Evidence for Multiple Calcium Response
... concentrations (Mix A and Mix B, a total of 13 individual odorants at 100 lM each), the response frequency of cat ORNs (29%) is similar to those found in rat (33%) and human (30%) ORNs. An example of an ORN’s response to odorant stimulation is shown in Figure 2. This cell did not respond to Mix A bu ...
... concentrations (Mix A and Mix B, a total of 13 individual odorants at 100 lM each), the response frequency of cat ORNs (29%) is similar to those found in rat (33%) and human (30%) ORNs. An example of an ORN’s response to odorant stimulation is shown in Figure 2. This cell did not respond to Mix A bu ...
The Role of the Plant Nucleolus in Pre-mRNA Processing
... The nucleus is the defining eukaryotic organelle. It is highly organised, with chromatin regions containing the genomic DNA and inter-chromatin domains containing the machinery for gene expression and regulation processes (Misteli 2005). The nucleus contains many sub-nuclear structures or bodies tha ...
... The nucleus is the defining eukaryotic organelle. It is highly organised, with chromatin regions containing the genomic DNA and inter-chromatin domains containing the machinery for gene expression and regulation processes (Misteli 2005). The nucleus contains many sub-nuclear structures or bodies tha ...
Coordination of Cellular Pattern-Generating Circuits that Control
... Neuronal mechanisms in nervous systems that keep intersegmental phase lags the same at different frequencies are not well understood. We investigated biophysical mechanisms that permit local pattern-generating circuits in neighboring segments to maintain stable phase differences. We use a modified v ...
... Neuronal mechanisms in nervous systems that keep intersegmental phase lags the same at different frequencies are not well understood. We investigated biophysical mechanisms that permit local pattern-generating circuits in neighboring segments to maintain stable phase differences. We use a modified v ...
Bartonella Clarridgeiae: Invasion of Human
... phase of bartonellosis known as Oroya fever, B. bacilliformis invades and lyses red blood cells causing severe haemolytic anemia and a high fever (Chamberlin et al.,2002). In many cases of untreated bartonellosis, more than 50% of the erythrocytes are lysed, and the fatality rate can be as high as 9 ...
... phase of bartonellosis known as Oroya fever, B. bacilliformis invades and lyses red blood cells causing severe haemolytic anemia and a high fever (Chamberlin et al.,2002). In many cases of untreated bartonellosis, more than 50% of the erythrocytes are lysed, and the fatality rate can be as high as 9 ...
The Dual Function of Sugar Carriers: Transport and Sugar
... this difference in the transport mechanism, yeast and C. kessleri transporter genes are homologous, encoding proteins composed of 12 putative membrane-spanning domains. At least three hexose transporters are known to exist in C. kessleri (Table 1). The functional proof that these genes encode hexose ...
... this difference in the transport mechanism, yeast and C. kessleri transporter genes are homologous, encoding proteins composed of 12 putative membrane-spanning domains. At least three hexose transporters are known to exist in C. kessleri (Table 1). The functional proof that these genes encode hexose ...
... 1.1.1 Cell Migration and Actin Cytoskeleton Cell migration is essential for embryo development, inflammation, wound healing, immunity, and tumor cell invasion and metastasis [9,11,12,13,14]. For cells to migrate efficiently, three major steps need to be well organized: protrusion of leading edge, re ...
The Developmental Capacity of Nuclei taken from Intestinal
... also seemed abnormal. It is clear that these eggs could not have cleaved normally; the chromosomes would probably have broken up into pycnotic lumps and have been distributed to abnormal blastomeres. As shown in Table 2, the percentage of fixed eggs with clumped chromosomes was very close to the per ...
... also seemed abnormal. It is clear that these eggs could not have cleaved normally; the chromosomes would probably have broken up into pycnotic lumps and have been distributed to abnormal blastomeres. As shown in Table 2, the percentage of fixed eggs with clumped chromosomes was very close to the per ...
doc
... WP1.1 Characterization of signalling molecules at the cross-road of NF-B and other signalling pathways Molecular mechanisms of IRF and NF-B activation through TANK ULG2 studies the scaffold protein TANK/I-TRAF, which is a TRAF2 and IKK-interacting protein that is required for the TNF-induced and ...
... WP1.1 Characterization of signalling molecules at the cross-road of NF-B and other signalling pathways Molecular mechanisms of IRF and NF-B activation through TANK ULG2 studies the scaffold protein TANK/I-TRAF, which is a TRAF2 and IKK-interacting protein that is required for the TNF-induced and ...
regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion by
... (33). As indicated, some Rho GEFs show activity toward several Rho family GTPases, whereas others have more restricted specificity. For example, p115 Rho GEF seems to be specific for Rho (38), whereas Fgd1 seems to be specific for Cdc42, at least in vitro (40). Vav is able to act on Rho, Rac, and Cd ...
