Transcription mechanisms
... The first step in eukaryotic mRNA transcription is assembly of a pre-initiation complex (PIC) that consists of Pol II, a set of conserved general transcription factors (GTFs), and Mediator, a large multiprotein complex that communicates directly with many gene-specific regulators (Figure 1A; Green, ...
... The first step in eukaryotic mRNA transcription is assembly of a pre-initiation complex (PIC) that consists of Pol II, a set of conserved general transcription factors (GTFs), and Mediator, a large multiprotein complex that communicates directly with many gene-specific regulators (Figure 1A; Green, ...
Loss of PTEN Promotes Tumor Development in
... Tumorigenicity Assays and Tumor Processing. All of the animal exper- antibody for 30 min. Tumor slices were next incubated with peroxidase-labeled imentation was performed according to protocols approved by the Institutional streptavidin from PharMingen for 30 min, then briefly rinsed in PBS-T. Anim ...
... Tumorigenicity Assays and Tumor Processing. All of the animal exper- antibody for 30 min. Tumor slices were next incubated with peroxidase-labeled imentation was performed according to protocols approved by the Institutional streptavidin from PharMingen for 30 min, then briefly rinsed in PBS-T. Anim ...
Cytoplasmic Actin in Neuronal Processes as a Possible Mediator of
... signals to neurons that were modified by various experimental treatments may change the physicochemical properties of the cytoplasm which may induce the assembly or disassembly of the actin lattice with a consequent contraction or relaxation of the element involved. The dentate fascia of the hippoca ...
... signals to neurons that were modified by various experimental treatments may change the physicochemical properties of the cytoplasm which may induce the assembly or disassembly of the actin lattice with a consequent contraction or relaxation of the element involved. The dentate fascia of the hippoca ...
The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing
... intermediate in both shape and position, but have not been described in all species. A few hair cells at the basal end of the chick papilla and many hair cells of the basal 3 mm of the barn owl papilla have been called lenticular hair cells. They are flattened, with a large apical surface area, only ...
... intermediate in both shape and position, but have not been described in all species. A few hair cells at the basal end of the chick papilla and many hair cells of the basal 3 mm of the barn owl papilla have been called lenticular hair cells. They are flattened, with a large apical surface area, only ...
Full Text
... nucleosomes are the major targets for SWI/SNF action. Several other strategic changes to chromatin occur in multicellular organisms, including the appearance of histone H1, which may also create chromatin structures that require BAF complexes for conversion to more accessible DNA. With the evolution ...
... nucleosomes are the major targets for SWI/SNF action. Several other strategic changes to chromatin occur in multicellular organisms, including the appearance of histone H1, which may also create chromatin structures that require BAF complexes for conversion to more accessible DNA. With the evolution ...
Stringent Response Changes Cell Membrane Permeability in
... Bacteria exposed to stressful conditions are known to induce a stringent response characterized as a state of persistence (4). This is controlled by the accumulation of the alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), a global regulator synthesized by ppGpp Synthase I (RelA) in response to amino acid ...
... Bacteria exposed to stressful conditions are known to induce a stringent response characterized as a state of persistence (4). This is controlled by the accumulation of the alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp), a global regulator synthesized by ppGpp Synthase I (RelA) in response to amino acid ...
Competition with pathogens in mucosal colonization
... Both self-aggregation and adhesion may favor the colonization of the vaginal epithelium through the formation of a bacterial film that may contribute to the exclusion of pathogens from the vaginal mucosa. Multiple components of the bacterial cell surface seem to participate in the adherence of the s ...
... Both self-aggregation and adhesion may favor the colonization of the vaginal epithelium through the formation of a bacterial film that may contribute to the exclusion of pathogens from the vaginal mucosa. Multiple components of the bacterial cell surface seem to participate in the adherence of the s ...
The cell walls of streptococci
... The methods developed by Salton (1953)made possible the study of the cell-wall composition as a relatively simple procedure and recent work by others has suggested that cell-wall composition may be of use in classifying streptococci (Roberts & Stewart, 1961 ; Slade & Slamp, 1962). As part of a gener ...
... The methods developed by Salton (1953)made possible the study of the cell-wall composition as a relatively simple procedure and recent work by others has suggested that cell-wall composition may be of use in classifying streptococci (Roberts & Stewart, 1961 ; Slade & Slamp, 1962). As part of a gener ...
A Model of Primitive Streak Initiation in the Chick Embryo
... to di!erentiation at time t and otherwise takes the value 0. This means that the "rst cells produce inhibitor only after they have experienced a super-threshold level of activator. If instead the inhibitor blocks cell commitment directly then we drop the third term from the "rst equation (l"0) and t ...
