The lysosome as a command-and-control center for cellular
... Multiple lines of evidence have highlighted a close link between lysosomal activities and metabolic regulation at the systemic level. For example, regulation of lysosomal biogenesis and function appears critical for the execution of lipid catabolic programs in the liver (Settembre et al., 2013b). Mo ...
... Multiple lines of evidence have highlighted a close link between lysosomal activities and metabolic regulation at the systemic level. For example, regulation of lysosomal biogenesis and function appears critical for the execution of lipid catabolic programs in the liver (Settembre et al., 2013b). Mo ...
From the regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis to bacterial growth
... Peptidoglycan hydrolases. Simply attaching new mat erial to the sacculus by transpeptidation thickens the sacculus without elongating it, suggesting that peptidoglycan growth requires the cleavage of covalent bonds in the sacculus to allow the newly attached material to insert into the layer withou ...
... Peptidoglycan hydrolases. Simply attaching new mat erial to the sacculus by transpeptidation thickens the sacculus without elongating it, suggesting that peptidoglycan growth requires the cleavage of covalent bonds in the sacculus to allow the newly attached material to insert into the layer withou ...
Serine/Threonine Kinase 3-Phosphoinositide
... 2. Polarization of Signaling To execute persistent migration, cells establish leading and trailing edges in which different signaling pathways stimulate membrane protrusion and retraction, respectively. In most cases, cell orientation is determined by external gradients of soluble and/or adhesive fa ...
... 2. Polarization of Signaling To execute persistent migration, cells establish leading and trailing edges in which different signaling pathways stimulate membrane protrusion and retraction, respectively. In most cases, cell orientation is determined by external gradients of soluble and/or adhesive fa ...
In Vitro Reconstitution of SCF Substrate Ubiquitination with Purified
... SCF consists of Skp1, Cul1, a variable F-box protein that confers substrate specificity, and the RING-H2 subunit known alternatively as Hrt1, Rbx1, or Roc1 (for a review, see Petroski and Deshaies, 2005). SCF has been implicated in many aspects of cellular and organismal homeostasis, including cell ...
... SCF consists of Skp1, Cul1, a variable F-box protein that confers substrate specificity, and the RING-H2 subunit known alternatively as Hrt1, Rbx1, or Roc1 (for a review, see Petroski and Deshaies, 2005). SCF has been implicated in many aspects of cellular and organismal homeostasis, including cell ...
The lysosome as a command-and-control center for cellular
... Multiple lines of evidence have highlighted a close link between lysosomal activities and metabolic regulation at the systemic level. For example, regulation of lysosomal biogenesis and function appears critical for the execution of lipid catabolic programs in the liver (Settembre et al., 2013b). Mo ...
... Multiple lines of evidence have highlighted a close link between lysosomal activities and metabolic regulation at the systemic level. For example, regulation of lysosomal biogenesis and function appears critical for the execution of lipid catabolic programs in the liver (Settembre et al., 2013b). Mo ...
Biofilm formation by staphylococci and streptococci: structural
... et al., 2000; Otto, 2013). Initially the bacteria must adhere to a surface or host tissue (primary attachment phase) before they proliferate to form multicellular aggregates (accumulation phase). During the maturation stage, channels and mushroom-shaped structures are created to allow nutrients to p ...
... et al., 2000; Otto, 2013). Initially the bacteria must adhere to a surface or host tissue (primary attachment phase) before they proliferate to form multicellular aggregates (accumulation phase). During the maturation stage, channels and mushroom-shaped structures are created to allow nutrients to p ...
Cell Functions Phospholipid-Binding Motif that Regulates T Subunit
... In addition to its PRS and ITAM, the CD3 subunit also contains a basic-rich stretch (BRS) of amino acids within the juxtamembrane portion of its cytoplasmic tail (Fig. 1A) (9). Although all three subdomains can interact with proteins, the BRS has uniquely been found to bind acidic phospholipids (1 ...
... In addition to its PRS and ITAM, the CD3 subunit also contains a basic-rich stretch (BRS) of amino acids within the juxtamembrane portion of its cytoplasmic tail (Fig. 1A) (9). Although all three subdomains can interact with proteins, the BRS has uniquely been found to bind acidic phospholipids (1 ...
Biofilm formation by staphylococci and streptococci
... et al., 2000; Otto, 2013). Initially the bacteria must adhere to a surface or host tissue (primary attachment phase) before they proliferate to form multicellular aggregates (accumulation phase). During the maturation stage, channels and mushroom-shaped structures are created to allow nutrients to p ...
