- ORCA - Cardiff University
... Whether or not receptors other than TrkA act as dependence receptors in the CNS is an important open question, particularly because TrkB, which is expressed highly by most CNS neurons, does not act as a dependence receptor (Nikoletopoulou et al., 2010). In retrospect, the structural similarities bet ...
... Whether or not receptors other than TrkA act as dependence receptors in the CNS is an important open question, particularly because TrkB, which is expressed highly by most CNS neurons, does not act as a dependence receptor (Nikoletopoulou et al., 2010). In retrospect, the structural similarities bet ...
Mutations in the Arabidopsis RPK1 gene uncouple cotyledon
... The determination of organ number is specifically controlled in all organisms. Plant seedlings, for example, may have either one or two cotyledons, depending on the species. The determination of cotyledon number is a critical process during embryogenesis. Its importance is reflected in modern taxono ...
... The determination of organ number is specifically controlled in all organisms. Plant seedlings, for example, may have either one or two cotyledons, depending on the species. The determination of cotyledon number is a critical process during embryogenesis. Its importance is reflected in modern taxono ...
Job Sharing in the Endomembrane System: Vacuolar
... cells and upon overexpression also in other cell types (Langhans et al., 2001; Paez-Valencia et al., 2011; Pizzio et al., 2015). The mechanistic base of the beneficial traits achieved by overexpression of AVP1 is thus unclear, and it remains to be determined if and to what extent increased vacuolar s ...
... cells and upon overexpression also in other cell types (Langhans et al., 2001; Paez-Valencia et al., 2011; Pizzio et al., 2015). The mechanistic base of the beneficial traits achieved by overexpression of AVP1 is thus unclear, and it remains to be determined if and to what extent increased vacuolar s ...
Lysosomal Function and Dysfunction
... With the exception of erythrocytes, lysosomes are found in all eukaryotic cell types. However, not all lysosomes are alike and some have acquired specific functions in given cell types, such as melanosomes and lytic granules, which are modified lysosomes also known as lysosome-related organelles (38 ...
... With the exception of erythrocytes, lysosomes are found in all eukaryotic cell types. However, not all lysosomes are alike and some have acquired specific functions in given cell types, such as melanosomes and lytic granules, which are modified lysosomes also known as lysosome-related organelles (38 ...
The Assimilation of Amino-acids by Bacteria
... (Gale & Mitchell, 1947). The protein synthesis takes place only in growing cells and can be eliminated by working with well-washed suspensions of cells. The remaining metabolism (transfer of glutamic acid to the metabolic pool), which takes place in resting and growing cells, can be inhibited by sui ...
... (Gale & Mitchell, 1947). The protein synthesis takes place only in growing cells and can be eliminated by working with well-washed suspensions of cells. The remaining metabolism (transfer of glutamic acid to the metabolic pool), which takes place in resting and growing cells, can be inhibited by sui ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell Plate Formation in
... microscope techniques (Baskin and Cande, 1990; Zhang et al., 1990; Asada et al., 1991; Schopfer and Hepler, 1991; Assaad, 2001; Molchan et al., 2002) led to the following consensus model of plant cytokinesis: cytokinesis starts in late anaphase with the formation of the phragmoplast from anaphase sp ...
... microscope techniques (Baskin and Cande, 1990; Zhang et al., 1990; Asada et al., 1991; Schopfer and Hepler, 1991; Assaad, 2001; Molchan et al., 2002) led to the following consensus model of plant cytokinesis: cytokinesis starts in late anaphase with the formation of the phragmoplast from anaphase sp ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell
... microscope techniques (Baskin and Cande, 1990; Zhang et al., 1990; Asada et al., 1991; Schopfer and Hepler, 1991; Assaad, 2001; Molchan et al., 2002) led to the following consensus model of plant cytokinesis: cytokinesis starts in late anaphase with the formation of the phragmoplast from anaphase sp ...
... microscope techniques (Baskin and Cande, 1990; Zhang et al., 1990; Asada et al., 1991; Schopfer and Hepler, 1991; Assaad, 2001; Molchan et al., 2002) led to the following consensus model of plant cytokinesis: cytokinesis starts in late anaphase with the formation of the phragmoplast from anaphase sp ...
Chemotaxis Movement and Attachment of Agrobacterium
... Phalaenopsis orchid is one of the most important orchids grown for commercial production because of its beautiful flower shape, graceful inflorescence and fragrance. Among orchid lovers, P. violacea has the reputation of an almost mystic species and a very expensive rarity. Genetic engineering prese ...
