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... – Each kinesin includes a pair of globular heads (motor domain), connected to a rod-like stalk. – Kinesin is a plus end-directed microtubular ...
... – Each kinesin includes a pair of globular heads (motor domain), connected to a rod-like stalk. – Kinesin is a plus end-directed microtubular ...
spp. Listeria Freeze-Thaw Tolerance of Role of Growth
... and two each of serotype 1/2a and serotype 1/2b) and two strains each of L. welshimeri and L. innocua (Table 1). Six of the serotype 4b strains were confirmed to be ECI, including five (F2365, F2381, G3982, G4011, and G4030) implicated in outbreaks of listeriosis (37) and one isolated from a turkey ...
... and two each of serotype 1/2a and serotype 1/2b) and two strains each of L. welshimeri and L. innocua (Table 1). Six of the serotype 4b strains were confirmed to be ECI, including five (F2365, F2381, G3982, G4011, and G4030) implicated in outbreaks of listeriosis (37) and one isolated from a turkey ...
Distinct Protease Requirements for Antigen Presentation In Vitro and
... destructive processing by this enzyme can occur. In contrast, an aspartyl protease inhibitor suppressed the presentation of OVA, an effect attributed to the blockade of cathepsin E (10). AEP is an unusually specific cysteine protease homologous to the plant vacuole enzyme legumain (11). It cleaves a ...
... destructive processing by this enzyme can occur. In contrast, an aspartyl protease inhibitor suppressed the presentation of OVA, an effect attributed to the blockade of cathepsin E (10). AEP is an unusually specific cysteine protease homologous to the plant vacuole enzyme legumain (11). It cleaves a ...
Pre-operative HBO treatment led to enhanced expression of
... around the nuclei could have important implications. Namely, if GM3 molecules are more intensively expressed, their precursors ceramide and sphingosine would be present in a smaller amount. Therefore, the apoptosis during liver regeneration would be less intense, resulting in more rapid liver regene ...
... around the nuclei could have important implications. Namely, if GM3 molecules are more intensively expressed, their precursors ceramide and sphingosine would be present in a smaller amount. Therefore, the apoptosis during liver regeneration would be less intense, resulting in more rapid liver regene ...
Biochemical characterization of the vanilloid receptor 1 expressed in
... The vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) is a cation channel predominantly expressed by primary sensory neurons involved in nociception. It was initially identified based on its activation by the vanilloid capsaicin [1]. VR1 has also demonstrated to be activated synergistically by noxious heat and acidic pH [ ...
... The vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) is a cation channel predominantly expressed by primary sensory neurons involved in nociception. It was initially identified based on its activation by the vanilloid capsaicin [1]. VR1 has also demonstrated to be activated synergistically by noxious heat and acidic pH [ ...
Tomato: a model species for fruit growth and development studies
... are of special importance both as a fresh vegetable and as a component for the food processing industry. Moreover, tomato fruits contribute more nutrients to the diet than any other fruit or vegetable, as they contain relatively large amounts of lycopene, vitamins C and A, potassium, folic acid and ...
... are of special importance both as a fresh vegetable and as a component for the food processing industry. Moreover, tomato fruits contribute more nutrients to the diet than any other fruit or vegetable, as they contain relatively large amounts of lycopene, vitamins C and A, potassium, folic acid and ...
Yoga and Insulin Resistance:
... Many of the studies mentioned above has methodological issues, small sample size, array of confounding variables. The likelihood of confounding factors increases greatly in dealing with any psychological factors. As a consequence, a more studies are needed in this field to establish the positive eff ...
... Many of the studies mentioned above has methodological issues, small sample size, array of confounding variables. The likelihood of confounding factors increases greatly in dealing with any psychological factors. As a consequence, a more studies are needed in this field to establish the positive eff ...
Endocytosis Via Caveolae
... unusual topology in that the cytosolic N- and C-terminal domains are cytosolic connected by a hydrophobic sequence that is buried in the membrane but does not span the bilayer (23,24). Caveolins are palmitoylated in the C-terminal segment (25), they can be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues (26), t ...
... unusual topology in that the cytosolic N- and C-terminal domains are cytosolic connected by a hydrophobic sequence that is buried in the membrane but does not span the bilayer (23,24). Caveolins are palmitoylated in the C-terminal segment (25), they can be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues (26), t ...
A Role for Neuregulin1 Signaling in Muscle Spindle Differentiation
... et al., 2001; Sweeney et al., 2001), raising the possibility that Nrg1 signaling might be involved in early steps of muscle spindle differentiation. The Nrg1 gene is subject to differential promoter usage and alternative splicing, resulting in the expression of distinct transmembrane and secreted Nr ...