... et al., 2000; Otto, 2013). Initially the bacteria must adhere to a surface or host tissue (primary attachment phase) before they proliferate to form multicellular aggregates (accumulation phase). During the maturation stage, channels and mushroom-shaped structures are created to allow nutrients to p ...
O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitors: current tools and
... Biochemical Society Transactions (2016) Volume 44, part 1 ...
... Biochemical Society Transactions (2016) Volume 44, part 1 ...
Crosstalk in NF-κB signaling pathways
... of IRF3 (ref. 28). The relative contribution to this process of TRAFs and other E3 ligases needs further investigation under physiological conditions. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the requirement for TRAF3 in interferon production likewise depends on its E3 ligase activity. As it would se ...
... of IRF3 (ref. 28). The relative contribution to this process of TRAFs and other E3 ligases needs further investigation under physiological conditions. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the requirement for TRAF3 in interferon production likewise depends on its E3 ligase activity. As it would se ...
AHEART December 46/6 - AJP
... Drugs. The agents used in this study were -endorphin 1–31, Leu5-enkephalin, Met5-enkephalin, Met5-enkephalinArg6-Phe7, morphine sulfate (morphine), naloxone, naltrindole, and (⫺)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA). Opioid peptides were obtained from Peninsula Laboratories (Belmont, CA). All ot ...
... Drugs. The agents used in this study were -endorphin 1–31, Leu5-enkephalin, Met5-enkephalin, Met5-enkephalinArg6-Phe7, morphine sulfate (morphine), naloxone, naltrindole, and (⫺)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA). Opioid peptides were obtained from Peninsula Laboratories (Belmont, CA). All ot ...
Innexin7a forms junctions that stabilize the basal
... lateral view). However, these enrichments are incomparable to the obvious actin rings in Drosophila (supplementary material Fig. S1F) and closely reflect the pattern observed with the membrane marker GAP43-YFP (Fig. 2P). This suggests that these actin enrichments represent normal levels of cortical ...
... lateral view). However, these enrichments are incomparable to the obvious actin rings in Drosophila (supplementary material Fig. S1F) and closely reflect the pattern observed with the membrane marker GAP43-YFP (Fig. 2P). This suggests that these actin enrichments represent normal levels of cortical ...
Chromatin Dynamics during Lytic Infection with Herpes Simplex
... regularly chromatinized, whereas the majority would not be associated with any histones (Figure 1b). The former would be protected to nucleosome sizes and co-immunoprecipitated with histones; the latter, randomly cleaved and not co-immunoprecipitated. This model is compatible with the proposed chrom ...
... regularly chromatinized, whereas the majority would not be associated with any histones (Figure 1b). The former would be protected to nucleosome sizes and co-immunoprecipitated with histones; the latter, randomly cleaved and not co-immunoprecipitated. This model is compatible with the proposed chrom ...
Osteoblasts and Wnt Signaling
... deficiency was much smaller compared to mice possessing a normal Lrp5 gene. This lower bone gain was also observed in mice lacking just one Lrp5 wild-type allele. The authors concluded from their study that Sost targets Lrp5-dependent and -independent pathways to control bone formation in vivo. Furt ...
... deficiency was much smaller compared to mice possessing a normal Lrp5 gene. This lower bone gain was also observed in mice lacking just one Lrp5 wild-type allele. The authors concluded from their study that Sost targets Lrp5-dependent and -independent pathways to control bone formation in vivo. Furt ...
Glycosylation and Sorting of Secretory Proteins in the Endoplasmic
... delivered to the next compartment, the Golgi complex. In the Golgi, further modifications occur: the glycan side chains are extended, and proteins synthesized as precursors are processed. Finally, proteins are sorted in the transGolgi network (TGN), and then transported to their final destinations, ...
... delivered to the next compartment, the Golgi complex. In the Golgi, further modifications occur: the glycan side chains are extended, and proteins synthesized as precursors are processed. Finally, proteins are sorted in the transGolgi network (TGN), and then transported to their final destinations, ...
Staphylococcus aureus Complement-Independent Phagocytosis of
... epithelial cells (21). Recent studies have demonstrated that the binding of these three glycopolymers to host PRRs activates the innate immune system and induces the release of inflammatory molecules (22). However, because of the challenges involved in purifying components of the bacterial cell wall ...
... epithelial cells (21). Recent studies have demonstrated that the binding of these three glycopolymers to host PRRs activates the innate immune system and induces the release of inflammatory molecules (22). However, because of the challenges involved in purifying components of the bacterial cell wall ...
Flow Cell Design for Effective Biosensing
... The concentration ratio maps in Figure 4(A,B) show that, qualitatively, the flow pattern evolves in a very similar manner with time. The variation in mean analyte concentration ratio with time (Figure 4(C)) shows that there is good quantitative agreement between the experimental and computational mo ...