... (33). As indicated, some Rho GEFs show activity toward several Rho family GTPases, whereas others have more restricted specificity. For example, p115 Rho GEF seems to be specific for Rho (38), whereas Fgd1 seems to be specific for Cdc42, at least in vitro (40). Vav is able to act on Rho, Rac, and Cd ...
Mycobacterial hypersensitivity pneumonitis + requires TLR9–MyD88 in lung CD11b + cells
... patient’s sputum and BAL fluid samples. By home environmental sampling, the drain in the patient’s bathroom was found to contain heavy growth of M. avium, which was identical to that in sputum as determined by VNTR analysis (fig. 1d). Based on this constellation of findings, we made a diagnosis of H ...
... patient’s sputum and BAL fluid samples. By home environmental sampling, the drain in the patient’s bathroom was found to contain heavy growth of M. avium, which was identical to that in sputum as determined by VNTR analysis (fig. 1d). Based on this constellation of findings, we made a diagnosis of H ...
the depression of phagocytosis by exogenous cyclic nucleotides
... so far to be effective activators of leukocyte adenyl cyclase (Bourne et al ., 1971 ; Scott, 1970) . The question thus arose as to whether or not the prostaglandin-induced inhibition of phagocytosis depended upon changes in intracellular sAMP levels, or whether there were some other effects peculiar ...
... so far to be effective activators of leukocyte adenyl cyclase (Bourne et al ., 1971 ; Scott, 1970) . The question thus arose as to whether or not the prostaglandin-induced inhibition of phagocytosis depended upon changes in intracellular sAMP levels, or whether there were some other effects peculiar ...
Differential Effects of Rapamycin on Mammalian Target of
... in Refs. 16 and 17). In contrast, our understanding of mTOR function rests almost entirely on studies of rapamycin-treated mammalian cells. This approach to the study of mTOR has been highly informative; however, an important caveat is that in budding yeast, the phenotypic consequences of rapamycin ...
... in Refs. 16 and 17). In contrast, our understanding of mTOR function rests almost entirely on studies of rapamycin-treated mammalian cells. This approach to the study of mTOR has been highly informative; however, an important caveat is that in budding yeast, the phenotypic consequences of rapamycin ...
Role of the Sodium-Dependent Phosphate Cotransporters and
... Inhibitors, activators, and culture conditions. The role of endocytosis in the uptake of uranium by LLC-PK1 cells was assessed using culture conditions and drugs that are well known to alter absorptive endocytosis. Maintaining the cells in culture at 4C is known to be the most effective and noninva ...
... Inhibitors, activators, and culture conditions. The role of endocytosis in the uptake of uranium by LLC-PK1 cells was assessed using culture conditions and drugs that are well known to alter absorptive endocytosis. Maintaining the cells in culture at 4C is known to be the most effective and noninva ...
Increased root hair density by loss of WRKY6 in Arabidopsis
... involved to determine the fate of hair cells (Savage et al., 2013). Rhizodermal cells that are in so called non-hair N-positions have only contact with a single cortex cell and do not develop into hair cells. However, ectopic root hairs that develop in N-positions may also contribute to the higher d ...
... involved to determine the fate of hair cells (Savage et al., 2013). Rhizodermal cells that are in so called non-hair N-positions have only contact with a single cortex cell and do not develop into hair cells. However, ectopic root hairs that develop in N-positions may also contribute to the higher d ...
- Wiley Online Library
... responses mediated by the fungal protein ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX). The movement of FYVE-positive endosomes before and after EIX application was examined using spinning disc confocal microscopy. We found that while FYVE-positive endosomes generally observe a random movement pattern, following ...
... responses mediated by the fungal protein ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX). The movement of FYVE-positive endosomes before and after EIX application was examined using spinning disc confocal microscopy. We found that while FYVE-positive endosomes generally observe a random movement pattern, following ...
Doehrty-McMahon 2009
... understanding and treatment of human disease. We must point out that great care should be taken when attempting to correlate observations that have been made in distinct cell types. Because distinct endocytic pathways will have their own functions, different types of specialized cells will therefore ...
... understanding and treatment of human disease. We must point out that great care should be taken when attempting to correlate observations that have been made in distinct cell types. Because distinct endocytic pathways will have their own functions, different types of specialized cells will therefore ...
Therapeutic approaches to Lysosomal Storage Disorders
... membranes and endosomes via the TGN. In addition endosomes allow for them to be recycled back to plasma membrane or sent to lysosomes. All molecular trafficking is regulated by a specific molecular machinery capable of recognizing and directing the molecules to their final destinations [10]. Lysosom ...
