Plastid degeneration in Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) provides
... As in animals, plant MLBs consist of several concentric membranes, packed together in a vesicle-like compartment. Plants MLBs have been observed in the cytosol and in vacuoles, but have apparently not been reported to deposit their cargo in the apoplast. In contrast to MLBs in animals, no informatio ...
... As in animals, plant MLBs consist of several concentric membranes, packed together in a vesicle-like compartment. Plants MLBs have been observed in the cytosol and in vacuoles, but have apparently not been reported to deposit their cargo in the apoplast. In contrast to MLBs in animals, no informatio ...
Slits affect the timely migration of neural crest cells via robo receptor
... Slits are expressed during earlier stages, before trunk neural crest initiate delamination (before HH13). We observed that in HH12–13 embryos (Fig. 1A–C, H–K), as for HH17 (see Supp. Fig. S1A–H, which is available online), Slit1, Slit2, and Slit3 are expressed in the trunk dorsal neural tube but are ...
... Slits are expressed during earlier stages, before trunk neural crest initiate delamination (before HH13). We observed that in HH12–13 embryos (Fig. 1A–C, H–K), as for HH17 (see Supp. Fig. S1A–H, which is available online), Slit1, Slit2, and Slit3 are expressed in the trunk dorsal neural tube but are ...
Actin-based motility of endosomes is linked to the polar tip growth of
... (Gruenberg, 2001; Zerial and McBride, 2001). While both FYVE-domain proteins as well as endosomally localized Rab GTPases are conserved in plants, it is not known, whether these two sets of proteins are localized to the same compartment as demonstrated in other systems. More recently, the importance ...
... (Gruenberg, 2001; Zerial and McBride, 2001). While both FYVE-domain proteins as well as endosomally localized Rab GTPases are conserved in plants, it is not known, whether these two sets of proteins are localized to the same compartment as demonstrated in other systems. More recently, the importance ...
The Chemical Defense Ecology of Marine Unicellular Plankton
... to synchronized ciliary motion for movement (FebvreChavalier et al., 1989). Protozoa also have cell-surface signal receptors that recognize vertebrate and plant hormones as varied as polypeptides, cytokines, indolacetic acid, and opiates (Csaba, 1996). These vertebrate and plant signal molecules can ...
... to synchronized ciliary motion for movement (FebvreChavalier et al., 1989). Protozoa also have cell-surface signal receptors that recognize vertebrate and plant hormones as varied as polypeptides, cytokines, indolacetic acid, and opiates (Csaba, 1996). These vertebrate and plant signal molecules can ...
Regulation of erythropoiesis
... production of EPO under hypoxia condition by osteoblasts in bone marrow microenvironment is sufficient to drive erythropoiesis; Small molecules that inhibit PHD could pharmacologically activate HIF pathway and rescue anemia (in trial). In patients with renal failure, in addition to hepatocytes, os ...
... production of EPO under hypoxia condition by osteoblasts in bone marrow microenvironment is sufficient to drive erythropoiesis; Small molecules that inhibit PHD could pharmacologically activate HIF pathway and rescue anemia (in trial). In patients with renal failure, in addition to hepatocytes, os ...
Circulation is established in a stepwise pattern in the mammalian
... embryonic day.16,17 This is caused by 2 factors. First, variability in developmental stages between and even within litters can be extensive. Second, embryos develop rapidly, and profound changes occur within a few hours. Accordingly, we used the number of somite pairs to more precisely and accurate ...
... embryonic day.16,17 This is caused by 2 factors. First, variability in developmental stages between and even within litters can be extensive. Second, embryos develop rapidly, and profound changes occur within a few hours. Accordingly, we used the number of somite pairs to more precisely and accurate ...
Macrophages Gallinarum Survival within Infected Required for
... mortality that causes major economic losses in poultry production. We have reported that S. Gallinarum harbors a type VI secretion system (T6SS) encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island 19 (SPI-19) that is required for efficient colonization of chicks. In the present study, we aimed to characteriz ...
... mortality that causes major economic losses in poultry production. We have reported that S. Gallinarum harbors a type VI secretion system (T6SS) encoded in Salmonella pathogenicity island 19 (SPI-19) that is required for efficient colonization of chicks. In the present study, we aimed to characteriz ...
ANSWER
... • ANSWER: this is the only organelle without a membrane, it is the site where proteins are made. • QUESTION: What is the ribosome? ...
... • ANSWER: this is the only organelle without a membrane, it is the site where proteins are made. • QUESTION: What is the ribosome? ...
Molecular Characterization of Calymmin, a Novel Notochord Sheath
... On sequence comparisons using the BLAST-algorithm (Altschul et al., 1997), the c39a-encoded protein did not show significant homology to any of the known proteins present in the databases, nor were any putative conserved domains found. However, further analysis by recursive PSI-BLAST searches (Corpe ...