... The concentration ratio maps in Figure 4(A,B) show that, qualitatively, the flow pattern evolves in a very similar manner with time. The variation in mean analyte concentration ratio with time (Figure 4(C)) shows that there is good quantitative agreement between the experimental and computational mo ...
Root Hairs. Plant Cell Monographs.
... A legume rhicadhesin receptor had been postulated based on its ability to suppress rhicadhesin activity (Swart et al. 1994). A cell wall component from pea roots was purified and found to be glycosylated. It was estimated to be about 32 kDa when glycosylated and has an isoelectric point of about 6.4 ...
... A legume rhicadhesin receptor had been postulated based on its ability to suppress rhicadhesin activity (Swart et al. 1994). A cell wall component from pea roots was purified and found to be glycosylated. It was estimated to be about 32 kDa when glycosylated and has an isoelectric point of about 6.4 ...
Dev Biol 364(2), 138-48. PDF
... many structural and regulatory components that are commonly found and function in many epithelial tissues. However, the mechanism of TE formation is currently not well understood. Prickle1 (Pk1), a core component of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, is essential for epiblast polarization befor ...
... many structural and regulatory components that are commonly found and function in many epithelial tissues. However, the mechanism of TE formation is currently not well understood. Prickle1 (Pk1), a core component of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, is essential for epiblast polarization befor ...
Contents - Naturalis repository
... sections of the central part of the lamina and both distal and basal end of the and of free hand ...
... sections of the central part of the lamina and both distal and basal end of the and of free hand ...
The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling
... well with activin receptors in the absence or presence of Cripto, similar to our previous observations with Nodal (Fig. 2A) (Chen and Shen, 2004). However, the interaction of mature Gdf3 ligand with activin receptors was greatly enhanced in the presence of Cripto, similar to previous observations of ...
... well with activin receptors in the absence or presence of Cripto, similar to our previous observations with Nodal (Fig. 2A) (Chen and Shen, 2004). However, the interaction of mature Gdf3 ligand with activin receptors was greatly enhanced in the presence of Cripto, similar to previous observations of ...
Identification of Plasmodium falciparum var1CSA
... erythrocytes also bind IgM natural antibodies from normal human serum, a process that may facilitate placental adhesion or promote immune evasion. The parasite ligands that mediate placental adhesion are thought to be members of the variant erythrocyte surface antigen family P. falciparum erythrocyt ...
... erythrocytes also bind IgM natural antibodies from normal human serum, a process that may facilitate placental adhesion or promote immune evasion. The parasite ligands that mediate placental adhesion are thought to be members of the variant erythrocyte surface antigen family P. falciparum erythrocyt ...
The P2Y12 receptor regulates microglial activation by extracellular
... 4–7) mice. Over a 24-h time-course, we observed trauma-induced activation of microglia as typically characterized by their transformation from a highly ramified to amoeboid morphology3. Notably, P2Y12 expression showed a dramatic and continuous decrease, such that by 24 h, expression was barely obse ...
... 4–7) mice. Over a 24-h time-course, we observed trauma-induced activation of microglia as typically characterized by their transformation from a highly ramified to amoeboid morphology3. Notably, P2Y12 expression showed a dramatic and continuous decrease, such that by 24 h, expression was barely obse ...
Bacterial Growth and Cell Division: a Mycobacterial Perspective
... factor), sulfolipids specific to M. tuberculosis, and the phosphatidylinositol mannosides. In slow-growing, pathogenic mycobacteria, such as M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, the LAMs are capped at the terminal -Ara residue with mannose residues and are referred to as ManLAMs (68, 69, 301, 324), where ...
... factor), sulfolipids specific to M. tuberculosis, and the phosphatidylinositol mannosides. In slow-growing, pathogenic mycobacteria, such as M. tuberculosis and M. leprae, the LAMs are capped at the terminal -Ara residue with mannose residues and are referred to as ManLAMs (68, 69, 301, 324), where ...
Robust mechanisms of ventral furrow invagination require the
... that it is only by comparing modelling with experiment that such biomechanical processes can be properly deciphered. In this, we have been inspired by previous pioneering works in the field (Odell et al 1981, Clausi and Brodland 1993, Brodland and Clausi 1994, Davidson et al 1995, Taber 2008). We ha ...
... that it is only by comparing modelling with experiment that such biomechanical processes can be properly deciphered. In this, we have been inspired by previous pioneering works in the field (Odell et al 1981, Clausi and Brodland 1993, Brodland and Clausi 1994, Davidson et al 1995, Taber 2008). We ha ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.