... Phalaenopsis orchid is one of the most important orchids grown for commercial production because of its beautiful flower shape, graceful inflorescence and fragrance. Among orchid lovers, P. violacea has the reputation of an almost mystic species and a very expensive rarity. Genetic engineering prese ...
Spatial Relationship between Transcription Sites and Chromosome
... The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 147, Number 1, October 4, 1999 13–24 ...
... The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 147, Number 1, October 4, 1999 13–24 ...
Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier Transporters: Relevance to
... a 300-fold higher permeability than that of D-mannitol (Puchowicz et al., 2004; Hosoya & Tachikawa, 2009). These pieces of evidence strongly suggest that the inner BRB is a selective barrier for the retina. In order to maintain the tightly sealed monolayer, it is important for the retinal endothelia ...
... a 300-fold higher permeability than that of D-mannitol (Puchowicz et al., 2004; Hosoya & Tachikawa, 2009). These pieces of evidence strongly suggest that the inner BRB is a selective barrier for the retina. In order to maintain the tightly sealed monolayer, it is important for the retinal endothelia ...
The humoral pattern recognition receptor PTX3 is stored in
... recognition of apoptotic cells versus infectious nonself (22). In addition, there is evidence for a regulatory role of PTX3 in noninfectious inflammatory reactions (Latini, R., personal communication) (23). Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is a conserved constituent of the outer membrane of Enterobac ...
... recognition of apoptotic cells versus infectious nonself (22). In addition, there is evidence for a regulatory role of PTX3 in noninfectious inflammatory reactions (Latini, R., personal communication) (23). Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is a conserved constituent of the outer membrane of Enterobac ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell Plate Formation in
... microscope techniques (Baskin and Cande, 1990; Zhang et al., 1990; Asada et al., 1991; Schopfer and Hepler, 1991; Assaad, 2001; Molchan et al., 2002) led to the following consensus model of plant cytokinesis: cytokinesis starts in late anaphase with the formation of the phragmoplast from anaphase sp ...
... microscope techniques (Baskin and Cande, 1990; Zhang et al., 1990; Asada et al., 1991; Schopfer and Hepler, 1991; Assaad, 2001; Molchan et al., 2002) led to the following consensus model of plant cytokinesis: cytokinesis starts in late anaphase with the formation of the phragmoplast from anaphase sp ...
Metapopulation persistence of insects living in hollow oaks:
... dynamics, with colonisations and local extinctions among individual trees as they grow old, develop hollows and eventually die (Ranius 2002b). The concept of metapopulations was introduced by Levins (1969) to describe the spatial dynamics of species living in heterogeneous environments. To be of gre ...
... dynamics, with colonisations and local extinctions among individual trees as they grow old, develop hollows and eventually die (Ranius 2002b). The concept of metapopulations was introduced by Levins (1969) to describe the spatial dynamics of species living in heterogeneous environments. To be of gre ...
Simvastatin Reduces MMP1 Expression in Human Smooth Muscle
... critical factor for the clinical sequelae associated with cardiovascular disease, such as myocardial infarction and stroke.1,2 Therefore, a pharmacological intervention aimed at inhibiting extracellular matrix degradation may have beneficial effects on the development of atherosclerotic plaques and ...
... critical factor for the clinical sequelae associated with cardiovascular disease, such as myocardial infarction and stroke.1,2 Therefore, a pharmacological intervention aimed at inhibiting extracellular matrix degradation may have beneficial effects on the development of atherosclerotic plaques and ...
ATP as a Signaling Molecule: the Exocrine Focus
... formation of a large lytic pore. For this reason, this earlierdenoted P2Z receptor that was originally detected in immunoreactive cells (e.g., mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes) was known as an ATP-permeabilizing or a killer receptor. It is not settled under which conditions this channel-topore f ...
... formation of a large lytic pore. For this reason, this earlierdenoted P2Z receptor that was originally detected in immunoreactive cells (e.g., mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes) was known as an ATP-permeabilizing or a killer receptor. It is not settled under which conditions this channel-topore f ...
The variability of autophagy and cell death susceptibility
... randomly during nonselective (bulk cytoplasm) autophagy; however, specific organelles can be surrounded with the help of recognition proteins such as SQSTM1/p62 during selective autophagy.4 Subsequent docking and fusion with lysosomes occurs with the formation of an autolysosome, a process first pro ...
