pdf file - John Innes Centre
... NH3/NH4+ or organic compounds, such as amino acids) and the mechanism (passive diffusion or active transport) by which nitrogen is exported are still largely unclear. However, it has recently been proposed (see Figure 1; Udvardi and Day 1997) that NH3 might passively diffuse across the bacteroid mem ...
... NH3/NH4+ or organic compounds, such as amino acids) and the mechanism (passive diffusion or active transport) by which nitrogen is exported are still largely unclear. However, it has recently been proposed (see Figure 1; Udvardi and Day 1997) that NH3 might passively diffuse across the bacteroid mem ...
Protection of Drosophila chromosome ends with minimal telomere
... only at telomeres but also throughout heterochromatin and at many euchromatic loci, Terminin proteins are specifically enriched at telomeres throughout the cell cycle and are involved in chromosome end protection. Capping proteins are essential for viability and loss-of-function mutants usually die ...
... only at telomeres but also throughout heterochromatin and at many euchromatic loci, Terminin proteins are specifically enriched at telomeres throughout the cell cycle and are involved in chromosome end protection. Capping proteins are essential for viability and loss-of-function mutants usually die ...
Determination of the Structure and Composition of the ` Sulphur
... elementary analyses of the ' sulphur granules ' and Actinomyces P 2 s organisms grown in vitro were done by Galbraith Laboratories Inc. (Knoxville, Tennessee). About 10-12 mg. dry weight of ' sulphur granules ' or Actinomyces bovis organisms were combusted in a porcelain crucible to constant weight ...
... elementary analyses of the ' sulphur granules ' and Actinomyces P 2 s organisms grown in vitro were done by Galbraith Laboratories Inc. (Knoxville, Tennessee). About 10-12 mg. dry weight of ' sulphur granules ' or Actinomyces bovis organisms were combusted in a porcelain crucible to constant weight ...
Imaging Cell Wall Architecture in Single Zinnia
... transdifferentiation, TEs accumulate lignin in their secondary walls and undergo programmed cell death, which results in the removal of all cell contents, leaving behind a “functional corpse” (Roberts and McCann, 2000; Fukuda, 2004). In broad terms, the primary cell wall of higher plants is mainly c ...
... transdifferentiation, TEs accumulate lignin in their secondary walls and undergo programmed cell death, which results in the removal of all cell contents, leaving behind a “functional corpse” (Roberts and McCann, 2000; Fukuda, 2004). In broad terms, the primary cell wall of higher plants is mainly c ...
A Notch feeling of somite segmentation and beyond
... 1995; Oates and Ho, 2002; Ohtsuka et al., 1999). Thus, Notch receptor functions as a membrane-bound transcription factor that turns on specific gene expression patterns in response to ligand binding and allows one cell to be influenced by its immediate neighbors. Ligand – receptor affinity can be mo ...
... 1995; Oates and Ho, 2002; Ohtsuka et al., 1999). Thus, Notch receptor functions as a membrane-bound transcription factor that turns on specific gene expression patterns in response to ligand binding and allows one cell to be influenced by its immediate neighbors. Ligand – receptor affinity can be mo ...
Light Control of Plasma Membrane Recruitment Using
... 1999). This interaction has already proven useful for applying complex temporal and spatial intracellular inputs to live cells in a variety of species (Levskaya et al., 2009; Shimizu-Sato et al., 2002). In principle, this approach could be used for spatiotemporal control over any cellular process th ...
... 1999). This interaction has already proven useful for applying complex temporal and spatial intracellular inputs to live cells in a variety of species (Levskaya et al., 2009; Shimizu-Sato et al., 2002). In principle, this approach could be used for spatiotemporal control over any cellular process th ...
View PDF - G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics
... many generations until a period of senescence/crisis is reached. After this, a small fraction of cells can escape senescence, principally using recombination-dependent mechanisms. To investigate the pathways that affect entry into and recovery from telomere-driven senescence, we combined a gene dele ...
... many generations until a period of senescence/crisis is reached. After this, a small fraction of cells can escape senescence, principally using recombination-dependent mechanisms. To investigate the pathways that affect entry into and recovery from telomere-driven senescence, we combined a gene dele ...
Nervous Tissue - Essex County College Faculty Web Server
... • Tortora are always sensory neurons & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS ...
... • Tortora are always sensory neurons & Grabowski 9/e 2000 JWS ...
From signal to form: aspects of the cytoskeleton
... plants, because the exocytotic event takes place locally and because the cells are directly accessible for signals, drugs, fixatives, microinjection, and microscopic observation. Well-characterized lipochitooligosaccharides, signal molecules excreted by Rhizobium bacteria, induce root hair growth wh ...
