FoxF is essential for FGF-induced migration of heart
... knock-down showed that Mesp activity is required for both TVC migration in the embryo and cardiomyocyte differentiation during metamorphosis (Satou et al., 2004). In addition, ascidian orthologs of the conserved heart specification genes NK-4 (tinman/Nkx2.5), GATA-a (pannier/GATA4/5/6), Hand and Han ...
... knock-down showed that Mesp activity is required for both TVC migration in the embryo and cardiomyocyte differentiation during metamorphosis (Satou et al., 2004). In addition, ascidian orthologs of the conserved heart specification genes NK-4 (tinman/Nkx2.5), GATA-a (pannier/GATA4/5/6), Hand and Han ...
Dynamics of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and its requirement for
... on either clathrin or adaptor protein 2 (AP2), an endocytic adaptor molecule. In this study, we investigated the requirement for components of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in another unicellular organism, the amoeba Dictyostelium. We identified a heterotetrameric AP2 complex in Dictyostelium ...
... on either clathrin or adaptor protein 2 (AP2), an endocytic adaptor molecule. In this study, we investigated the requirement for components of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in another unicellular organism, the amoeba Dictyostelium. We identified a heterotetrameric AP2 complex in Dictyostelium ...
Review Article S-Layer Glycoproteins and Flagellins: Reporters of
... envelope termed the surface (S)-layer, comprising protein or often glycoprotein subunits that form a regularly structured array. In addition to their distinctive cell walls, cell surface structures of Archaea are also unusual [8]. While many, such as cannulae [9] and hami [10] are unique to Archaea, ...
... envelope termed the surface (S)-layer, comprising protein or often glycoprotein subunits that form a regularly structured array. In addition to their distinctive cell walls, cell surface structures of Archaea are also unusual [8]. While many, such as cannulae [9] and hami [10] are unique to Archaea, ...
Cell-Free Synthesis for Analyzing the Membrane
... the production of large quantities of protein. Yields of protein obtained with this method will be only in the picomole range. In addition, the standard cell-free translation system will not allow the study of processes occurring in intracellular compartments downstream of the endoplasmic reticulum ...
... the production of large quantities of protein. Yields of protein obtained with this method will be only in the picomole range. In addition, the standard cell-free translation system will not allow the study of processes occurring in intracellular compartments downstream of the endoplasmic reticulum ...
Introduction
... Phytoestrogens are compounds found in plants and have weak estrogenic activity by binding to estrogen receptor and initiating some estrogen-dependent transcription. Phytoestrogens have been claimed to have benefits for heart, bone, breast, and general menopausal health. There is some evidence to sug ...
... Phytoestrogens are compounds found in plants and have weak estrogenic activity by binding to estrogen receptor and initiating some estrogen-dependent transcription. Phytoestrogens have been claimed to have benefits for heart, bone, breast, and general menopausal health. There is some evidence to sug ...
Free Sample - Buy Test banks and Solution Manuals
... Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Discuss the study of protein folding, including the role of molecular chaperones. Section Reference: Section 2.12 Protein Folding Solution: Placement in a urea solution should totally denature the enzyme, especially since there are no disulfide linkages. If there are exte ...
... Learning Objective: LO 2.12 Discuss the study of protein folding, including the role of molecular chaperones. Section Reference: Section 2.12 Protein Folding Solution: Placement in a urea solution should totally denature the enzyme, especially since there are no disulfide linkages. If there are exte ...
The Mechanisms of hsp27 Antibody-Mediated Apoptosis in Retinal
... 1998). However, the intracellular events by which hsp27 antibody may participate in cell death have not been established. Here, we studied cellular entry and intracellular effects of hsp27 antibody in retinal cells, ex vivo and in vitro. Our observations provide novel evidence that exogenously appli ...
... 1998). However, the intracellular events by which hsp27 antibody may participate in cell death have not been established. Here, we studied cellular entry and intracellular effects of hsp27 antibody in retinal cells, ex vivo and in vitro. Our observations provide novel evidence that exogenously appli ...
Quantitative Changes in Microtubule Distribution Correlate with
... structures decline in number during stomatal closing (Eisinger et al., 2012). Since the assembly of microtubules remains constant, it appears that the observed loss of guard cell microtubule structures is likely caused largely by increasing microtubule instability as stomata close. Cortical microtub ...