... to di!erentiation at time t and otherwise takes the value 0. This means that the "rst cells produce inhibitor only after they have experienced a super-threshold level of activator. If instead the inhibitor blocks cell commitment directly then we drop the third term from the "rst equation (l"0) and t ...
... Figure 1. ATARiS accounts for patterns in RNAi reagent data in order to quantify the phenotypic effect of gene suppression in each sample. (A–D) Hypothetical phenotypic data from four RNAi reagents, all designed to target the same gene, in five independent samples from two classes, A and B. (A) Samp ...
Regulation of the Eukaryotic Redox-State through - diss.fu
... biopolymers (ribonucleic acid- or protein-based enzymes), these chemical cycles gained complexity resulting in the evolution of modern metabolic pathways [1, 2]. Metabolic pathways are sequences of enzymatic reactions that can be dynamically adjusted in turnover, and their topology within the cell f ...
... biopolymers (ribonucleic acid- or protein-based enzymes), these chemical cycles gained complexity resulting in the evolution of modern metabolic pathways [1, 2]. Metabolic pathways are sequences of enzymatic reactions that can be dynamically adjusted in turnover, and their topology within the cell f ...
On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell
... specific for the control of cell death was provided by pioneering experiments on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans,12,16,65 ± 69 a metazoan whose phylogenic divergence predates ours by several hundred million years and whose body is constituted of less than a thousand somatic cells. During the dev ...
... specific for the control of cell death was provided by pioneering experiments on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans,12,16,65 ± 69 a metazoan whose phylogenic divergence predates ours by several hundred million years and whose body is constituted of less than a thousand somatic cells. During the dev ...
Isolation of a New High Molecular Weight Protein Associated with
... vitro and exhibit indistinguishable spatial distributions (7, 11) . In early myogenesis they are associated with cytoplasmic filaments and in later myogenesis they become associated with myofibril Z disks (7, 11) . In adult skeletal myofibrils, these three proteins are localized at the Z disk and in ...
... vitro and exhibit indistinguishable spatial distributions (7, 11) . In early myogenesis they are associated with cytoplasmic filaments and in later myogenesis they become associated with myofibril Z disks (7, 11) . In adult skeletal myofibrils, these three proteins are localized at the Z disk and in ...
System approaches to study root hairs as a single cell plant model
... those proteins that are rapidly phosphorylated after rhizobial inoculation. Modern MS-based methods for phosphoproteomic analysis allow for such global analyses. For example, Rose et al. (2012) analyzed the phosphoproteome of M. truncatula roots after inoculation with S. meliloti. However, again, al ...
... those proteins that are rapidly phosphorylated after rhizobial inoculation. Modern MS-based methods for phosphoproteomic analysis allow for such global analyses. For example, Rose et al. (2012) analyzed the phosphoproteome of M. truncatula roots after inoculation with S. meliloti. However, again, al ...
Dynamics of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and its requirement for
... Experimental evidence has confirmed these annotations for the c, b1/2 and m1 subunits of AP1 (Lefkir et al., 2003), for the d, b3 and m3 subunits of AP3 (Bennett et al., 2008) and for the b1/2 and m2 subunits of AP2 (Sosa et al., 2012). To investigate the AP2 complex in Dictyostelium, we cloned the ...
... Experimental evidence has confirmed these annotations for the c, b1/2 and m1 subunits of AP1 (Lefkir et al., 2003), for the d, b3 and m3 subunits of AP3 (Bennett et al., 2008) and for the b1/2 and m2 subunits of AP2 (Sosa et al., 2012). To investigate the AP2 complex in Dictyostelium, we cloned the ...
UNIT 1 – FORCE AND MOTION (SEPUP Force and
... B-4.1 Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides, and base pairs. B-4.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, genes, and chromosomes. B-4.3 Explain how DNA functions as the code of life and the blueprint for proteins B-4.4 Summarize the basic processes involved in protein synthesis (incl ...
... B-4.1 Compare DNA and RNA in terms of structure, nucleotides, and base pairs. B-4.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, genes, and chromosomes. B-4.3 Explain how DNA functions as the code of life and the blueprint for proteins B-4.4 Summarize the basic processes involved in protein synthesis (incl ...
Mitochondria in Lung Biology and Pathology: More than - AJP-Lung
... Even if all the mtDNA molecules in cells with high mitochondrial densities are totaled, it ...
... Even if all the mtDNA molecules in cells with high mitochondrial densities are totaled, it ...
PDF
... Xenopus. Injection of 2-cell-stage Xenopus embryos with mRNA encoding human or Xenopus Coco leads to the same phenotype of induction of a secondary head, consistent with Coco being an inhibitor of BMP signaling in vivo. Error bars represent s.d. from at least five images per condition. ...