... membranes and endosomes via the TGN. In addition endosomes allow for them to be recycled back to plasma membrane or sent to lysosomes. All molecular trafficking is regulated by a specific molecular machinery capable of recognizing and directing the molecules to their final destinations [10]. Lysosom ...
Millius et al., J. Cell Sci., 2012 - Cardiovascular Research Institute
... Fig. 2. Actin and p40 retrograde flow is similar to WAVE2 retrograde flow. (A) Left panel shows epifluorescence image of an XTC cell expressing a low concentration of EGFP-tagged p40 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex (corresponds to supplementary material Movie 3). Scale bar: 5 mm. Middle panel shows ma ...
... Fig. 2. Actin and p40 retrograde flow is similar to WAVE2 retrograde flow. (A) Left panel shows epifluorescence image of an XTC cell expressing a low concentration of EGFP-tagged p40 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex (corresponds to supplementary material Movie 3). Scale bar: 5 mm. Middle panel shows ma ...
Full Text - Molecular Cancer Research
... Abstract The early development of vertebrate embryos is characterized by rapid cell proliferation necessary to support the embryo's growth. During this period, the embryo must maintain a balance between ongoing cell proliferation and mechanisms that arrest or delay the cell cycle to repair oxidative ...
... Abstract The early development of vertebrate embryos is characterized by rapid cell proliferation necessary to support the embryo's growth. During this period, the embryo must maintain a balance between ongoing cell proliferation and mechanisms that arrest or delay the cell cycle to repair oxidative ...
Differential Subnuclear Localization of RNA Strands of Opposite
... whether the nucleolus-localized DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I was involved in some aspects of replication in addition to the possible nucleolar import of the ( )- and ()-strand RNAs (Bonfiglioli et al., 1996). How the reported subnuclear localization patterns of the ()- and ()-strands of viroid ...
... whether the nucleolus-localized DNA-dependent RNA polymerase I was involved in some aspects of replication in addition to the possible nucleolar import of the ( )- and ()-strand RNAs (Bonfiglioli et al., 1996). How the reported subnuclear localization patterns of the ()- and ()-strands of viroid ...
Toll-like receptor 4–dependent contribution of the immune system to
... Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize molecules derived from pathogens as well as endogenous danger signals possessing similar chemical structures9,10. Upon recognition of their ligands, TLRs transduce signals through two pathways involving distinct adaptors, Toll/IL-1R domain–containing adaptor indu ...
... Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize molecules derived from pathogens as well as endogenous danger signals possessing similar chemical structures9,10. Upon recognition of their ligands, TLRs transduce signals through two pathways involving distinct adaptors, Toll/IL-1R domain–containing adaptor indu ...
T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for
... initial cell – bilayer contact (0 sec, Fig. 1B) and was sustained until the T cells fully spread (30 sec, Fig. 1B). The molecules moved centripetally and eventually became segregated into a canonical bull’s eye pattern with a center TCR island surrounded by CD28 and PD-1, with the latter partially e ...
... initial cell – bilayer contact (0 sec, Fig. 1B) and was sustained until the T cells fully spread (30 sec, Fig. 1B). The molecules moved centripetally and eventually became segregated into a canonical bull’s eye pattern with a center TCR island surrounded by CD28 and PD-1, with the latter partially e ...
TNF-induced endothelial barrier disruption: beyond actin and Rho
... many cell types that is expressed as a type II transmembrane protein mainly by macrophages, dendritic cells and T-cells (3, 4). Upon arrival at the plasma membrane, some of the TNF molecules are shed by the metalloproteinase TNFα-converting enzyme (TACE), also known as a disintegrin and metalloprote ...
... many cell types that is expressed as a type II transmembrane protein mainly by macrophages, dendritic cells and T-cells (3, 4). Upon arrival at the plasma membrane, some of the TNF molecules are shed by the metalloproteinase TNFα-converting enzyme (TACE), also known as a disintegrin and metalloprote ...
Secured cutting: controlling separase at the metaphase to anaphase
... Is cleavage of cohesin sufficient to trigger anaphase? If true, any protease capable of cleaving cohesin should be able to do so. This has been tested in budding yeast. One of the two separase cleavage sites in Scc1 was replaced by the specific recognition sequence of a plant virus protease. Cleavag ...
... Is cleavage of cohesin sufficient to trigger anaphase? If true, any protease capable of cleaving cohesin should be able to do so. This has been tested in budding yeast. One of the two separase cleavage sites in Scc1 was replaced by the specific recognition sequence of a plant virus protease. Cleavag ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.