... structures decline in number during stomatal closing (Eisinger et al., 2012). Since the assembly of microtubules remains constant, it appears that the observed loss of guard cell microtubule structures is likely caused largely by increasing microtubule instability as stomata close. Cortical microtub ...
Cell Structure and Functions
... 47. A structure found in plant cells but not in animal cells is the cell ____________________. 48. When two or more elements combine chemically, they form a(n) ____________________. 49. Sugars and starches are examples of organic compounds known as ____________________. 50. DNA and RNA belong to the ...
... 47. A structure found in plant cells but not in animal cells is the cell ____________________. 48. When two or more elements combine chemically, they form a(n) ____________________. 49. Sugars and starches are examples of organic compounds known as ____________________. 50. DNA and RNA belong to the ...
TEMPORAL AND REGIONAL REGULATION OF a1, b2 AND b3
... anticonvulsant tolerance in vivo, and in the hippocampus in vitro, in the absence of behavioral signs of withdrawal. Autoradiographs of brain sections, hybridized with [ 35S]oligoprobes in situ, were examined immediately (day 0) or two days after drug treatment, when rats were tolerant, or seven day ...
... anticonvulsant tolerance in vivo, and in the hippocampus in vitro, in the absence of behavioral signs of withdrawal. Autoradiographs of brain sections, hybridized with [ 35S]oligoprobes in situ, were examined immediately (day 0) or two days after drug treatment, when rats were tolerant, or seven day ...
The retinoblastoma homolog RBR1 mediates localization of the
... cycle, terminal differentiation and exit from the cell cycle, or programmed cell death (Nowsheen & Yang, 2012). Plant cells were found to be able to follow a fourth route by increasing the ploidy of the cell through endoreplication, that is, terminal differentiation that is coupled to cell-cycle act ...
... cycle, terminal differentiation and exit from the cell cycle, or programmed cell death (Nowsheen & Yang, 2012). Plant cells were found to be able to follow a fourth route by increasing the ploidy of the cell through endoreplication, that is, terminal differentiation that is coupled to cell-cycle act ...
Bmp signaling promotes intermediate mesoderm gene expression in
... Reports in Xenopus and zebrafish have shown that Bmp signaling is necessary for the expression of Lim-1 and Pax-2 (Kishimoto et al., 1997; Mullins et al., 1996), and the presence of nuclear localized phosphorylated Smad-1 protein in the IM demonstrates that it is an area of active Bmp signaling (Fau ...
... Reports in Xenopus and zebrafish have shown that Bmp signaling is necessary for the expression of Lim-1 and Pax-2 (Kishimoto et al., 1997; Mullins et al., 1996), and the presence of nuclear localized phosphorylated Smad-1 protein in the IM demonstrates that it is an area of active Bmp signaling (Fau ...
Print this article - University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life
... it can be reversed rapidly by stimulating the cortical afferents at a low frequency, a dynamic event termed synaptic depotentiation. These mechanisms represent cellular substrates for motor memory formation and deletion respectively. B. LTP is readily induced in normal rats; however, untreated parki ...
... it can be reversed rapidly by stimulating the cortical afferents at a low frequency, a dynamic event termed synaptic depotentiation. These mechanisms represent cellular substrates for motor memory formation and deletion respectively. B. LTP is readily induced in normal rats; however, untreated parki ...
Nerve Fiber Classification Nerve fibers are classified according to:
... Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. The stimulus always causes the same response (stereotyped and dependable) ...
... Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli. The stimulus always causes the same response (stereotyped and dependable) ...
Expression of the RET Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and GDNFR
... studies have shown that GDNF binds to a novel glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein (termed GDNFRa) by promoting the formation at the cell surface of a physical complex involving GDNF, GDNFR-a, and RET.19,20 As ...
... studies have shown that GDNF binds to a novel glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein (termed GDNFRa) by promoting the formation at the cell surface of a physical complex involving GDNF, GDNFR-a, and RET.19,20 As ...
Pseudorabies virus (PRV)-specific antibodies suppress intracellular
... still largely unclear how virus-specific antibodies may suppress viral protein expression, for Sindbis virus it has been suggested that transmembrane signalling, triggered by the antibody-induced cross-linking of viral cell surface proteins, may be a crucial event (Ubol et al., 1995). In this contex ...