... Xenopus. Injection of 2-cell-stage Xenopus embryos with mRNA encoding human or Xenopus Coco leads to the same phenotype of induction of a secondary head, consistent with Coco being an inhibitor of BMP signaling in vivo. Error bars represent s.d. from at least five images per condition. ...
Effective Controls for RNA Interference (RNAi) Experiments using
... Other Control siRNAs: Chemically modified control siRNAs Does a control siRNA need to have the same modification as the test siRNA? Yes. A control siRNA should be as similar to the test siRNA as possible. For example, if the test siRNA is chemically modified to improve specificity of target binding, ...
... Other Control siRNAs: Chemically modified control siRNAs Does a control siRNA need to have the same modification as the test siRNA? Yes. A control siRNA should be as similar to the test siRNA as possible. For example, if the test siRNA is chemically modified to improve specificity of target binding, ...
Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Reactive
... Introduction 1. Stress Stress affects all living organisms and can be defined as a disadvantageous influence on an organism that affects factors such as health, fitness, growth, and survival. The stress tolerance of an organism depends, in part, on its evolutionary and genetic capacity for adaptati ...
... Introduction 1. Stress Stress affects all living organisms and can be defined as a disadvantageous influence on an organism that affects factors such as health, fitness, growth, and survival. The stress tolerance of an organism depends, in part, on its evolutionary and genetic capacity for adaptati ...
Involvement of Native TRPC3 Proteins in ATP
... system. In line with this, when cells were exposed to higher Ca2⫹ gradients (10 mmol/L in the bath), a significant yet transient Ca2⫹ influx was observed (not shown). Ba2⫹ is not subject to the counteracting actions of such buffering systems, and enters the cell unidirectionally, magnifying any exis ...
... system. In line with this, when cells were exposed to higher Ca2⫹ gradients (10 mmol/L in the bath), a significant yet transient Ca2⫹ influx was observed (not shown). Ba2⫹ is not subject to the counteracting actions of such buffering systems, and enters the cell unidirectionally, magnifying any exis ...
Biosorption of copper from aqueous environments by Micrococcus
... could be by a different means than tolerance, and be related to the third mechanism – complexation by cell components. Nakajima et al. (2001) treated M. luteus with a series of chemical extractions in order to remove polysaccharides, proteins, small molecules, lipids, and lastly the more tightly bou ...
... could be by a different means than tolerance, and be related to the third mechanism – complexation by cell components. Nakajima et al. (2001) treated M. luteus with a series of chemical extractions in order to remove polysaccharides, proteins, small molecules, lipids, and lastly the more tightly bou ...
Animal mitochondrial biogenesis and function
... Studies in mammalian cells suggest that mtDNA replication takes place in the perinuclear space (Davis and Clayton, 1996). Although it occurs throughout the cell cycle, a link between mtDNA and nuclear DNA (nDNA) replication has been demonstrated recently in Drosophila. DREF, a transcription factor i ...
... Studies in mammalian cells suggest that mtDNA replication takes place in the perinuclear space (Davis and Clayton, 1996). Although it occurs throughout the cell cycle, a link between mtDNA and nuclear DNA (nDNA) replication has been demonstrated recently in Drosophila. DREF, a transcription factor i ...
Functional cross‐kingdom conservation of mammalian and moss
... isogenic, all-mammalian expression vectors were designed harbouring the human placental secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), an easy-to-assay reporter gene, a polyadenylation site derived from simian virus 40 and various mammalian promoters (PhCMV, PSV40, PGTX, PhEF1α), including the smallest synth ...
... isogenic, all-mammalian expression vectors were designed harbouring the human placental secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), an easy-to-assay reporter gene, a polyadenylation site derived from simian virus 40 and various mammalian promoters (PhCMV, PSV40, PGTX, PhEF1α), including the smallest synth ...
Determination of the Structure and Composition of the ` Sulphur
... elementary analyses of the ' sulphur granules ' and Actinomyces P 2 s organisms grown in vitro were done by Galbraith Laboratories Inc. (Knoxville, Tennessee). About 10-12 mg. dry weight of ' sulphur granules ' or Actinomyces bovis organisms were combusted in a porcelain crucible to constant weight ...
... elementary analyses of the ' sulphur granules ' and Actinomyces P 2 s organisms grown in vitro were done by Galbraith Laboratories Inc. (Knoxville, Tennessee). About 10-12 mg. dry weight of ' sulphur granules ' or Actinomyces bovis organisms were combusted in a porcelain crucible to constant weight ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.