The Wnt signaling pathway mechanisms
... which modifies histone deacetylases (Hdac) and as such influences gene expression (Karamboulas et al., 2006; Kuhl and Pandur, 2008) (figure 1D). ...
... which modifies histone deacetylases (Hdac) and as such influences gene expression (Karamboulas et al., 2006; Kuhl and Pandur, 2008) (figure 1D). ...
Sus1, a Functional Component of the SAGA Pore-Associated mRNA Export Machinery
... Another key player in mRNA export is the conserved nuclear protein Yra1/Aly, which acts upstream of the mRNA-exporter and is thought to couple intranuclear steps in mRNP biogenesis with mRNA export (Reed and Hurt, 2002). In yeast, Yra1 interacts with Mex67 (Sträßer and Hurt, 200; Stutz et al., 2000 ...
... Another key player in mRNA export is the conserved nuclear protein Yra1/Aly, which acts upstream of the mRNA-exporter and is thought to couple intranuclear steps in mRNP biogenesis with mRNA export (Reed and Hurt, 2002). In yeast, Yra1 interacts with Mex67 (Sträßer and Hurt, 200; Stutz et al., 2000 ...
Mouse models of graft-versus-host disease: advances and limitations
... Epitope spreading: a normal or pathological (in the case of auto-antigens) immune response in which epitopes distinct from the inducing epitope become targets of the immune response. This typically occurs in the setting of chronic inflammatory responses. APCs process and present a variety of epitope ...
... Epitope spreading: a normal or pathological (in the case of auto-antigens) immune response in which epitopes distinct from the inducing epitope become targets of the immune response. This typically occurs in the setting of chronic inflammatory responses. APCs process and present a variety of epitope ...
v(d)j recombination: rag proteins, repair factors, and
... rearrangements in bacteria and yeast. It is initiated by breakage at precisely defined locations in DNA, but is then completed by a repair process related to the repair of breaks caused by ionizing radiation or other genotoxic agents. This repair often puts in local sequence changes, which are highl ...
... rearrangements in bacteria and yeast. It is initiated by breakage at precisely defined locations in DNA, but is then completed by a repair process related to the repair of breaks caused by ionizing radiation or other genotoxic agents. This repair often puts in local sequence changes, which are highl ...
Coordinated regulation of sulfur and phospholipid metabolism reflects the importance of methylation in the growth of yeast
... pathway incorporates extracellular sulfate into several key sulfurcontaining compounds, including methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). The activity of this pathway has widespread influence on other cellular pathways, largely because SAM is required for most methyl tran ...
... pathway incorporates extracellular sulfate into several key sulfurcontaining compounds, including methionine, cysteine, homocysteine, and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). The activity of this pathway has widespread influence on other cellular pathways, largely because SAM is required for most methyl tran ...
scavenger receptor class b type i is a host entry factor - HAL
... entry of HCV pseudotype particles and modulate HCV infection. However, the functional role of SR-BI for productive HCV infection remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of SR-BI as an entry factor for infection of human hepatoma cells using cell culturederived HCV (HCVcc). Anti-SR-B ...
... entry of HCV pseudotype particles and modulate HCV infection. However, the functional role of SR-BI for productive HCV infection remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of SR-BI as an entry factor for infection of human hepatoma cells using cell culturederived HCV (HCVcc). Anti-SR-B ...
Mypt1-mediated spatial positioning of Bmp2
... the expression of these genes and found that both prox1 and hhex displayed similar expression patterns in the liver primordia of WT and sq181 embryos at 30 hpf (Fig. 2). After this time, however, their expression in WT and mutant embryos diverged. Whereas the hhexand prox1-positive cells in WT embry ...
... the expression of these genes and found that both prox1 and hhex displayed similar expression patterns in the liver primordia of WT and sq181 embryos at 30 hpf (Fig. 2). After this time, however, their expression in WT and mutant embryos diverged. Whereas the hhexand prox1-positive cells in WT embry ...
Sox3 - Prodinra
... central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, much of the CNS will develop from a subset of the non-ingressing cells later specified as neural precursors. Therefore, it is crucial to identify not only those factors that induce cell ingression at gastrulation but also those that prevent it, as protection fro ...
... central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, much of the CNS will develop from a subset of the non-ingressing cells later specified as neural precursors. Therefore, it is crucial to identify not only those factors that induce cell ingression at gastrulation but also those that prevent it, as protection fro ...
