of leg size and shape by the Dachsous
... subsequent restoration of the relevant structure. Many insights into the mechanisms underlying such regeneration processes have been obtained from studies on limb regeneration in urodeles (for reviews, see Nye et al., 2003; Brockes and Kumar, 2008) and hemimetabolous insects (for a review, see Nakam ...
... subsequent restoration of the relevant structure. Many insights into the mechanisms underlying such regeneration processes have been obtained from studies on limb regeneration in urodeles (for reviews, see Nye et al., 2003; Brockes and Kumar, 2008) and hemimetabolous insects (for a review, see Nakam ...
A PEST-like Sequence in the N-Terminal Cytoplasmic Domain of
... N-terminal, C-terminal, and central cytoplasmic domains of Mal61/HA maltose permease are rich in serine and threonine and contain several potential phosphorylation sites (see Figure 1) (2). A PEST region spans residues 48-79 of the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain (2). Brondijk et al. (14) investigated ...
... N-terminal, C-terminal, and central cytoplasmic domains of Mal61/HA maltose permease are rich in serine and threonine and contain several potential phosphorylation sites (see Figure 1) (2). A PEST region spans residues 48-79 of the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain (2). Brondijk et al. (14) investigated ...
Photopolymerized Cross-Linked Polyacrylamide Gels for On
... exposed to a UV source, regions can be optionally masked to prevent cross-linking; and (D) cross-linked polymer is fabricated in nonmasked regions. (E) is an inverted gray scale image of an on-chip SDSPAGE separation at an elapsed separation time of 6.4 s. Proteins: (1) R-lactalbumin, (2) trypsin in ...
... exposed to a UV source, regions can be optionally masked to prevent cross-linking; and (D) cross-linked polymer is fabricated in nonmasked regions. (E) is an inverted gray scale image of an on-chip SDSPAGE separation at an elapsed separation time of 6.4 s. Proteins: (1) R-lactalbumin, (2) trypsin in ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.