Extreme sweetness: protein glycosylation in archaea
... on the planet. The advent of high-throughput sequencing has had an enormous impact on many areas of the biological sciences, but perhaps nowhere more so than in microbiology. At the same time, it has become clear that deciphering the genome sequence of a given microorganism cannot in itself explain ...
... on the planet. The advent of high-throughput sequencing has had an enormous impact on many areas of the biological sciences, but perhaps nowhere more so than in microbiology. At the same time, it has become clear that deciphering the genome sequence of a given microorganism cannot in itself explain ...
Histone methylation
... pombe, the RNAi machinery is required for establishing and/or maintaining centromeric heterochromatin, which is characterized by H3K9 methylation 39–41. The RNAi machinery has also been linked to H3K9 methylation levels and heterochromatin in Arabidopsis thaliana 42 and in mammals43, suggesting so ...
... pombe, the RNAi machinery is required for establishing and/or maintaining centromeric heterochromatin, which is characterized by H3K9 methylation 39–41. The RNAi machinery has also been linked to H3K9 methylation levels and heterochromatin in Arabidopsis thaliana 42 and in mammals43, suggesting so ...
Giant nuclei is essential in the cell cycle transition from meiosis to
... stop codon in gnu mutants would produce a truncated protein lacking the C-terminal 94 residues. The deduced Gnu sequence was used to search the protein databases. No close matches were found, therefore Gnu is a novel protein. Fig. 1. DNA replication in gnu embryos. (A-D) Fluorescently immunostained ...
... stop codon in gnu mutants would produce a truncated protein lacking the C-terminal 94 residues. The deduced Gnu sequence was used to search the protein databases. No close matches were found, therefore Gnu is a novel protein. Fig. 1. DNA replication in gnu embryos. (A-D) Fluorescently immunostained ...
Cell adhesion and cell mechanics during zebrafish
... to a vast number of cells which subsequently have to share specialized tasks and build complex structures such as eyes, heart or brain (see Fig. 1.1). But how can cells that originate from a single ancestor control all these processes? Surely, an important aspect are differences in gene expression a ...
... to a vast number of cells which subsequently have to share specialized tasks and build complex structures such as eyes, heart or brain (see Fig. 1.1). But how can cells that originate from a single ancestor control all these processes? Surely, an important aspect are differences in gene expression a ...
View Full PDF - Essays in Biochemistry
... cofactor [18]. The pyruvate is generated by an autocatalytical cleavage of the AdoMetDC protein after synthesis [19]. Mammalian AdoMetDC is produced as a pro-enzyme which is rapidly cleaved into two differently sized subunits, which both are part of the active heterotetrameric form of the enzyme [18 ...
... cofactor [18]. The pyruvate is generated by an autocatalytical cleavage of the AdoMetDC protein after synthesis [19]. Mammalian AdoMetDC is produced as a pro-enzyme which is rapidly cleaved into two differently sized subunits, which both are part of the active heterotetrameric form of the enzyme [18 ...
Golgins and GTPases, giving identity and structure to the Golgi
... while p115 can be found in all eukaryotes and GRASPs are found in all eukaryotes except plants, golgin-45 is present only in vertebrates, and GM130 is present only in mammals. This doesn’t mean that they are unimportant. Rather, it probably indicates that the Golgi is structurally adapted in differe ...
... while p115 can be found in all eukaryotes and GRASPs are found in all eukaryotes except plants, golgin-45 is present only in vertebrates, and GM130 is present only in mammals. This doesn’t mean that they are unimportant. Rather, it probably indicates that the Golgi is structurally adapted in differe ...
Article - Andrej Sali
... et al., 2006; Selmer et al., 2006; Schuwirth et al., 2005). In addition, structures of programmed bacterial ribosomes have defined a path for the translocation of mRNA and tRNAs through the intersubunit space (Yusupova et al., 2001, 2006; Korostelev et al., 2006; Selmer et al., 2006; Berk et al., 20 ...
... et al., 2006; Selmer et al., 2006; Schuwirth et al., 2005). In addition, structures of programmed bacterial ribosomes have defined a path for the translocation of mRNA and tRNAs through the intersubunit space (Yusupova et al., 2001, 2006; Korostelev et al., 2006; Selmer et al., 2006; Berk et al., 20 ...