... On sequence comparisons using the BLAST-algorithm (Altschul et al., 1997), the c39a-encoded protein did not show significant homology to any of the known proteins present in the databases, nor were any putative conserved domains found. However, further analysis by recursive PSI-BLAST searches (Corpe ...
Transduction Cascade In Myeloid Cells: A Novel Cytokine Signal
... GM-CSF are T cell-derived cytokines that allow the immune system to modulate the hemopoietic system during stress. Both these cytokines and IL-5 signal their target cells through a heterodimeric receptor consisting of a ligand-specific binding subunit (␣) and a common signaling subunit (c) (1). The ...
... GM-CSF are T cell-derived cytokines that allow the immune system to modulate the hemopoietic system during stress. Both these cytokines and IL-5 signal their target cells through a heterodimeric receptor consisting of a ligand-specific binding subunit (␣) and a common signaling subunit (c) (1). The ...
Accepted version - QMRO Home - Queen Mary University of London
... Although these data are based on comparisons of quite narrow ranges of donor cell survival (only <5% at the initial points studied), these may suggest that allogeneic MSCs can survive for a certain early period after transplantation, but are eventually rejected in a long term. We have recently repor ...
... Although these data are based on comparisons of quite narrow ranges of donor cell survival (only <5% at the initial points studied), these may suggest that allogeneic MSCs can survive for a certain early period after transplantation, but are eventually rejected in a long term. We have recently repor ...
Mesoderm migration in Drosophila is a multi-step process
... Thus, it had yet to be determined definitively whether both Pyr and Ths are required for mesoderm migration during Drosophila gastrulation and, furthermore, whether the ligands regulate specific aspects of migration. Therefore, in this work, we explored the roles of Pyr and Ths during mesoderm migra ...
... Thus, it had yet to be determined definitively whether both Pyr and Ths are required for mesoderm migration during Drosophila gastrulation and, furthermore, whether the ligands regulate specific aspects of migration. Therefore, in this work, we explored the roles of Pyr and Ths during mesoderm migra ...
Mutations Defining Functional Regions of the Superantigen
... S to humans and other species (1-4). These include a group of enterotoxins (Staphylococcal enterotoxins [SEs]I), associated with food poisoning; toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), associated with toxic shock syndrome; and exfoliating toxins (ExF), associated with scalded skin syndrome. Many of t ...
... S to humans and other species (1-4). These include a group of enterotoxins (Staphylococcal enterotoxins [SEs]I), associated with food poisoning; toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), associated with toxic shock syndrome; and exfoliating toxins (ExF), associated with scalded skin syndrome. Many of t ...
20. A Cellular Adventure
... it’s the end of the line for them and that can be unpleasant. Some of them can put up a fight. Ryan: Well, I can’t say I blame them. Lysosome: Well, it may not be the best job, but some organelle has got to do it. Just imagine if no one picked up your garbage? Just think of me as a trash collector, ...
... it’s the end of the line for them and that can be unpleasant. Some of them can put up a fight. Ryan: Well, I can’t say I blame them. Lysosome: Well, it may not be the best job, but some organelle has got to do it. Just imagine if no one picked up your garbage? Just think of me as a trash collector, ...
Motilities Swimming, Swarming, and Twitching Adherent Phenotypic
... (Difco) containing 0.1% tryptone as a chemoattractant. Cells were grown in LB at 37°C to the logarithmic phase, washed, and resuspended in BH. A 100-l sample of this bacterial suspension was drawn into a 200-l pipette tip. The syringe was then inserted and tightly fit into the tip with 3 mm of the ...
... (Difco) containing 0.1% tryptone as a chemoattractant. Cells were grown in LB at 37°C to the logarithmic phase, washed, and resuspended in BH. A 100-l sample of this bacterial suspension was drawn into a 200-l pipette tip. The syringe was then inserted and tightly fit into the tip with 3 mm of the ...
Shh signalling and cell death in limb development
... Fig. 1. Shh expression and cell death following grafts of polarising region cells (A-H) or Shh beads (I-L) to the posterior margin. (A) Graft of polarising region cells to posterior margin of a stage 20 wing bud. Embryo collected immediately after the operation and subjected to in situ hybridisation ...
... Fig. 1. Shh expression and cell death following grafts of polarising region cells (A-H) or Shh beads (I-L) to the posterior margin. (A) Graft of polarising region cells to posterior margin of a stage 20 wing bud. Embryo collected immediately after the operation and subjected to in situ hybridisation ...
Subcellular Localization of Catalase Encoded by the ctt1+ Gene in
... detected in the organelle fraction. To ascertain that this activity was indeed derived from organelles, the organelle fraction was subjected to Ficoll 400 density gradient ultracentrifugation. A peak of catalase activity appeared in the organelle fraction co-sedimenting closely with the mitochondria ...