... still largely unclear how virus-specific antibodies may suppress viral protein expression, for Sindbis virus it has been suggested that transmembrane signalling, triggered by the antibody-induced cross-linking of viral cell surface proteins, may be a crucial event (Ubol et al., 1995). In this contex ...
`slow-twitch type` mitochondria, but does not
... cellular ATP demand, and Ca2+ fluxes [8]. An increased biogenesis of mitochondria was detected in skeletal muscle of null-mutant mice for proteins involved in ATP metabolism, such as creatine kinase [9] and the ADP ⁄ ATP translocator [10]. Intracellular Ca2+ acts as an important second messenger cont ...
... cellular ATP demand, and Ca2+ fluxes [8]. An increased biogenesis of mitochondria was detected in skeletal muscle of null-mutant mice for proteins involved in ATP metabolism, such as creatine kinase [9] and the ADP ⁄ ATP translocator [10]. Intracellular Ca2+ acts as an important second messenger cont ...
Assembly and disassembly of the influenza C matrix protein layer on
... In this thesis the binding and release of M1C on supported lipid bilayers (SLB) in various environments have been investigated. The SLB is a basic model of the lipid envelope of the influenza virions which is also suitable for the two surfacebased techniques used in this work. The two main environme ...
... In this thesis the binding and release of M1C on supported lipid bilayers (SLB) in various environments have been investigated. The SLB is a basic model of the lipid envelope of the influenza virions which is also suitable for the two surfacebased techniques used in this work. The two main environme ...
N-Methylated Amino Acids
... present at position 72 of the β-subunit of many phycobilins. Together with the α-subunit they form the structural building blocks of phycobilisomes. These are multimeric complexes which harvest and transfer light energy to photosynthetic reaction centers of cyanobacteria and red algae. A role in ene ...
... present at position 72 of the β-subunit of many phycobilins. Together with the α-subunit they form the structural building blocks of phycobilisomes. These are multimeric complexes which harvest and transfer light energy to photosynthetic reaction centers of cyanobacteria and red algae. A role in ene ...
Action Potential
... • The opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane converts chemical potential to electrical potential • A neuron at resting potential contains many open K+ channels and fewer open Na+ channels; K+ diffuses out of the cell • Anions trapped inside the cell contribute to the negative charge within ...
... • The opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane converts chemical potential to electrical potential • A neuron at resting potential contains many open K+ channels and fewer open Na+ channels; K+ diffuses out of the cell • Anions trapped inside the cell contribute to the negative charge within ...
Three multidomain esterases from the cellulolytic
... characterized XynB enzyme (781 amino acids) includes an internal acetylesterase domain in addition to its N-terminal xylanase catalytic domain. A third gene, xynE, is predicted to encode a multidomain enzyme of 792 amino acids including a family 11 xylanase domain and a C-terminal esterase domain. T ...
... characterized XynB enzyme (781 amino acids) includes an internal acetylesterase domain in addition to its N-terminal xylanase catalytic domain. A third gene, xynE, is predicted to encode a multidomain enzyme of 792 amino acids including a family 11 xylanase domain and a C-terminal esterase domain. T ...
A Gibberellin-Regulated Calcineurin B in Rice Localizes to
... Many developmental and environmental signals are transduced through changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, yet only a few calcium-binding proteins have been identified in plants. Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal tra ...
... Many developmental and environmental signals are transduced through changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, yet only a few calcium-binding proteins have been identified in plants. Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins are calcium-binding proteins that are thought to function as plant signal tra ...
Impaired Auxin Biosynthesis in the defective
... phenotype is ,50% of the wild type in seed weight, and throughout seed development, mutant seeds are reduced in kernel size and accumulate less dry matter. Furthermore, application of the synthetic auxin, naphthalene acetic acid, to developing seeds largely rescued the de18 mutant phenotype, indicat ...
... phenotype is ,50% of the wild type in seed weight, and throughout seed development, mutant seeds are reduced in kernel size and accumulate less dry matter. Furthermore, application of the synthetic auxin, naphthalene acetic acid, to developing seeds largely rescued the de18 mutant phenotype, indicat ...
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.