Article (Published version)
... code, the sum of their combinatorial positive and negative functions, dictates cell fate and behavior. Using an antisense approach to knockdown gene function in vivo, we find that each of the three Gli proteins is required for the induction of all primary neurons in the amphibian neural plate and re ...
... code, the sum of their combinatorial positive and negative functions, dictates cell fate and behavior. Using an antisense approach to knockdown gene function in vivo, we find that each of the three Gli proteins is required for the induction of all primary neurons in the amphibian neural plate and re ...
Signals from the notochord and floor plate regulate
... spinal cord (Nornes et al., 1990; Plachov et al., 1990; Jostes et al., 1991; Goulding et al., 1991; Walther and Gruss, 1991). In particular, three mouse Pax genes Pax-3, Pax-6 and Pax-7 are expressed in DV restricted regions of the early neuroepithelium in the spinal cord and hindbrain. Pax3 and Pax ...
... spinal cord (Nornes et al., 1990; Plachov et al., 1990; Jostes et al., 1991; Goulding et al., 1991; Walther and Gruss, 1991). In particular, three mouse Pax genes Pax-3, Pax-6 and Pax-7 are expressed in DV restricted regions of the early neuroepithelium in the spinal cord and hindbrain. Pax3 and Pax ...
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... However, phosphorylation of apical myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC2; MYL9), which is coupled to activation of actomyosin, is blocked in Cfl1 mutants, indicating that cofilin 1 is required for the apical activation of actomyosin that is necessary for neural tube closure. By contrast, activated ...
... However, phosphorylation of apical myosin II regulatory light chain (MLC2; MYL9), which is coupled to activation of actomyosin, is blocked in Cfl1 mutants, indicating that cofilin 1 is required for the apical activation of actomyosin that is necessary for neural tube closure. By contrast, activated ...
EP 1790660 B1
... [0020] The method will typically involve the steps of: obtaining nucleic acid encoding a protein of the invention; manipulating said nucleic acid to remove at least one domain from within the protein. The resulting nucleic acid may be inserted into an expression vector, or may already be part of an ...
... [0020] The method will typically involve the steps of: obtaining nucleic acid encoding a protein of the invention; manipulating said nucleic acid to remove at least one domain from within the protein. The resulting nucleic acid may be inserted into an expression vector, or may already be part of an ...
ftsZ mutations affecting cell division frequency, placement and
... A fundamental problem in prokaryotes is the nature of the mechanism of cell division, which is tightly coupled to cell growth, chromosome replication and segregation. Thereby, the cell ensures that each daughter cell is of equal size, and inherits a complete genome. Cytokinesis in bacteria begins wi ...
... A fundamental problem in prokaryotes is the nature of the mechanism of cell division, which is tightly coupled to cell growth, chromosome replication and segregation. Thereby, the cell ensures that each daughter cell is of equal size, and inherits a complete genome. Cytokinesis in bacteria begins wi ...
abbs.info - Semantic Scholar
... control. Aliquots 2 and 3 were used for modification of Trp residues in the presence and absence of mannose (0.2 M). Urea (8 M) was added into aliquot 4 to denature the protein. NBS (5 μl, 10 mM) was added into aliquots 2−4 every 10 min. After every addition an aliquot was removed and quenched with ...
... control. Aliquots 2 and 3 were used for modification of Trp residues in the presence and absence of mannose (0.2 M). Urea (8 M) was added into aliquot 4 to denature the protein. NBS (5 μl, 10 mM) was added into aliquots 2−4 every 10 min. After every addition an aliquot was removed and quenched with ...
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA VIDA
... identified glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40) and Rhoassociated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (RockII) as signals increased after a dorsal root injury that may act as potential regeneration inhibitors. Both GSK3β and RockII were already described in the ...
... identified glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40) and Rhoassociated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (RockII) as signals increased after a dorsal root injury that may act as potential regeneration inhibitors. Both GSK3β and RockII were already described in the ...
Pretreatment Increases Cytokine-induced NO Production
... have been identified and categorized into constitutive and inducible isotypes. Two distinct constitutive NOS (cNOS) isoforms have been cloned from neuronal (2) and endothelial cells (3), which produce nanomolar amounts of NO. A third isoform, inducible NOS (iNOS) is expressed in response to inflamma ...
... have been identified and categorized into constitutive and inducible isotypes. Two distinct constitutive NOS (cNOS) isoforms have been cloned from neuronal (2) and endothelial cells (3), which produce nanomolar amounts of NO. A third isoform, inducible NOS (iNOS) is expressed in response to inflamma ...
