Drac1 and Crumbs in amnioserosa morphogenesis
... dorsal closure through effecting cell shape change in the epidermis. Studies in mammalian cells and model organisms have demonstrated the involvement of the Rho subfamily of Ras-related small GTPases in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell shape, and we and others have characterized the inv ...
... dorsal closure through effecting cell shape change in the epidermis. Studies in mammalian cells and model organisms have demonstrated the involvement of the Rho subfamily of Ras-related small GTPases in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and cell shape, and we and others have characterized the inv ...
Chemical Induction of Hsp70 Reduces -Synuclein
... isechemia.24 Recent evidence showed that CBX activates HSF1 and upregulates Hsp70 levels in cells. However, it is unclear whether CBX treatment also leads to upregulation of other HSPs.25−27 In addition, the molecular mechanism involved in the activation of HSF1 induced by CBX treatment is elusive. ...
... isechemia.24 Recent evidence showed that CBX activates HSF1 and upregulates Hsp70 levels in cells. However, it is unclear whether CBX treatment also leads to upregulation of other HSPs.25−27 In addition, the molecular mechanism involved in the activation of HSF1 induced by CBX treatment is elusive. ...
TMBP200, a Microtubule Bundling Polypeptide Isolated from
... microtubules in the central region of the phragmoplast depolymerize and the phragmoplast assumes a ring-like structure, expanding outwards with the centrifugal growth of the cell plate. The phragmoplast expands by polymerization of microtubules at its outer margins and tubulin dimers required for mi ...
... microtubules in the central region of the phragmoplast depolymerize and the phragmoplast assumes a ring-like structure, expanding outwards with the centrifugal growth of the cell plate. The phragmoplast expands by polymerization of microtubules at its outer margins and tubulin dimers required for mi ...
Diatoms
... 2. What unique color do the chloroplasts of most diatoms share? 3. True or false, diatoms can be found in both fresh and salt water. 4. The asexual division of diatoms leaves each daughter with how much of the cell wall? 5. The cell walls of diatoms are made of what material? 6. Although diatoms are ...
... 2. What unique color do the chloroplasts of most diatoms share? 3. True or false, diatoms can be found in both fresh and salt water. 4. The asexual division of diatoms leaves each daughter with how much of the cell wall? 5. The cell walls of diatoms are made of what material? 6. Although diatoms are ...
Implications for Cancer Biology
... effectors for a growth factor- and nutrient-regulated signaling network containing the signaling proteins phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and target of rapamycin (TOR). We discuss how dysregulation of either the growth factor signal or the nutrient signal leads to uncontrolled growth. We focus ...
... effectors for a growth factor- and nutrient-regulated signaling network containing the signaling proteins phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and target of rapamycin (TOR). We discuss how dysregulation of either the growth factor signal or the nutrient signal leads to uncontrolled growth. We focus ...
Cell cycle behavior of human HP1 subtypes: distinct
... Intracellular localization of YFP-fused HP1 subtypes We examined the localization of YFP-fusion constructs of human HP1 subtypes in HeLa cells. HeLa cells transiently expressing YFP-fused HP1 were fixed and observed under a fluorescence microscope. In interphase nuclei, YFP-fused HP1 showed two diff ...
... Intracellular localization of YFP-fused HP1 subtypes We examined the localization of YFP-fusion constructs of human HP1 subtypes in HeLa cells. HeLa cells transiently expressing YFP-fused HP1 were fixed and observed under a fluorescence microscope. In interphase nuclei, YFP-fused HP1 showed two diff ...
RNA interference in the nucleus: roles for small RNAs in
... RNAi has been used to describe siRNA pathways; however, the mechanistic details of diverse small RNA pathways are converging, so in this Review we use RNAi as an umbrella term to describe silencing that is dependent on small RNA. In plants and fungi, RNAi pathways in the nucleus can repress target g ...
... RNAi has been used to describe siRNA pathways; however, the mechanistic details of diverse small RNA pathways are converging, so in this Review we use RNAi as an umbrella term to describe silencing that is dependent on small RNA. In plants and fungi, RNAi pathways in the nucleus can repress target g ...
PROTEIN DEPHOSPHORYLATION AND THE INTRACELLULAR
... was quickly suggested that PP1 and PP2A might be tumor suppressors in their own right (6). These exciting discoveries occurred a short time after we learned that many oncogenes encode protein kinases, and, more specifically, that the enzyme responsible for triggering entry into mitosis, p34cdc2/CDC2 ...
... was quickly suggested that PP1 and PP2A might be tumor suppressors in their own right (6). These exciting discoveries occurred a short time after we learned that many oncogenes encode protein kinases, and, more specifically, that the enzyme responsible for triggering entry into mitosis, p34cdc2/CDC2 ...
