how the ubiquitin–proteasome system controls transcription
... establishes the mechanism through which uH2B contributes to gene silencing, and indicates that histone ubiquitylation is an integral part of the HISTONE CODE25 that cells use to distinguish transcriptionally active from inactive chromatin. But how does ubiquitylation regulate other histone modificat ...
... establishes the mechanism through which uH2B contributes to gene silencing, and indicates that histone ubiquitylation is an integral part of the HISTONE CODE25 that cells use to distinguish transcriptionally active from inactive chromatin. But how does ubiquitylation regulate other histone modificat ...
Linköping University Post Print
... acids [48, 49], in cholangiocarcinoma cells in response to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) [50], and in ovarian cancer cells treated with etoposide [51]. In all three cases, small interfering RNA- (siRNA)-mediated downregulation of Bax prevented LMP, indicating a mech ...
... acids [48, 49], in cholangiocarcinoma cells in response to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) [50], and in ovarian cancer cells treated with etoposide [51]. In all three cases, small interfering RNA- (siRNA)-mediated downregulation of Bax prevented LMP, indicating a mech ...
Strategy for Nonenveloped Virus Entry
... partially uncoated, but still large (⬃70-nm), particle with active transcriptases for viral mRNA synthesis directly into the cytoplasm. This process is likely initiated by a particle form that resembles infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs), disassembly intermediates produced from virions by proteo ...
... partially uncoated, but still large (⬃70-nm), particle with active transcriptases for viral mRNA synthesis directly into the cytoplasm. This process is likely initiated by a particle form that resembles infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs), disassembly intermediates produced from virions by proteo ...
Reading - Chapter 15 and the Appendix to Chapter 15
... The differences in O2 affinity between T-State (deoxy) and R-State (oxy) Hb can be understood in terms of the changes in quaternary structure that accompany the conversion of deoxy Hb to oxy Hb. o The shift from the deoxy to oxy conformation arises from the fact that in deoxy Hb the iron lies out of ...
... The differences in O2 affinity between T-State (deoxy) and R-State (oxy) Hb can be understood in terms of the changes in quaternary structure that accompany the conversion of deoxy Hb to oxy Hb. o The shift from the deoxy to oxy conformation arises from the fact that in deoxy Hb the iron lies out of ...
Document
... A Scaffold providing: Supporting and protective mesh surrounding and protecting the cytoplasmic membrane from physical forces such as osmotic pressure ...
... A Scaffold providing: Supporting and protective mesh surrounding and protecting the cytoplasmic membrane from physical forces such as osmotic pressure ...
Transport and Storage of Metal Ions in Biology
... but life certainly does not persist there. This supply is of no use for an organism that needs nickel. Another aspect of bioavailability is the form in which an element is commonly found. Zinc sul®de minerals are certainly common enough in the biosphere, but in this form Zn is not very usable. Few o ...
... but life certainly does not persist there. This supply is of no use for an organism that needs nickel. Another aspect of bioavailability is the form in which an element is commonly found. Zinc sul®de minerals are certainly common enough in the biosphere, but in this form Zn is not very usable. Few o ...
IMGT Colliers de Perles: Standardized Sequence
... [2] and [3]). The general organization of the IgSF other than IG and TR is more diverse and follows the modular shuffling between domains ranging from a unique V-LIKE-DOMAIN or a unique C-LIKE-DOMAIN or to any combination of those domains [7]. As examples, the MOG and MPZ (or P0) proteins have a uni ...
... [2] and [3]). The general organization of the IgSF other than IG and TR is more diverse and follows the modular shuffling between domains ranging from a unique V-LIKE-DOMAIN or a unique C-LIKE-DOMAIN or to any combination of those domains [7]. As examples, the MOG and MPZ (or P0) proteins have a uni ...
Endocrine 1
... Up-regulation – target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone Down-regulation – target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone ...
... Up-regulation – target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone Down-regulation – target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone ...
Overview - Sinauer Associates
... (Box 5A). These have led to the identification of more than 100 different neurotransmitters, which can be classified into two broad categories: small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides (see Chapter 6). Having more than one transmitter diversifies the physiological repertoire of synapses. ...
... (Box 5A). These have led to the identification of more than 100 different neurotransmitters, which can be classified into two broad categories: small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides (see Chapter 6). Having more than one transmitter diversifies the physiological repertoire of synapses. ...
Biological Mechanisms of Noise in Gene Expression
... increased noise strength consistent with hypothesis made in case 1 stochastic model Ansel et al., used the inheritable characteristic of noise to further investigate its genetic control [12] •. Indeed, they supposed that if noise was controlled by genetic mechanisms, then it should be heritable thro ...
... increased noise strength consistent with hypothesis made in case 1 stochastic model Ansel et al., used the inheritable characteristic of noise to further investigate its genetic control [12] •. Indeed, they supposed that if noise was controlled by genetic mechanisms, then it should be heritable thro ...
The Generic Nature of Protein Folding and Misfolding
... The cellular levels of many chaperones are, for example, substantially increased during cellular stress, as their frequent designation as heat-shock proteins (Hsps) indicates (Pelham, 1986). Some molecular chaperones act to capture misfolded proteins, or even some types of aggregates, and provide th ...
... The cellular levels of many chaperones are, for example, substantially increased during cellular stress, as their frequent designation as heat-shock proteins (Hsps) indicates (Pelham, 1986). Some molecular chaperones act to capture misfolded proteins, or even some types of aggregates, and provide th ...
The Complicated Equation of Smell, Flavor, and Taste
... directions, it reaches the cilia of the olfactory neurons where about 1000 specific receptor proteins are present. Specific olfactory receptor genes encode each protein. The discoverers of these genes were awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize.4 Because humans can see very well, we do not depend on smell too ...