Targeting membrane proteins to inner segments of vertebrate
... like to thank all of my friends especially Suifang Mao and Xu Liu. I treasure the time we spent together and support each other towards our goals in this journey. ...
... like to thank all of my friends especially Suifang Mao and Xu Liu. I treasure the time we spent together and support each other towards our goals in this journey. ...
Substrate recognition by nonribosomal peptide
... L-Phe-, L-Glu- and L-Asp-activating domains have been mutated, using this method, to domains activating preferentially L-Leu, L-Gln and L-Asn, respectively, as evaluated by the ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assay. Because no kinetic parameters could be determined for the activation of the noncognate am ...
... L-Phe-, L-Glu- and L-Asp-activating domains have been mutated, using this method, to domains activating preferentially L-Leu, L-Gln and L-Asn, respectively, as evaluated by the ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assay. Because no kinetic parameters could be determined for the activation of the noncognate am ...
Secondary Cell Walls: Biosynthesis, Patterned
... to enable vascular plants to grow to a great height. Deposition of lignified secondary walls in tracheary elements not only reinforces these water conduits to resist the negative pressure generated during transpiration, but also renders them waterproof for efficient water transport. The ability of p ...
... to enable vascular plants to grow to a great height. Deposition of lignified secondary walls in tracheary elements not only reinforces these water conduits to resist the negative pressure generated during transpiration, but also renders them waterproof for efficient water transport. The ability of p ...
Myosin V Plays an Essential Role in the Thyroid Hormone
... levels are elevated, enzyme turnover is slow, and the microfilaments are disrupted (4, 7). Addition of T4 or rT3, but not the transcriptionally active T3, causes the rapid restoration of the microfilaments and activates actin-based endocytosis of D2containing vesicles, leading to a rapid fall in D2 ...
... levels are elevated, enzyme turnover is slow, and the microfilaments are disrupted (4, 7). Addition of T4 or rT3, but not the transcriptionally active T3, causes the rapid restoration of the microfilaments and activates actin-based endocytosis of D2containing vesicles, leading to a rapid fall in D2 ...
Review: can diet influence the selective advantage of mitochondrial
... This review explores the potential for changes in dietary macronutrients to differentially influence mitochondrial bioenergetics and thereby the frequency of mtDNA haplotypes in natural populations. Such dietary modification may be seasonal or result from biogeographic or demographic shifts. Mechani ...
... This review explores the potential for changes in dietary macronutrients to differentially influence mitochondrial bioenergetics and thereby the frequency of mtDNA haplotypes in natural populations. Such dietary modification may be seasonal or result from biogeographic or demographic shifts. Mechani ...
Costes et al.
... depends on the amount of colocalized signals in both channels in a nonlinear manner. A more biologically meaningful set of coefficients are the colocalization coefficients (Manders et al., 1993). They quantify the colocalized fraction of each molecular species, but they also require a threshold valu ...
... depends on the amount of colocalized signals in both channels in a nonlinear manner. A more biologically meaningful set of coefficients are the colocalization coefficients (Manders et al., 1993). They quantify the colocalized fraction of each molecular species, but they also require a threshold valu ...
the thyroid and thyroid hormones
... in liver, kidney, & other tissues in two ways: outer ring deiodination by the enzyme 5'-D, which yields T3, and inner ring deiodination by the enzyme 5-D, which yields rT3, for which there is no known biologic function (Figure 5). In humans, deiodination is the most important metabolic pathway of th ...
... in liver, kidney, & other tissues in two ways: outer ring deiodination by the enzyme 5'-D, which yields T3, and inner ring deiodination by the enzyme 5-D, which yields rT3, for which there is no known biologic function (Figure 5). In humans, deiodination is the most important metabolic pathway of th ...
Developmental Signaling by Noggin and Wnt in the Frog Xenopus
... for thousands of years prompting many theories, both ingenious and ridiculous. Aristotle first used the term epigenesis to describe chick development as a series of steps whereby structures progressively induce the formation of other structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organism with mult ...
... for thousands of years prompting many theories, both ingenious and ridiculous. Aristotle first used the term epigenesis to describe chick development as a series of steps whereby structures progressively induce the formation of other structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organism with mult ...
multiple novel factors regulate the initiation of dna
... Duplication of the genome during S phase of the mitotic cell cycle begins at thousands of sites along chromosomes termed origins of replication. Although many of the essential protein components catalyzing events at these sites are known and are conserved throughout eukaryotes, the likelihood or eff ...