Precursor of human adenovirus core polypeptide Mu targets the
... sequence, expressed N-terminal to the EGFP sequences. On the right, the subcellular distribution of each fusion protein is indicated as No. (nucleolar), Np. (nucleoplasmic) and/or Cyt. (cytoplasmic). (B) Mutants of Mu, formed by substitution of selected arginine codons with alanine codons. Mu protei ...
... sequence, expressed N-terminal to the EGFP sequences. On the right, the subcellular distribution of each fusion protein is indicated as No. (nucleolar), Np. (nucleoplasmic) and/or Cyt. (cytoplasmic). (B) Mutants of Mu, formed by substitution of selected arginine codons with alanine codons. Mu protei ...
Correlation of Endothelial Cell Shape and Wall Shear Stress in a
... do the cells appear to align themselves with the flow direction, but the endothelial cells also appear to be more elongated in regions presumably characterized as high shear. Recently, in vitro studies of endothelial cellular dynamics have been initiated using cultured populations of vascular cells. ...
... do the cells appear to align themselves with the flow direction, but the endothelial cells also appear to be more elongated in regions presumably characterized as high shear. Recently, in vitro studies of endothelial cellular dynamics have been initiated using cultured populations of vascular cells. ...
The Dynamic Changes of Tonoplasts in Guard
... requirement for the rapid change of their volume. Here we report that the complex vacuolar membrane system may play an important role in the rapid increase of vacuolar volume in the guard cells during stomatal movement in Vicia faba. Small vacuoles fused rapidly with each other to form big ones in V ...
... requirement for the rapid change of their volume. Here we report that the complex vacuolar membrane system may play an important role in the rapid increase of vacuolar volume in the guard cells during stomatal movement in Vicia faba. Small vacuoles fused rapidly with each other to form big ones in V ...
A Dominant Negative Mutant of Cyclin-Dependent
... Cell cycle regulation is well characterized in yeast and animals, and many details of the molecular mechanisms regulating this process are known. Progression through its different phases (G1, S, G2, and M) is controlled by a class of heterodimeric protein kinases composed of a catalytic subunit call ...
... Cell cycle regulation is well characterized in yeast and animals, and many details of the molecular mechanisms regulating this process are known. Progression through its different phases (G1, S, G2, and M) is controlled by a class of heterodimeric protein kinases composed of a catalytic subunit call ...
Roles of ion channels and transporters in guard cell signal
... through a phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation-based mechanism [6,7]. When inactive, the C terminus of the H+-ATPase acts as an autoinhibitory domain. Upon blue light illumination, a type 1 protein phosphatase is activated [8] which, via an unknown mechanism, activates a protein kinase that phosphoryl ...
... through a phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation-based mechanism [6,7]. When inactive, the C terminus of the H+-ATPase acts as an autoinhibitory domain. Upon blue light illumination, a type 1 protein phosphatase is activated [8] which, via an unknown mechanism, activates a protein kinase that phosphoryl ...
Vertebrate Hedgehog signalling modulated by induction of a
... The Hedgehog signalling pathway is essential for the development of diverse tissues during embryogenesis1. Signalling is activated by binding of Hedgehog protein to the multipass membrane protein Patched (Ptc)2,3. We have now identi®ed a novel component in the vertebrate signalling pathway, which we ...
... The Hedgehog signalling pathway is essential for the development of diverse tissues during embryogenesis1. Signalling is activated by binding of Hedgehog protein to the multipass membrane protein Patched (Ptc)2,3. We have now identi®ed a novel component in the vertebrate signalling pathway, which we ...
Inheritance of Allelic Blueprints for Methylation Patterns
... 1988), and parental imprinting (Reick et al., 1987; Sapienza et al., 1987; Swain et al., 1987). Although it is believed that methylation plays a critical role in mammalian development, it is unclear whether methylation is a primary signal for phenomena such as gene expression (Razin and Riggs, 1980) ...
... 1988), and parental imprinting (Reick et al., 1987; Sapienza et al., 1987; Swain et al., 1987). Although it is believed that methylation plays a critical role in mammalian development, it is unclear whether methylation is a primary signal for phenomena such as gene expression (Razin and Riggs, 1980) ...
Hierarchies of plant stiffness
... Physiological and mechanical requirements, as well as the physical environment, are among the most important factors that contribute to shaping plant organs and anatomy during growth, and hence the stiffness of plants and their organs. It is essential to first recall the physical and chemical laws to ...
... Physiological and mechanical requirements, as well as the physical environment, are among the most important factors that contribute to shaping plant organs and anatomy during growth, and hence the stiffness of plants and their organs. It is essential to first recall the physical and chemical laws to ...
Identification and Characterization of Genes Required for
... a distinct blastema. The characteristics of regenerative and compensatory growth are likely to differ, at some level, from the growth that occurs during normal development. During development, growth and patterning often proceed concurrently. In contrast, regeneration and compensatory proliferation ...