... detected in the organelle fraction. To ascertain that this activity was indeed derived from organelles, the organelle fraction was subjected to Ficoll 400 density gradient ultracentrifugation. A peak of catalase activity appeared in the organelle fraction co-sedimenting closely with the mitochondria ...
Developmental stage‐specific expression of Rbm suggests its
... microdeletions in infertile men reveal that phenotypes associated with AZFb deletions are variable, ranging from Sertoli cell-only syndrome to spermatogenic arrest (Foresta et al., 2001). One explanation for these observations could be that Rbm is involved in multiple functions during spermatogenesi ...
... microdeletions in infertile men reveal that phenotypes associated with AZFb deletions are variable, ranging from Sertoli cell-only syndrome to spermatogenic arrest (Foresta et al., 2001). One explanation for these observations could be that Rbm is involved in multiple functions during spermatogenesi ...
Basophils and Autoreactive IgE in the Pathogenesis of
... component of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) through its ability to phosphorylate this receptor and initiate signal transduction upon BCR engagement [40]. Interestingly, however, mice deficient in Lyn kinase show a B cell hyperreactivity to IL-4 and CD40L stimulation [41,42], whereas BCR activatio ...
... component of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) through its ability to phosphorylate this receptor and initiate signal transduction upon BCR engagement [40]. Interestingly, however, mice deficient in Lyn kinase show a B cell hyperreactivity to IL-4 and CD40L stimulation [41,42], whereas BCR activatio ...
A Cellular Adventure
... Lysosome: Yeah, I do get very full. Sometimes I feel like I’m going to burst. All of the organelles mumble “Oh, no… don’t burst!” Ryan: Well, what’s wrong with that? Lysosome: Remember when I said that I was full of digestive enzymes? Ryan: Yeah, but what does that have to do with anything? Lysosom ...
... Lysosome: Yeah, I do get very full. Sometimes I feel like I’m going to burst. All of the organelles mumble “Oh, no… don’t burst!” Ryan: Well, what’s wrong with that? Lysosome: Remember when I said that I was full of digestive enzymes? Ryan: Yeah, but what does that have to do with anything? Lysosom ...
The regulation and plasticity of root hair patterning
... In Pi-deficient plants, root hair length is increased by about twofold and hairs are more abundant than in plants grown with sufficient amounts of Pi (Ma et al., 2001). In addition, ectopic root hairs form in N positions, albeit at a relatively low frequency (Savage et al., 2013). A comparison of th ...
... In Pi-deficient plants, root hair length is increased by about twofold and hairs are more abundant than in plants grown with sufficient amounts of Pi (Ma et al., 2001). In addition, ectopic root hairs form in N positions, albeit at a relatively low frequency (Savage et al., 2013). A comparison of th ...
pdf - Penn State University
... extensibility (4>). Experimental studies indicate that wall extensibility and yield threshold may be modulated by hormones and growing conditions (see, e.g., Nakahori et al., 1991; Cramer, 1992; Frensch and Hsiao, 1995). As expected, nongrowing cells exhibit negligible in vivo wall relaxation. Altho ...
... extensibility (4>). Experimental studies indicate that wall extensibility and yield threshold may be modulated by hormones and growing conditions (see, e.g., Nakahori et al., 1991; Cramer, 1992; Frensch and Hsiao, 1995). As expected, nongrowing cells exhibit negligible in vivo wall relaxation. Altho ...
Manganese Complexes: Diverse Metabolic Routes to Oxidative
... Cu/Zn SOD1 in yeast could be suppressed by growing cells in high manganese salts. Yeast cells that accumulate high manganese exhibit a SOD-independent but an Mn-dependent O2 - scavenging activity in cell lysates which is heat resistant and EDTA sensitive (14). Using a series of genetic suppressor sc ...
... Cu/Zn SOD1 in yeast could be suppressed by growing cells in high manganese salts. Yeast cells that accumulate high manganese exhibit a SOD-independent but an Mn-dependent O2 - scavenging activity in cell lysates which is heat resistant and EDTA sensitive (14). Using a series of genetic suppressor sc ...
NAIP5/NLRC4 Inflammasomes Compounds Inhibit the NLRP1
... NaAsO2 and As2O3 inhibit multiple inflammasomes LT-mediated macrophage death requires NLRP1-mediated activation of caspase-1 (18), which normally begins at 50–60 min after toxin treatment (19). Both NaAsO2 (Fig. 2A, left) and As2O3 (Fig. 2A, right) prevented LT-induced caspase-1 autoproteolysis (upp ...
... NaAsO2 and As2O3 inhibit multiple inflammasomes LT-mediated macrophage death requires NLRP1-mediated activation of caspase-1 (18), which normally begins at 50–60 min after toxin treatment (19). Both NaAsO2 (Fig. 2A, left) and As2O3 (Fig. 2A, right) prevented LT-induced caspase-1 autoproteolysis (upp ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.