... directions, it reaches the cilia of the olfactory neurons where about 1000 specific receptor proteins are present. Specific olfactory receptor genes encode each protein. The discoverers of these genes were awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize.4 Because humans can see very well, we do not depend on smell too ...
Identifying the causal role of a new adipose tissue signalling
... Finally, the project will use ex vivo adipose tissue explants from animals overexpressing the new ligand to test the paracrine effects on intact aortas as well as specific vascular cell populations (i.e. vascular smooth muscle cells) isolated from the aortas of wild type animals,1 and will focus on ...
... Finally, the project will use ex vivo adipose tissue explants from animals overexpressing the new ligand to test the paracrine effects on intact aortas as well as specific vascular cell populations (i.e. vascular smooth muscle cells) isolated from the aortas of wild type animals,1 and will focus on ...
Self Assessment Chapter 14 - CM
... • Sympathetic neurotransmitters (continued): • Acetylcholine (ACh) – neurotransmitter used in excitatory synapses between sympathetic preganglionic axons and postganglionic neurons; postganglionic axons then transmit action potentials to target cell • At synapse with their target cells, postganglion ...
... • Sympathetic neurotransmitters (continued): • Acetylcholine (ACh) – neurotransmitter used in excitatory synapses between sympathetic preganglionic axons and postganglionic neurons; postganglionic axons then transmit action potentials to target cell • At synapse with their target cells, postganglion ...
the cell biology of neurogenesis - MPI
... cells at the apical surface of the neuroepithelium/ventricular zone. They subsequently, and concomitantly with the migration of their nucleus to the basal side of the neuroepithelium/ventricular zone for S-phase, retract their extension to the apical surface31 (FIG. 2c). It remains to be seen to wha ...
... cells at the apical surface of the neuroepithelium/ventricular zone. They subsequently, and concomitantly with the migration of their nucleus to the basal side of the neuroepithelium/ventricular zone for S-phase, retract their extension to the apical surface31 (FIG. 2c). It remains to be seen to wha ...
Type III secretion: The bacteria-eukaryotic cell
... T3S substrates among all the other bacterial proteins are still a matter of debate. The observation that led to this controversy was the finding that no mutations could be identified that specifically abolished secretion of the Yersinia proteins YopE and YopN, when their N-terminus is fused to a report ...
... T3S substrates among all the other bacterial proteins are still a matter of debate. The observation that led to this controversy was the finding that no mutations could be identified that specifically abolished secretion of the Yersinia proteins YopE and YopN, when their N-terminus is fused to a report ...
Handout
... • Monomer availability controls actin filament assembly. • Actin-nucleating factors accelerate polymerization and generate branched or straight filaments. • Actin filament-binding proteins alter filament dynamics. • Severing proteins regulate actin filament depolymerization. • Higher-order acti ...
... • Monomer availability controls actin filament assembly. • Actin-nucleating factors accelerate polymerization and generate branched or straight filaments. • Actin filament-binding proteins alter filament dynamics. • Severing proteins regulate actin filament depolymerization. • Higher-order acti ...
31.1 The Neuron - science-b
... The flow of an impulse can be compared to the fall of a row of dominoes. As each domino falls, it causes the next domino to fall. An action potential moves along a neuron in a similar manner. ...
... The flow of an impulse can be compared to the fall of a row of dominoes. As each domino falls, it causes the next domino to fall. An action potential moves along a neuron in a similar manner. ...
ISG15, a ubiquitin-like interferon
... is highly upregulated in the hepatocytes of treatment nonresponders, but is increased in the macrophages of treatment responders. The ISG15 pathway is thus likely to be important in clinical HCV disease and in determining treatment outcomes. ISGylation is implicated in different cellular processes, ...
... is highly upregulated in the hepatocytes of treatment nonresponders, but is increased in the macrophages of treatment responders. The ISG15 pathway is thus likely to be important in clinical HCV disease and in determining treatment outcomes. ISGylation is implicated in different cellular processes, ...
Amino Acid Similarity Accounts for T Cell Cross
... estimating physicochemical similarity, and thus T cell crossreactivity. In summary, the above results demonstrate that biochemical similarity plays a large role in defining CTL crossreactivity when sequence identity is low. In such cases, crossreactivity is observed for non-identical, but conservati ...
... estimating physicochemical similarity, and thus T cell crossreactivity. In summary, the above results demonstrate that biochemical similarity plays a large role in defining CTL crossreactivity when sequence identity is low. In such cases, crossreactivity is observed for non-identical, but conservati ...
Electrophoretic Properties of Native Proteins
... Proteins exhibit many different three-dimensional shapes and complex folding patterns which are determined by their amino acid sequence and post translational processing such as adding carbohydrate residues or prosthetic groups. The precise three-dimensional configuration of a protein is critical to ...
... Proteins exhibit many different three-dimensional shapes and complex folding patterns which are determined by their amino acid sequence and post translational processing such as adding carbohydrate residues or prosthetic groups. The precise three-dimensional configuration of a protein is critical to ...
Innate response to human cytomegalovirus pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
... NK cells display rapid effector functions because they constitutively express transcripts for interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and contain cytolytic granules (granzymes and perforin) [3]. Moreover, NK cell functions are modulated by cytokines secreted by other immune cells such as type-I interferons, interleuki ...
... NK cells display rapid effector functions because they constitutively express transcripts for interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and contain cytolytic granules (granzymes and perforin) [3]. Moreover, NK cell functions are modulated by cytokines secreted by other immune cells such as type-I interferons, interleuki ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.