... a distinct blastema. The characteristics of regenerative and compensatory growth are likely to differ, at some level, from the growth that occurs during normal development. During development, growth and patterning often proceed concurrently. In contrast, regeneration and compensatory proliferation ...
14-3-3 associates with cell surface aminopeptidase N in the
... responsible for degradation of ECM and are involved in a variety of biological processes, such as tissue repair and remodeling, embryonic development, bone growth/resorption and tumor metastasis (Butler and Overall, 2009b; Nagase et al., 2006; Rodriguez et al., 2010). The synthesis of MMPs by stroma ...
... responsible for degradation of ECM and are involved in a variety of biological processes, such as tissue repair and remodeling, embryonic development, bone growth/resorption and tumor metastasis (Butler and Overall, 2009b; Nagase et al., 2006; Rodriguez et al., 2010). The synthesis of MMPs by stroma ...
The role of active oxygen species in plant signal transduction
... Adequate responses to environmental changes are crucial for plant growth and survival. However, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that orchestrate these responses are still poorly understood and the signaling networks involved remain elusive. A central role for active oxygen species (AOS) dur ...
... Adequate responses to environmental changes are crucial for plant growth and survival. However, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms that orchestrate these responses are still poorly understood and the signaling networks involved remain elusive. A central role for active oxygen species (AOS) dur ...
At the border: the plasma membrane–cell wall continuum
... also contribute to cellulose synthesis (Xie et al., 2011; Wolf et al., 2012b). Therefore, the cellulose deficiencies observed in sterolimpaired plants could be a consequence of such metabolic pathways rather than membrane composition defects. More biochemical and cell biology data are needed to clar ...
... also contribute to cellulose synthesis (Xie et al., 2011; Wolf et al., 2012b). Therefore, the cellulose deficiencies observed in sterolimpaired plants could be a consequence of such metabolic pathways rather than membrane composition defects. More biochemical and cell biology data are needed to clar ...
At the border: the plasma membrane–cell wall
... also contribute to cellulose synthesis (Xie et al., 2011; Wolf et al., 2012b). Therefore, the cellulose deficiencies observed in sterolimpaired plants could be a consequence of such metabolic pathways rather than membrane composition defects. More biochemical and cell biology data are needed to clar ...
... also contribute to cellulose synthesis (Xie et al., 2011; Wolf et al., 2012b). Therefore, the cellulose deficiencies observed in sterolimpaired plants could be a consequence of such metabolic pathways rather than membrane composition defects. More biochemical and cell biology data are needed to clar ...
Transverse Viscoelastic Extension in Nitella
... Growth rate (% initial length / 24 hours) inhibited only 17% (4). In this study it was shown that in sequential FIG. 5. K+ stimulation of longitudinal (A) and transverse (B) extension treatments with acid pH and Mg2+, neither treatment abolished as a function of the in vivo growth rate. The applied ...
... Growth rate (% initial length / 24 hours) inhibited only 17% (4). In this study it was shown that in sequential FIG. 5. K+ stimulation of longitudinal (A) and transverse (B) extension treatments with acid pH and Mg2+, neither treatment abolished as a function of the in vivo growth rate. The applied ...
Chromatin Structure and DNA Replication: Implications for
... given gene depends on a number of sequence-specific transcription factors (e.g., SPI), structural proteins (e.g., HMGIE), and non-DNAbinding proteins associated with the promoter interacting to recruit general transcription factors (e.g., TFIIA, TFIIB) together with the TFIID complex (containing TBP ...
... given gene depends on a number of sequence-specific transcription factors (e.g., SPI), structural proteins (e.g., HMGIE), and non-DNAbinding proteins associated with the promoter interacting to recruit general transcription factors (e.g., TFIIA, TFIIB) together with the TFIID complex (containing TBP ...
Membrane receptors in the gastrointestinal tract
... cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane. The c-ras genes are expressed during normal human development in fetuses at 12 to 18 weeks gestation (29). This time subsequent to embryogenesis coincides with a general situation of rapid cell proliferation and differentiation. The p21 ras protein expresses ...
... cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane. The c-ras genes are expressed during normal human development in fetuses at 12 to 18 weeks gestation (29). This time subsequent to embryogenesis coincides with a general situation of rapid cell proliferation and differentiation. The p21 ras protein expresses ...
The Chemical & Physical Structure of Merino Wool
... Figure 4. The ionic groups also control the dyeing behaviour of the fibre, as a result of their interactions with negatively charged dye molecules. The Physical Structure of Wool ...
... Figure 4. The ionic groups also control the dyeing behaviour of the fibre, as a result of their interactions with negatively charged dye molecules. The Physical Structure of Wool ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.