Physical and functional link of the leukemia
... BOSC23 cells were cotransfected with HA-tagged AML1b and together either with control vector (mock) or FLAG-tagged PML isoforms (I-VI). The expression of AML1 in the lysates of transfectants was detected by immunoblotting using anti-HA (3F10) antibody (top). The lysates of transfectants were immunop ...
... BOSC23 cells were cotransfected with HA-tagged AML1b and together either with control vector (mock) or FLAG-tagged PML isoforms (I-VI). The expression of AML1 in the lysates of transfectants was detected by immunoblotting using anti-HA (3F10) antibody (top). The lysates of transfectants were immunop ...
Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila
... it is possible that this activity depends on signaling through endocytosed receptors (Satoh et al., 2008). Mutations in shrub, which encodes a homolog of yeast Snf7 involved in trafficking from endosomes to lysosomes, also lead to hyperbranching, potentially owing to the defective modulation of rece ...
... it is possible that this activity depends on signaling through endocytosed receptors (Satoh et al., 2008). Mutations in shrub, which encodes a homolog of yeast Snf7 involved in trafficking from endosomes to lysosomes, also lead to hyperbranching, potentially owing to the defective modulation of rece ...
Novel Mechanism of PTEN Regulation by Its
... The production of PI(3,4,5)P3 is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and PTEN. Recently, both PI3K and PTEN have been shown to be required for PI(3,4,5)P3 production and chemotaxis toward cAMP (11, 12). In wild type Dictyostelium cells, the level of PI(3,4,5)P3 transiently increases wi ...
... The production of PI(3,4,5)P3 is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and PTEN. Recently, both PI3K and PTEN have been shown to be required for PI(3,4,5)P3 production and chemotaxis toward cAMP (11, 12). In wild type Dictyostelium cells, the level of PI(3,4,5)P3 transiently increases wi ...
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... 1995). Phosphorylated MAD (PMAD) interacts with Medea and is accumulated in the nucleus, where the complex binds to regulatory elements in DPP/BMP target genes (Gao et al., 2005). The PMAD/Medea complex primarily acts via repression of Brinker (BRK), a transcriptional repressor that inactivates DPP ...
... 1995). Phosphorylated MAD (PMAD) interacts with Medea and is accumulated in the nucleus, where the complex binds to regulatory elements in DPP/BMP target genes (Gao et al., 2005). The PMAD/Medea complex primarily acts via repression of Brinker (BRK), a transcriptional repressor that inactivates DPP ...
Anterior neurectoderm is progressively induced
... an alternative genomic copy of Xotx2, described in this report), suggesting that noggin plays a role in patterning anterior neurectoderm (Lamb et al., 1993). In addition to the involvement of extracellular factors in neural patterning, homeodomain proteins are important components in the specificati ...
... an alternative genomic copy of Xotx2, described in this report), suggesting that noggin plays a role in patterning anterior neurectoderm (Lamb et al., 1993). In addition to the involvement of extracellular factors in neural patterning, homeodomain proteins are important components in the specificati ...
Nuclear export signal located within the DNAbinding domain of the
... monitor activity of receptor±kinase signals. Keywords: cytokine/export/import/interferon/signal transduction ...
... monitor activity of receptor±kinase signals. Keywords: cytokine/export/import/interferon/signal transduction ...
Beta-Cell Function and Failure in Type 1 Diabetes
... channels. Na+ and Ca2+ entry further depolarizes the membrane and L-type and maybe other voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) open. This activation increases intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), which leads to fusion of insulin-containing secretory granules with the plasma membrane and the first phase ...
... channels. Na+ and Ca2+ entry further depolarizes the membrane and L-type and maybe other voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) open. This activation increases intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), which leads to fusion of insulin-containing secretory granules with the plasma membrane and the first phase ...
Functions of mammalian microRNA in innate immunity to microbial
... plasma membrane associated lipopolysaccharide receptor TLR4, thereby preventing a premature macrophage inflammatory response, miR-155 stayed strictly coupled to ...
... plasma membrane associated lipopolysaccharide receptor TLR4, thereby preventing a premature macrophage inflammatory response, miR-155 stayed strictly coupled to ...
Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Ribosome
... induction. Purified PAP-H did not show in vitro antifungal activity against soil-borne fungi. In contrast, root exudates containing PAP-H as well as additional chitinase, -1,3-glucanase, and protease activities did inhibit the growth of soil-borne fungi. We found that PAP-H depurinates fungal ribos ...