TLR-Dependent Th17 Activation Psoriasis
... (12). CTSK does not show Ag-processing capabilities, but facilitates the signaling of innate immune responses to pathogen DNA through TLR9 (13). CTSK-deficient mice were resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in which Th17 cells play an important role (13). Therefore, inhibition of C ...
... (12). CTSK does not show Ag-processing capabilities, but facilitates the signaling of innate immune responses to pathogen DNA through TLR9 (13). CTSK-deficient mice were resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in which Th17 cells play an important role (13). Therefore, inhibition of C ...
Tcf7l1 protects the anterior neural fold from adopting the neural crest
... In order to study the function of Tcf7l1 during NC induction and specification, we inactivated Tcf7l1 by crossing Tcf7l1 conditional knockout mice (EUCOMM) with AP2α-IRESCre (AP2α-Cre) transgenics (Macatee et al., 2003). Tracing of the AP2α-Credriven recombination using the Rosa26EYFPfl/+ reporter s ...
... In order to study the function of Tcf7l1 during NC induction and specification, we inactivated Tcf7l1 by crossing Tcf7l1 conditional knockout mice (EUCOMM) with AP2α-IRESCre (AP2α-Cre) transgenics (Macatee et al., 2003). Tracing of the AP2α-Credriven recombination using the Rosa26EYFPfl/+ reporter s ...
Viability and Cytotoxicity Assay Kits for Diverse Cell Types
... well contained. Subsequent treatment with 4% glutaraldehyde (or less effectively with formaldehyde) permits safer handling during analysis, without disrupting the distinctive staining pattern. Glutaraldehyde is known to inactivate cells and viruses, while preserving their overall morphology. In addi ...
... well contained. Subsequent treatment with 4% glutaraldehyde (or less effectively with formaldehyde) permits safer handling during analysis, without disrupting the distinctive staining pattern. Glutaraldehyde is known to inactivate cells and viruses, while preserving their overall morphology. In addi ...
the effect of proteolytic digestion products on multiplication and
... boiling the enzymatic digest with hydrochloric acid under a reflux. The enzymatic digests and the autolysates were boiled at pH 7.0 to destroy the enzymes and to remove the chloroform which was used as a preservative during incubation. They were then adjusted to p H 7.4, made isotonic, and diluted t ...
... boiling the enzymatic digest with hydrochloric acid under a reflux. The enzymatic digests and the autolysates were boiled at pH 7.0 to destroy the enzymes and to remove the chloroform which was used as a preservative during incubation. They were then adjusted to p H 7.4, made isotonic, and diluted t ...
the far c-terminus of tpx2 contributes to spindle morphogenesis
... 1984; Weisenberg et al., 1968; Howard & Hyman, 2007). These unique properties have recently been recapitulated in vitro using a combination of conserved Drosophila proteins – all of which have homologs in the mammalian system (Moriwaki & Goshima, 2016). During spindle formation, MAPS and motor pro ...
... 1984; Weisenberg et al., 1968; Howard & Hyman, 2007). These unique properties have recently been recapitulated in vitro using a combination of conserved Drosophila proteins – all of which have homologs in the mammalian system (Moriwaki & Goshima, 2016). During spindle formation, MAPS and motor pro ...
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... fixation does not immobilize all proteins in the cell (135). In the case of small proteins, less than half of the molecules may be immobilized. Because the fixation may damage intracellular diffusion barriers, such as the membranes of intracellular compartments, proteins that were located inside mem ...
... fixation does not immobilize all proteins in the cell (135). In the case of small proteins, less than half of the molecules may be immobilized. Because the fixation may damage intracellular diffusion barriers, such as the membranes of intracellular compartments, proteins that were located inside mem ...
A model of chloroplast growth regulation in mesophyll cells
... relationships of similar slope, with scatter that scaled with cell size. The transgenic types – with larger and more irregularly shaped chloroplasts than the wild type – presented with more scatter; see the R2 values in Figure 2. Pyke (1999) further showed that this regulated chloroplast density per ...
... relationships of similar slope, with scatter that scaled with cell size. The transgenic types – with larger and more irregularly shaped chloroplasts than the wild type – presented with more scatter; see the R2 values in Figure 2. Pyke (1999) further showed that this regulated chloroplast density per ...
Mechanism System by a Fas Ligand-Dependent of Inflammation in
... during the late/chronic stage of disease, suggesting that a FasLexpressing cell in the host is required for the effective elimination of the infiltrating encephalitogenic T cells (13–15). The phenotype of the FasL-expressing cell could not be determined by the above studies. A role for ␥␦ T cells in ...