... et al., 2001; Sweeney et al., 2001), raising the possibility that Nrg1 signaling might be involved in early steps of muscle spindle differentiation. The Nrg1 gene is subject to differential promoter usage and alternative splicing, resulting in the expression of distinct transmembrane and secreted Nr ...
Lysosomes in iron metabolism, ageing and apoptosis
... other lysosomes (Brunk and Ericsson 1972a). Lysosomal enzymes are produced in the reticular network, matured in the cis-Golgi apparatus, and transported from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) within tiny vesicles, sometimes called primary lysosomes, although they are not acidic and thus not true lysosom ...
... other lysosomes (Brunk and Ericsson 1972a). Lysosomal enzymes are produced in the reticular network, matured in the cis-Golgi apparatus, and transported from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) within tiny vesicles, sometimes called primary lysosomes, although they are not acidic and thus not true lysosom ...
Involvement of Calcium Ion in the Stimulated Shoot Elongation of
... Anaerobic responses of seed plants at the molecular level have been extensively investigated in studies on root growth of crop plants (Perata and Alpi 1993). In maize roots (Sachs et al. 1996), anaerobic treatment induces specific expression of about 20 genes encoding anaerobic proteins (ANPs) after ...
... Anaerobic responses of seed plants at the molecular level have been extensively investigated in studies on root growth of crop plants (Perata and Alpi 1993). In maize roots (Sachs et al. 1996), anaerobic treatment induces specific expression of about 20 genes encoding anaerobic proteins (ANPs) after ...
A central role for the notochord in vertebral patterning
... 1997). Moreover, a recent lineage analysis in the fish has shown that cells from one half-sclerotome can contribute to two consecutive vertebrae, rather than only to one vertebra as predicted by resegmentation (Morin-Kensicki et al., 2002). This has been termed ‘leaky’ resegmentation, and is consist ...
... 1997). Moreover, a recent lineage analysis in the fish has shown that cells from one half-sclerotome can contribute to two consecutive vertebrae, rather than only to one vertebra as predicted by resegmentation (Morin-Kensicki et al., 2002). This has been termed ‘leaky’ resegmentation, and is consist ...
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... 1992b), and may involve a ventrally oriented invagination movement that helps round the notochord in cross section (Munro and Odell, 2002b). While this intercalation is essential, a considerable degree of tail extension is also driven by cell-shape changes and vacuolization after intercalation is co ...
... 1992b), and may involve a ventrally oriented invagination movement that helps round the notochord in cross section (Munro and Odell, 2002b). While this intercalation is essential, a considerable degree of tail extension is also driven by cell-shape changes and vacuolization after intercalation is co ...
a gene required for dorsoventrality of leaves in
... case of Antirrhinum and maize, this approach has exploited transposon-induced mutations, which provide the basis for gene isolation by transposon tagging (Shepherd, 1988). Subsequent detection of transcripts by in situ hybridisation has ...
... case of Antirrhinum and maize, this approach has exploited transposon-induced mutations, which provide the basis for gene isolation by transposon tagging (Shepherd, 1988). Subsequent detection of transcripts by in situ hybridisation has ...
Promiscuous and specific bacterial symbiont acquisition in the
... Multicellular organisms usually are associated with more than one bacterial species. Ectosymbionts form entire assemblages which are designated as microbiota of the respective host. The microbiota of very ‘simple’ animals like the cnidarians Hydra (Fraune and Bosch 2007; Franzenburg et al. 2013) and ...
... Multicellular organisms usually are associated with more than one bacterial species. Ectosymbionts form entire assemblages which are designated as microbiota of the respective host. The microbiota of very ‘simple’ animals like the cnidarians Hydra (Fraune and Bosch 2007; Franzenburg et al. 2013) and ...
Evolution of the vertebrate skeleton: morphology, embryology, and
... incongruities (reviewed by [6]). Historical continuities of skeletal elements as step-wise morphological changes along a phylogenic lineage are inferable from detailed comparative analyses. However, within these continuities, discontinuities of genetic and developmental bases arise in which morpholo ...
... incongruities (reviewed by [6]). Historical continuities of skeletal elements as step-wise morphological changes along a phylogenic lineage are inferable from detailed comparative analyses. However, within these continuities, discontinuities of genetic and developmental bases arise in which morpholo ...
www.xtremepapers.net
... As part of CIE’s continual commitment to maintaining best practice in assessment, CIE uses different variants of some question papers for our most popular assessments with large and widespread candidature. The question papers are closely related and the relationships between them have been thoroughl ...
