Regular-spiking cells in the presubiculum are hyperexcitable in a rat
... prominent bilateral projection to medial entorhinal area (MEA) (Caballero-Bleda and Witter 1994; Honda and Ishizuka 2004). Projections from PrS to MEA terminate in LIII and LI, providing both glutamatergic and ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic input (van Haeften et al. 1997), originating predominantly ...
... prominent bilateral projection to medial entorhinal area (MEA) (Caballero-Bleda and Witter 1994; Honda and Ishizuka 2004). Projections from PrS to MEA terminate in LIII and LI, providing both glutamatergic and ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic input (van Haeften et al. 1997), originating predominantly ...
Xenopus ADAM13 and ADAM19 are Important for Proper
... underlying this process can be classified into a variety of different types of cellular movements. I will focus on investigating in this thesis two types of cell movements in the dorsal mesoderm; mediolateral cell intercalation and convergence and extension. During gastrulation, mesoderm cells send ...
... underlying this process can be classified into a variety of different types of cellular movements. I will focus on investigating in this thesis two types of cell movements in the dorsal mesoderm; mediolateral cell intercalation and convergence and extension. During gastrulation, mesoderm cells send ...
An Early Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Induced Oxidative Burst in Tobacco
... Baker and Orlandi, 1995; Bolwell et al., 1995). However, it is H2O2 that is the most attractive candidate for signaling via ROS because of its relative stability and greater membrane permeability. Little is known about the very first stages of virus/ plant interactions. We have sought to further exa ...
... Baker and Orlandi, 1995; Bolwell et al., 1995). However, it is H2O2 that is the most attractive candidate for signaling via ROS because of its relative stability and greater membrane permeability. Little is known about the very first stages of virus/ plant interactions. We have sought to further exa ...
Human microcephaly ASPM protein is a spindle pole
... residual ASPM signal was similar among the four constructs and to that of the KO line (Fig. 4A, B). We observed a strong toxic effect for one of the constructs (siRNA #2) and mitotic acceleration for another (siRNA #3), suggesting that these constructs had off-target effects on important proteins ot ...
... residual ASPM signal was similar among the four constructs and to that of the KO line (Fig. 4A, B). We observed a strong toxic effect for one of the constructs (siRNA #2) and mitotic acceleration for another (siRNA #3), suggesting that these constructs had off-target effects on important proteins ot ...
AUTOPHAGIC VACUOLES PRODUCED IN VITRO
... the toxic vesicles gradually increased in size and in number, often to occupy most or all of the nuclear hof region. The motion-picture technique was most valuable for studying this very early phase as it was possible to view the changes somewhat speeded up, to rerun the action, or to reverse it at ...
... the toxic vesicles gradually increased in size and in number, often to occupy most or all of the nuclear hof region. The motion-picture technique was most valuable for studying this very early phase as it was possible to view the changes somewhat speeded up, to rerun the action, or to reverse it at ...
Cloning, Expression, and Functional Characterization of TL1A-Ig
... The immune system consists of molecules and cells that work together to protect the individual from microbial infection and maintain homeostasis. The immune system is comprised of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Together these responses fulfill four crucial tasks: immunological recognition ...
... The immune system consists of molecules and cells that work together to protect the individual from microbial infection and maintain homeostasis. The immune system is comprised of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Together these responses fulfill four crucial tasks: immunological recognition ...
Notch and the Awesome Power of Genetics
... lin-12 was acting late in a hierarchy to diversify it, making otherwise similar lineages different (Horvitz et al. 1983). However, in examining the lineage alterations of lin-12 mutants, what seemed most striking to me was that many of the cell-fate decisions altered in lin-12 mutants involved cell– ...
... lin-12 was acting late in a hierarchy to diversify it, making otherwise similar lineages different (Horvitz et al. 1983). However, in examining the lineage alterations of lin-12 mutants, what seemed most striking to me was that many of the cell-fate decisions altered in lin-12 mutants involved cell– ...
Membrane traffic and fusion at post-Golgi compartments
... trafficking pathway (purple-colored), there is a controversy over the precise location where VSR recycling occurs (pale purple-colored dashed line). There are different populations of RAB-F-positive endosomes, but their origin is unknown. There is no clear evidence for multiple secretory pathways to ...