... Duplication of the genome during S phase of the mitotic cell cycle begins at thousands of sites along chromosomes termed origins of replication. Although many of the essential protein components catalyzing events at these sites are known and are conserved throughout eukaryotes, the likelihood or eff ...
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in
... induction occurs before the actual cell death, consistent with a role for NP1 in the injury mechanisms. We also found that NP1 co-localizes with AMAP GluR1 receptors and enhanced GluR1 membrane insertion at the synaptic sites as evident by NP1-GluR1-PSD-95 co-clustering following OGD exposure [22]. ...
... induction occurs before the actual cell death, consistent with a role for NP1 in the injury mechanisms. We also found that NP1 co-localizes with AMAP GluR1 receptors and enhanced GluR1 membrane insertion at the synaptic sites as evident by NP1-GluR1-PSD-95 co-clustering following OGD exposure [22]. ...
Biogenesis and multifaceted roles of outer membrane
... & Kuehn, 2000; Kato et al., 2002; Nevot et al., 2006). Apparently, OM phospholipids are present in the membranes of OMVs (Tashiro et al., 2011; Chowdhury & Jagannadham, 2013; Kulkarni et al., 2014), and there is evidence that OMVs contain some lipids that are not detected in the OM (Kato et al., 200 ...
... & Kuehn, 2000; Kato et al., 2002; Nevot et al., 2006). Apparently, OM phospholipids are present in the membranes of OMVs (Tashiro et al., 2011; Chowdhury & Jagannadham, 2013; Kulkarni et al., 2014), and there is evidence that OMVs contain some lipids that are not detected in the OM (Kato et al., 200 ...
PfPI3K, a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase from
... catalytic domain of these enzymes (supplemental Table 1). The helical domain anchors the other important regions of PI3Ks in an orientation conducive for the catalytic domain to function properly.15 PfPI3K has a putative C2 domain, which is known to interact with calcium and lipids (Figure 1A). PfPI ...
... catalytic domain of these enzymes (supplemental Table 1). The helical domain anchors the other important regions of PI3Ks in an orientation conducive for the catalytic domain to function properly.15 PfPI3K has a putative C2 domain, which is known to interact with calcium and lipids (Figure 1A). PfPI ...
Properties and Functional Role of Voltage
... because they allow recording of relatively large currents and also facilitate the application of different drugs to study the pharmacological profile of the channels. A potential disadvantage is that properties of channels might change because of changes in the phosphorylation state of the channels ...
... because they allow recording of relatively large currents and also facilitate the application of different drugs to study the pharmacological profile of the channels. A potential disadvantage is that properties of channels might change because of changes in the phosphorylation state of the channels ...
Physiological assembly and activity of human
... Feigon, 2006). Some of the non-template structures contribute to TERT binding and catalytic activity, while others are important for stability and regulation (Fig. 1A). TERT provides the active site for magnesium-catalyzed nucleotide addition (Autexier and Lue, 2006). The central TERT polymerase dom ...
... Feigon, 2006). Some of the non-template structures contribute to TERT binding and catalytic activity, while others are important for stability and regulation (Fig. 1A). TERT provides the active site for magnesium-catalyzed nucleotide addition (Autexier and Lue, 2006). The central TERT polymerase dom ...
The mitochondrial compartment - Plant Mitochondrial dynamics
... slot-like crista junctions have been measured at up to 200 nm, although the average length is 30–40 nm (Frey et al., 2002; Perkins et al., 1997a). The number of crista junctions and the morphology of the intercristal space have been shown to change with the metabolic state of the mitochondria (Hacke ...
... slot-like crista junctions have been measured at up to 200 nm, although the average length is 30–40 nm (Frey et al., 2002; Perkins et al., 1997a). The number of crista junctions and the morphology of the intercristal space have been shown to change with the metabolic state of the mitochondria (Hacke ...
Characterising Non-Structural Protein NS4 of African Horse Sickness Virus
... and three non-structural proteins (NS1—NS3/NS3A) with other functions during viral replication [9]. The structure of the AHSV virion is very similar to that of BTV; virions are triple-layered icosahedrally symmetric particles. Major structural proteins VP2 and VP5 comprise the outermost capsid layer ...
... and three non-structural proteins (NS1—NS3/NS3A) with other functions during viral replication [9]. The structure of the AHSV virion is very similar to that of BTV; virions are triple-layered icosahedrally symmetric particles. Major structural proteins VP2 and VP5 comprise the outermost capsid layer ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.