... plants, because the exocytotic event takes place locally and because the cells are directly accessible for signals, drugs, fixatives, microinjection, and microscopic observation. Well-characterized lipochitooligosaccharides, signal molecules excreted by Rhizobium bacteria, induce root hair growth wh ...
PDF
... cells (Avner and Heard, 2001). Although the exact mechanism for X-linked gene silencing is unknown, XCI requires expression of the long non-coding RNA X inactive-specific transcript (Xist) (Brown et al., 1991; Marahrens et al., 1997; Penny et al., 1996). Xist RNA is expressed from and preferentially ...
... cells (Avner and Heard, 2001). Although the exact mechanism for X-linked gene silencing is unknown, XCI requires expression of the long non-coding RNA X inactive-specific transcript (Xist) (Brown et al., 1991; Marahrens et al., 1997; Penny et al., 1996). Xist RNA is expressed from and preferentially ...
Full-Text PDF
... target them to the lysosomal pathway; the degradation of pathogens through the autophagy pathway is known as xenophagy [2]. However, most infectious pathogens have evolved strategies to escape autophagy or even to use some properties of this cellular mechanism to optimize their intracellular life cy ...
... target them to the lysosomal pathway; the degradation of pathogens through the autophagy pathway is known as xenophagy [2]. However, most infectious pathogens have evolved strategies to escape autophagy or even to use some properties of this cellular mechanism to optimize their intracellular life cy ...
Characterization of Pinin, A Novel Protein Associated with the
... and Tsukita, 1985); plectin, the large IF associated protein (Wiche et al., 1991; Wiche et al., 1993); and IFAP 300 (Skalli et al., 1994). Although many of the molecular constituents of the desmosome have now been characterized, key questions remain concerning the molecular organization of the desmo ...
... and Tsukita, 1985); plectin, the large IF associated protein (Wiche et al., 1991; Wiche et al., 1993); and IFAP 300 (Skalli et al., 1994). Although many of the molecular constituents of the desmosome have now been characterized, key questions remain concerning the molecular organization of the desmo ...
Primary and immortalized mouse epicardial cells undergo
... Fig. 1. Transforming growth factor  (TGF) induces epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in epicardial cells. Epicardial explants were incubated with vehicle, 250 pM TGF1 or 250 pM TGF2 for 72 hr before fixation. A: Cells in explants incubated with vehicle are compact and display a rounded, ...
... Fig. 1. Transforming growth factor  (TGF) induces epithelial–mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in epicardial cells. Epicardial explants were incubated with vehicle, 250 pM TGF1 or 250 pM TGF2 for 72 hr before fixation. A: Cells in explants incubated with vehicle are compact and display a rounded, ...
The Cell Membrane
... instructions within chromosomes. The instructions tell how to synthesize the proteins that determine cell structure and function. Chromosomes also contain various proteins that control expression of the genetic information. ...
... instructions within chromosomes. The instructions tell how to synthesize the proteins that determine cell structure and function. Chromosomes also contain various proteins that control expression of the genetic information. ...
Plastid division
... leaf mesophyll cells. Among the several other types of plastids in the plant such as starch-containing amyloplasts and pigmented chromoplasts, plastids may divide to differing degrees depending on the physiological and developmental status of the cell, although the nature of plastid division in thes ...
... leaf mesophyll cells. Among the several other types of plastids in the plant such as starch-containing amyloplasts and pigmented chromoplasts, plastids may divide to differing degrees depending on the physiological and developmental status of the cell, although the nature of plastid division in thes ...
Allergen-Sensitization Increases Mast
... described by other authors [2]. Synaptotagmin II, another protein involved in degranulation, had a less important role in the regulation of serotonin secretion than ß-hexosaminidase secretion [15]. Taken together, these results suggest that secretion of different substances within MCs may be differe ...
... described by other authors [2]. Synaptotagmin II, another protein involved in degranulation, had a less important role in the regulation of serotonin secretion than ß-hexosaminidase secretion [15]. Taken together, these results suggest that secretion of different substances within MCs may be differe ...
Cell-cell communication mediated by the CAR subgroup of
... (brain and testis specific immunoglobulin superfamily). The CAR-related proteins are type I transmembrane proteins containing an N-terminal variable (V-type) and a membrane proximal constant (C2-type) Ig domain in their extracellular region which are implicated in homotypic adhesion. They are highly ...
... (brain and testis specific immunoglobulin superfamily). The CAR-related proteins are type I transmembrane proteins containing an N-terminal variable (V-type) and a membrane proximal constant (C2-type) Ig domain in their extracellular region which are implicated in homotypic adhesion. They are highly ...
as a PDF
... there is a connection between the nuclei and septa is suggested by the fact that spindle pole bodies seem to play an important role in septum positioning. Many proteins found at the spindle pole body seem to affect septation. For instance the spindle pole body protein SnaD affects the timing of mitosi ...