... trafficking pathway (purple-colored), there is a controversy over the precise location where VSR recycling occurs (pale purple-colored dashed line). There are different populations of RAB-F-positive endosomes, but their origin is unknown. There is no clear evidence for multiple secretory pathways to ...
Live Cell Imaging Reveals Structural Associations
... coalignment. The far right panel shows a kymograph corresponding to the dashed white line, with time on the vertical axis. (E) AF bending and straightening events facilitate alignment between AFs and MTs. Yellow arrowheads indicate the region of the AF that exhibits bending, and yellow carets enclos ...
... coalignment. The far right panel shows a kymograph corresponding to the dashed white line, with time on the vertical axis. (E) AF bending and straightening events facilitate alignment between AFs and MTs. Yellow arrowheads indicate the region of the AF that exhibits bending, and yellow carets enclos ...
The structure of secondary cell wall polymers: how
... Rogers et al., 1980). Although the exact biological function (or functions) of these negatively charged SCWPs is not fully understood, several general functions have been attributed to them. These include (i) binding of divalent cations, (ii) role in the balance of metal ions for membrane functional ...
... Rogers et al., 1980). Although the exact biological function (or functions) of these negatively charged SCWPs is not fully understood, several general functions have been attributed to them. These include (i) binding of divalent cations, (ii) role in the balance of metal ions for membrane functional ...
Allogeneic T regulatory cell–mediated
... experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Use Committee at the University of Miami. Antibodies and FACS analysis Biotin-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to H-2Kb (AF6-88.5), Cy-Chrome–conjugated mAbs to CD4 (H129.19), and Cy-Chrome– streptavidin, phycoerythrin (PE)–conjugated mAbs ...
... experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Use Committee at the University of Miami. Antibodies and FACS analysis Biotin-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to H-2Kb (AF6-88.5), Cy-Chrome–conjugated mAbs to CD4 (H129.19), and Cy-Chrome– streptavidin, phycoerythrin (PE)–conjugated mAbs ...
Cell size trade-offs govern light exploitation strategies in
... where M is the metabolic rate, a is the size-normalized metabolic rate, which varies among taxonomic groups (Irwin et al., 2006; Raven et al., 2006), E is the activation energy for metabolism, k is the Boltzmann’s constant (8.62 eV K-1), T is temperature and b is the size scaling exponent, measured ...
... where M is the metabolic rate, a is the size-normalized metabolic rate, which varies among taxonomic groups (Irwin et al., 2006; Raven et al., 2006), E is the activation energy for metabolism, k is the Boltzmann’s constant (8.62 eV K-1), T is temperature and b is the size scaling exponent, measured ...
Disruption of Mks1 localization to the mother centriole causes cilia
... even though it maintained a punctate distribution. Resembling MKS patients, Mks1 mutants had craniofacial defects, polydactyly, congenital heart defects, polycystic kidneys and randomized left-right patterning. These defects reflected disturbance of functions subserved by motile and nonmotile cilia. ...
... even though it maintained a punctate distribution. Resembling MKS patients, Mks1 mutants had craniofacial defects, polydactyly, congenital heart defects, polycystic kidneys and randomized left-right patterning. These defects reflected disturbance of functions subserved by motile and nonmotile cilia. ...
Calcium Activation of ERK Mediated by Calmodulin Kinase I
... Ras/Rap family of small G proteins that in turn trigger a complex cascade of protein kinases terminating in activation of the MAP kinase family including the ERKs (17–20). The response of the ERK pathway to various stimuli can be cell type-specific and/or -dependent on regulation of different subcel ...
... Ras/Rap family of small G proteins that in turn trigger a complex cascade of protein kinases terminating in activation of the MAP kinase family including the ERKs (17–20). The response of the ERK pathway to various stimuli can be cell type-specific and/or -dependent on regulation of different subcel ...
y or edat
... Marie et al., 2005). It was used to assess the viability of Microcystis after exposure to an external environmental stress such as nutrient limitation and regeneration of gas vacuoles after ultrasonication. In the study of Brookes et al. (2000) they found that there was a correlation between the rec ...
... Marie et al., 2005). It was used to assess the viability of Microcystis after exposure to an external environmental stress such as nutrient limitation and regeneration of gas vacuoles after ultrasonication. In the study of Brookes et al. (2000) they found that there was a correlation between the rec ...