... during the late/chronic stage of disease, suggesting that a FasLexpressing cell in the host is required for the effective elimination of the infiltrating encephalitogenic T cells (13–15). The phenotype of the FasL-expressing cell could not be determined by the above studies. A role for ␥␦ T cells in ...
Copyright Information of the Article Published Online TITLE Dynamic
... cells or myofibroblasts (MFs). MFs are spindle-shaped cells with stress fibres and welldeveloped fibronexus, and they display α-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemically and smooth-muscle myofilaments ultrastructurally. MFs play a crucial role in physiological and pathological processes. Derived fro ...
... cells or myofibroblasts (MFs). MFs are spindle-shaped cells with stress fibres and welldeveloped fibronexus, and they display α-smooth muscle actin immunohistochemically and smooth-muscle myofilaments ultrastructurally. MFs play a crucial role in physiological and pathological processes. Derived fro ...
Chromoplast Differentiation: Current Status and
... Mango fruit chromoplasts contain large and numerous globules as well as a network of tubular membranes. They can be considered as both the globular and reticulotubular types (Vasquez-Caicedo et al. 2006). Tomato fruit accumulates carotenoids, predominantly in the form of lycopene crystalloids in mem ...
... Mango fruit chromoplasts contain large and numerous globules as well as a network of tubular membranes. They can be considered as both the globular and reticulotubular types (Vasquez-Caicedo et al. 2006). Tomato fruit accumulates carotenoids, predominantly in the form of lycopene crystalloids in mem ...
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... still produces mycotoxins. These examples underline the complex nature of mutual connections between different cellular processes in fungi (Calvo et al., 2002). In A. chrysogenum, the biosynthesis of cephalosporin C consists of eight enzymatic steps, which are catalysed by seven different enzymes. T ...
... still produces mycotoxins. These examples underline the complex nature of mutual connections between different cellular processes in fungi (Calvo et al., 2002). In A. chrysogenum, the biosynthesis of cephalosporin C consists of eight enzymatic steps, which are catalysed by seven different enzymes. T ...
... this study was to elucidate whether CD4+ alveolar lymphocytes from HIV-1 infected patients show a loss of complement regulatory proteins that would render these cells susceptible to antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity. We investigated the expression of complement regulatory (CD46, CD ...
Monitoring metabolic responses to chemotherapy initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS) imaging
... Genetic and environmental cues, including stresses from anti-cancer treatments, can induce significant changes in cell and tissue metabolism. Understanding the relationships between drug exposure and tissue metabolism can improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes, and speed the identification of new ...
... Genetic and environmental cues, including stresses from anti-cancer treatments, can induce significant changes in cell and tissue metabolism. Understanding the relationships between drug exposure and tissue metabolism can improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes, and speed the identification of new ...
Actin Cytoskeleton in Plants: From Transport Networks to Signaling
... The plant actin cytoskeleton is characterized by a high diversity in regard to gene families, isoforms, and degree of polymerization. In addition to the most abundant F-actin assemblies like filaments and their bundles, G-actin obviously assembles in the form of actin oligomers composed of a few act ...
... The plant actin cytoskeleton is characterized by a high diversity in regard to gene families, isoforms, and degree of polymerization. In addition to the most abundant F-actin assemblies like filaments and their bundles, G-actin obviously assembles in the form of actin oligomers composed of a few act ...
Mast cells and basophils in acquired immunity
... peripheral blood, from where they can then be recruited into the tissues1-7. They are the least frequent of the granulocytes, in humans ordinarily accounting for less than 0.5% of circulating leukocytes17. The basophil's prominent metachromatic cytoplasmic granules allow unmistakable identification ...
... peripheral blood, from where they can then be recruited into the tissues1-7. They are the least frequent of the granulocytes, in humans ordinarily accounting for less than 0.5% of circulating leukocytes17. The basophil's prominent metachromatic cytoplasmic granules allow unmistakable identification ...
CD133 CXCR4 colon cancer cells exhibit metastatic potential and predict poor prognosis
... of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that a subset of cells exists among cancer stem cells. This distinct subpopulation is thought to contribute to liver metastasis; however, it has not been fully explored in CRC yet. Methods: Flow cytometry analysis was performed to detect ...
... of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that a subset of cells exists among cancer stem cells. This distinct subpopulation is thought to contribute to liver metastasis; however, it has not been fully explored in CRC yet. Methods: Flow cytometry analysis was performed to detect ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.