... As part of CIE’s continual commitment to maintaining best practice in assessment, CIE uses different variants of some question papers for our most popular assessments with large and widespread candidature. The question papers are closely related and the relationships between them have been thoroughl ...
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTOR ROLE OF
... Shigellosis is an infectious gastrointestinal disease caused by Shigella spp. Approximately 165 million cases of shigellosis occur every year around the world, the vast majority of them in developing countries. High levels of antibiotic resistance, an increase in multidrug-resistant Shigella isolate ...
... Shigellosis is an infectious gastrointestinal disease caused by Shigella spp. Approximately 165 million cases of shigellosis occur every year around the world, the vast majority of them in developing countries. High levels of antibiotic resistance, an increase in multidrug-resistant Shigella isolate ...
LIU-THESIS - eCommons@USASK
... Cold hardy Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) was used as a novel model system to examine the role of the apoplast in intracellular freezing avoidance. Since intracellular freezing avoidance is critical to both sensitive and resistant plants, non-acclimated and cold acclimated onion tiss ...
... Cold hardy Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) was used as a novel model system to examine the role of the apoplast in intracellular freezing avoidance. Since intracellular freezing avoidance is critical to both sensitive and resistant plants, non-acclimated and cold acclimated onion tiss ...
Engineering a mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli for
... terpenoid compounds at high yields in a microbial host by introducing a heterologous, high-flux isoprenoid pathway into E. coli. Although most terpene olefins are active when derivatized, the ability to produce the olefin backbone in large quantities in a genetically and metabolically tractable host ...
... terpenoid compounds at high yields in a microbial host by introducing a heterologous, high-flux isoprenoid pathway into E. coli. Although most terpene olefins are active when derivatized, the ability to produce the olefin backbone in large quantities in a genetically and metabolically tractable host ...
Adherence and uptake of Francisella into host cells
... epithelial cell lines (HEp-2, human bronchial epithelial [HBE], and A549 cells) was similar.23 However, Lo et al. systematically examined uptake and growth of F. novicida in nine different epithelial cell lines using colony counts and immunofluorescent techniques, and found that while all tested cel ...
... epithelial cell lines (HEp-2, human bronchial epithelial [HBE], and A549 cells) was similar.23 However, Lo et al. systematically examined uptake and growth of F. novicida in nine different epithelial cell lines using colony counts and immunofluorescent techniques, and found that while all tested cel ...
Part 3 (Archaea - Updates Book)
... different from bacteria in several important ways: a. Archaea differ in their genetic make-up from other life forms. 1) The DNA of archaea is not closely related to either their fellow prokaryotes, the bacteria, nor the eukaryotes (the category humans fall into); they are in a category all by themse ...
... different from bacteria in several important ways: a. Archaea differ in their genetic make-up from other life forms. 1) The DNA of archaea is not closely related to either their fellow prokaryotes, the bacteria, nor the eukaryotes (the category humans fall into); they are in a category all by themse ...
Daughter-Specific Transcription Factors Regulate Cell Size Control
... obvious in mother cells. In part this is because mother cells are almost always born larger than daughters [3], but it has also been shown that daughters are slower to pass Start than mothers even when both are made equally large (greater than normal mother or daughter size) [19]. This finding sugge ...
... obvious in mother cells. In part this is because mother cells are almost always born larger than daughters [3], but it has also been shown that daughters are slower to pass Start than mothers even when both are made equally large (greater than normal mother or daughter size) [19]. This finding sugge ...
Regulation of Natural Killer and CD4 T cell function by
... Activation of NK cell functions is controlled by the balance between inhibitory and activating signals. As mentioned, engagement of inhibitory receptors on NK cells by self MHC-I molecules allows recognition of normal cells and prevents autoreactivity. Downmodulation of MHC-I may happen in tumors an ...
... Activation of NK cell functions is controlled by the balance between inhibitory and activating signals. As mentioned, engagement of inhibitory receptors on NK cells by self MHC-I molecules allows recognition of normal cells and prevents autoreactivity. Downmodulation of MHC-I may happen in tumors an ...
PKC in limb development
... SUMMARY In developing limbs, numerous signaling molecules have been identified but less is know about the mechanisms by which such signals direct patterning. We have explored signal transduction pathways in the chicken limb bud. A cDNA encoding RACK1, a protein that binds and stabilizes activated pr ...
... SUMMARY In developing limbs, numerous signaling molecules have been identified but less is know about the mechanisms by which such signals direct patterning. We have explored signal transduction pathways in the chicken limb bud. A cDNA encoding RACK1, a protein that binds and stabilizes activated pr ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.