Journal of Phycology
... lipids in the chloroplast fraction (Fig. 7b, lane 3). Isochrysis galbana and E. huxleyi cultures produced similar results, but E. huxleyi lipids associated with LB were more difficult to recover after centrifugation, even when cells had notable lipid vesicles (not shown). The GC analysis of cell fra ...
... lipids in the chloroplast fraction (Fig. 7b, lane 3). Isochrysis galbana and E. huxleyi cultures produced similar results, but E. huxleyi lipids associated with LB were more difficult to recover after centrifugation, even when cells had notable lipid vesicles (not shown). The GC analysis of cell fra ...
Disorders Presenting in Skin and Mucous Membranes - McGraw-Hill
... and co-stimulatory molecules that instruct the type of adaptive immune response; (2) direct antimicrobial response; and (3) tissue injury. CpG DNA = immunostimulatory cytosine- and guanine-rich sequences of DNA; dsRNA = double-stranded RNA; LPS = lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB = nuclear factor κB; ssRNA ...
... and co-stimulatory molecules that instruct the type of adaptive immune response; (2) direct antimicrobial response; and (3) tissue injury. CpG DNA = immunostimulatory cytosine- and guanine-rich sequences of DNA; dsRNA = double-stranded RNA; LPS = lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB = nuclear factor κB; ssRNA ...
microRNA Mimic and Inhibitor Functional Analysis
... Introduction: microRNAs (miRNAs) are naturally occurring short RNA molecules of about 22 nucleotide (nt) long that regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNA and suppressing its translation or initiating its degradation.1 Since their initial description in C. elegans in 1993, almost four tho ...
... Introduction: microRNAs (miRNAs) are naturally occurring short RNA molecules of about 22 nucleotide (nt) long that regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNA and suppressing its translation or initiating its degradation.1 Since their initial description in C. elegans in 1993, almost four tho ...
Neural Responses to Taxation and Voluntary Giving Reveal Motives
... The scaffold protein Dvl was previously thought to act downstream of LRP6 because dsh overexpression activates ß-catenin signaling in Drosophila LRP6 (arrow) mutants (23) and because the constitutively active Dfz2-Arrow fusion protein is inactive in dsh mutants (24). The explanation for this discre ...
... The scaffold protein Dvl was previously thought to act downstream of LRP6 because dsh overexpression activates ß-catenin signaling in Drosophila LRP6 (arrow) mutants (23) and because the constitutively active Dfz2-Arrow fusion protein is inactive in dsh mutants (24). The explanation for this discre ...
Grape Berry Vacuole - American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
... system displays modifications in vacuole number, size, and composition. As referred to above, fruit volumetric growth after veraison primarily results from vacuolar enlargement by incorporation of water and solute. The complexity of the vacuolar system offers a rich field of future work for plant bi ...
... system displays modifications in vacuole number, size, and composition. As referred to above, fruit volumetric growth after veraison primarily results from vacuolar enlargement by incorporation of water and solute. The complexity of the vacuolar system offers a rich field of future work for plant bi ...
distribution of microtubules in the golgi apparatus of euglena gracilis
... (Mollenhauer & Morre, 1972, 1973; Morre et al. 1971), hold dictyosomes together (Mollenhauer & Morre, 1966; Mollenhauer et al. 1971; Mollenhauer & Morre, 1972, 1973), and alter or position dictyosome structure (Mollenhauer, 1965; Mollenhauer & Morre, 1972), they must play a significant role in Golgi ...
... (Mollenhauer & Morre, 1972, 1973; Morre et al. 1971), hold dictyosomes together (Mollenhauer & Morre, 1966; Mollenhauer et al. 1971; Mollenhauer & Morre, 1972, 1973), and alter or position dictyosome structure (Mollenhauer, 1965; Mollenhauer & Morre, 1972), they must play a significant role in Golgi ...
Plant Gravitropism. Unraveling the Ups and
... However, it should be cautioned that alternative models have also been proposed, which implicate mechanosensitive ion channels located within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; Sack, 1991) or vacuolar membranes (see below) as potential gravity receptors. Such models are based on observations of tight as ...
... However, it should be cautioned that alternative models have also been proposed, which implicate mechanosensitive ion channels located within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; Sack, 1991) or vacuolar membranes (see below) as potential gravity receptors. Such models are based on observations of tight as ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.