... induction. Purified PAP-H did not show in vitro antifungal activity against soil-borne fungi. In contrast, root exudates containing PAP-H as well as additional chitinase, -1,3-glucanase, and protease activities did inhibit the growth of soil-borne fungi. We found that PAP-H depurinates fungal ribos ...
Mechanical motion promotes expression of Prg4
... either the absence or presence of a running wheel for 31 d. The animals were injected with tamoxifen daily from day 22 to 28 and sacrificed for X-gal staining at day 31. (B) Whole-mount X-gal staining of the knee joints taken from either corn-oil-injected (TAM ) or tamoxifen-injected Prg4GFPCreERt2/ ...
... either the absence or presence of a running wheel for 31 d. The animals were injected with tamoxifen daily from day 22 to 28 and sacrificed for X-gal staining at day 31. (B) Whole-mount X-gal staining of the knee joints taken from either corn-oil-injected (TAM ) or tamoxifen-injected Prg4GFPCreERt2/ ...
Localization of retinitis pigmentosa 2 to cilia is regulated by Importin 2
... to the cilium. We used two shRNA targeting sequences to knock down Importin 2 and test its role in the ciliary targeting of endogenous RP2 and RP2–EGFP in MDCK cells. Both of the shRNAs sufficiently reduced Importin 2 without affecting expression of Importin 1 and RP2 (Fig. 5A). Cells without Imp ...
... to the cilium. We used two shRNA targeting sequences to knock down Importin 2 and test its role in the ciliary targeting of endogenous RP2 and RP2–EGFP in MDCK cells. Both of the shRNAs sufficiently reduced Importin 2 without affecting expression of Importin 1 and RP2 (Fig. 5A). Cells without Imp ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
... Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides is catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductases (RNR’s) (Kolberg et al., 2004). These enzymes convert the ribonucleotides into their deoxyribonucleotide counterparts. There are three major classes of RNR’s. Members of class I are dependent on the presence of oxygen, m ...
... Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides is catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductases (RNR’s) (Kolberg et al., 2004). These enzymes convert the ribonucleotides into their deoxyribonucleotide counterparts. There are three major classes of RNR’s. Members of class I are dependent on the presence of oxygen, m ...
Functional and structural roles of parasite-specific inserts in the bifunctional S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase/ornithine
... stretch of codons, which after translation give rise to different amino acids that may influence the properties of the protein. Cassette-mutagenesis results in the repla~ment of a particular DNA sequence with a synthetic DNA fragment containing the desired mutation with almost 1000A.efficiency (Old ...
... stretch of codons, which after translation give rise to different amino acids that may influence the properties of the protein. Cassette-mutagenesis results in the repla~ment of a particular DNA sequence with a synthetic DNA fragment containing the desired mutation with almost 1000A.efficiency (Old ...
PROPERTIES OF ANTI-MYCOLIC ACID ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS Master of Science
... Mycolic acid (MA) is the major lipid cell wall constituent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of this disease. In this study an antibody response to the MA molecules are investigated as a possible surrogate marker for tuberculosis. In previous studies, IgG antibodies to MA in TB in ...
... Mycolic acid (MA) is the major lipid cell wall constituent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of this disease. In this study an antibody response to the MA molecules are investigated as a possible surrogate marker for tuberculosis. In previous studies, IgG antibodies to MA in TB in ...
Endocytic membrane fusion and buckling
... It has been proposed that the fusion of organelles with the furrow PM is important during the resolution of the ICB (Baluska et al., 2006). However, the function and timing of these fusion events remain controversial. Some studies suggest that asymmetric and synchronous fusion of secretory organelle ...
... It has been proposed that the fusion of organelles with the furrow PM is important during the resolution of the ICB (Baluska et al., 2006). However, the function and timing of these fusion events remain controversial. Some studies suggest that asymmetric and synchronous fusion of secretory organelle ...
The mating pair stabilization protein, TraN, of the F plasmid is an
... importance in TraN function. TraN appears to require both intra- and intermolecular disulfide bond formation for its stability and structure as demonstrated by its instability in a dsbA mutant and its aberrant migration on SDS-polyacrylamide gels under non-reducing conditions or by cross-linking wit ...
... importance in TraN function. TraN appears to require both intra- and intermolecular disulfide bond formation for its stability and structure as demonstrated by its instability in a dsbA mutant and its aberrant migration on SDS-polyacrylamide gels under non-reducing conditions or by cross-linking wit ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.