... there is a connection between the nuclei and septa is suggested by the fact that spindle pole bodies seem to play an important role in septum positioning. Many proteins found at the spindle pole body seem to affect septation. For instance the spindle pole body protein SnaD affects the timing of mitosi ...
AMPK regulates ER morphology and function in
... nonstressed -cells, ER morphology was mainly tubular; treatment with palmitate (0.5 mmol/l) or thapsigargin (300 nmol/l) for 6 h induced marked ER expansion (Figure 1). Electron microscopy (EM), super-resolution confocal microscopy and detailed z-stack imaging of sections spanning 1–2 m showed tha ...
... nonstressed -cells, ER morphology was mainly tubular; treatment with palmitate (0.5 mmol/l) or thapsigargin (300 nmol/l) for 6 h induced marked ER expansion (Figure 1). Electron microscopy (EM), super-resolution confocal microscopy and detailed z-stack imaging of sections spanning 1–2 m showed tha ...
Physical and Chemical Basis of Cytoplasmic Streaming
... Twodecades have elapsed since this author wrote a review on cytoplasmic streaming for VolumeI 1 of this series (72). As is the case with other types of cell motility, research on cytoplasmic streaming has madegreat strides during this period--including isolating proteins related to streaming, elucid ...
... Twodecades have elapsed since this author wrote a review on cytoplasmic streaming for VolumeI 1 of this series (72). As is the case with other types of cell motility, research on cytoplasmic streaming has madegreat strides during this period--including isolating proteins related to streaming, elucid ...
E ect of SB 203580 on the activity of c-Raf in vitro and in vivo
... et al., 1995; Goedert et al., 1997). These enzymes, which display 75% amino acid sequence identity, are members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, but other members of this gene family are insensitive to SB 203580. These include SAPK3 (p38g) and SAPK4 (p38d) whose amino acid seque ...
... et al., 1995; Goedert et al., 1997). These enzymes, which display 75% amino acid sequence identity, are members of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family, but other members of this gene family are insensitive to SB 203580. These include SAPK3 (p38g) and SAPK4 (p38d) whose amino acid seque ...
PDF
... imbalance or other reasons, was seen after day 8. A number of females were killed at day 14 to test males for translocation heterozygosity. In the control, 7 out of 1423 implants had an amnion in which at superficial inspection the embryo was absent or dead (i.e. a large mole). For implants from T26 ...
... imbalance or other reasons, was seen after day 8. A number of females were killed at day 14 to test males for translocation heterozygosity. In the control, 7 out of 1423 implants had an amnion in which at superficial inspection the embryo was absent or dead (i.e. a large mole). For implants from T26 ...
Multiple Regulatory Elements Contribute to the Vascular
... of new shoot organs with that of new roots (Nelson and Dengler 1997, Berleth and Sachs 2001, Dengler 2001, Turner and Sieburth 2002, Ye 2002, Berleth and Scarpella 2004, Fukuda 2004). As such, the patterned differentiation of vascular tissues is tightly interconnected with embryo development and pos ...
... of new shoot organs with that of new roots (Nelson and Dengler 1997, Berleth and Sachs 2001, Dengler 2001, Turner and Sieburth 2002, Ye 2002, Berleth and Scarpella 2004, Fukuda 2004). As such, the patterned differentiation of vascular tissues is tightly interconnected with embryo development and pos ...
Multiple Regulatory Elements Contribute to the Vascular
... of new shoot organs with that of new roots (Nelson and Dengler 1997, Berleth and Sachs 2001, Dengler 2001, Turner and Sieburth 2002, Ye 2002, Berleth and Scarpella 2004, Fukuda 2004). As such, the patterned differentiation of vascular tissues is tightly interconnected with embryo development and pos ...
... of new shoot organs with that of new roots (Nelson and Dengler 1997, Berleth and Sachs 2001, Dengler 2001, Turner and Sieburth 2002, Ye 2002, Berleth and Scarpella 2004, Fukuda 2004). As such, the patterned differentiation of vascular tissues is tightly interconnected with embryo development and pos ...
Effect of Colchicine on Human Tissues.
... with an advanced carcinoma of the rectum. Physical findings were negative except for the rectal tumor. Serologic tests for syphilis in blood were positive. He • received a total of 29 mg. of colchicine over a period of seven days. On the tenth day he was obviously "toxic," the leucocyte count had fa ...
... with an advanced carcinoma of the rectum. Physical findings were negative except for the rectal tumor. Serologic tests for syphilis in blood were positive. He • received a total of 29 mg. of colchicine over a period of seven days. On the tenth day he was obviously "toxic," the leucocyte count had fa ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.