... randomly during nonselective (bulk cytoplasm) autophagy; however, specific organelles can be surrounded with the help of recognition proteins such as SQSTM1/p62 during selective autophagy.4 Subsequent docking and fusion with lysosomes occurs with the formation of an autolysosome, a process first pro ...
The Lymphoid System - Napa Valley College
... • Memory T cells (become activated if the same antigen appears in the body at a later date) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Memory T cells (become activated if the same antigen appears in the body at a later date) © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Heterotrimeric G proteins in C. elegans
... heterotrimer. The remaining Gβ subunit, GPB-2, is thought to regulate the function of certain RGS proteins, while the remaining Gγ subunit, GPC-1, has a restricted role in chemosensation. The functional difference for most G protein pathways in C. elegans, therefore, resides in the α subunit. Many c ...
... heterotrimer. The remaining Gβ subunit, GPB-2, is thought to regulate the function of certain RGS proteins, while the remaining Gγ subunit, GPC-1, has a restricted role in chemosensation. The functional difference for most G protein pathways in C. elegans, therefore, resides in the α subunit. Many c ...
Influence of Bacillus subtilis Cell Walls and EDTA on Calcite
... laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that the presence of certain bacteria influences the rate of mineral dissolution (1-4), but the dissolution mechanisms in aqueous solutions remain poorly characterized, even in abiotic systems. Bacteria are a common component in weathering environments. ...
... laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that the presence of certain bacteria influences the rate of mineral dissolution (1-4), but the dissolution mechanisms in aqueous solutions remain poorly characterized, even in abiotic systems. Bacteria are a common component in weathering environments. ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... leads to their direct conversion to neurons. We have defined the kinetics of neuron-specific BAF complex assembly in the formation of induced neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells, human fibroblasts, and normal mouse neural differentiation and, using proteomic analysis, found that this switch also ...
... leads to their direct conversion to neurons. We have defined the kinetics of neuron-specific BAF complex assembly in the formation of induced neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells, human fibroblasts, and normal mouse neural differentiation and, using proteomic analysis, found that this switch also ...
Monolignol glucosides as intermediate compounds in
... synthesis of coniferin and a slow turnover of this compound (Marcinowski and Grisebach 1977). The concentration of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) is highest at the beginning of May, before the most active lignifying season, June and July, and there ...
... synthesis of coniferin and a slow turnover of this compound (Marcinowski and Grisebach 1977). The concentration of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) is highest at the beginning of May, before the most active lignifying season, June and July, and there ...
Condensin II Promotes the Formation of Chromosome Territories by
... and to disperse heterologous centromeres We next sought to determine if nurse cell CTs were consistent with the Rabl configuration in which the centromeric regions of all chromosomes cluster together near the nuclear periphery and the telomeres cluster near the opposite pole. We performed FISH using ...
... and to disperse heterologous centromeres We next sought to determine if nurse cell CTs were consistent with the Rabl configuration in which the centromeric regions of all chromosomes cluster together near the nuclear periphery and the telomeres cluster near the opposite pole. We performed FISH using ...
Space to grow: interplay between growth and patterning in plant
... maxima. The second feedback loop consists in PIN1 reorientation in the presence of CUC2 and subsequent CUC2 inhibition by auxin. As a result, auxin maxima are spatially stabilized. As in leaf margin protrusions, petal initiation in intersepal zones requires auxin accumulation from two sources [8]•• ...
... maxima. The second feedback loop consists in PIN1 reorientation in the presence of CUC2 and subsequent CUC2 inhibition by auxin. As a result, auxin maxima are spatially stabilized. As in leaf margin protrusions, petal initiation in intersepal zones requires auxin accumulation from two sources [8]•• ...
Near-UV-induced absorbance change and
... (Rosenstein & Ducore, 1983) and generation of activated oxygen species by photosensitizers (Piette et af., 1986) is directly induced by UV radiation and causes serious damage in all organisms. However, near-UV radiation results in little direct DNA damage, such as formation of pyrimidine dimers (Tyr ...
... (Rosenstein & Ducore, 1983) and generation of activated oxygen species by photosensitizers (Piette et af., 1986) is directly induced by UV radiation and causes serious damage in all organisms. However, near-UV radiation results in little direct DNA damage, such as formation of pyrimidine dimers (Tyr ...
PDF
... The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), although not arranged to form the typical transverse tubule system (the triad) with the extracellular membrane, is present at several locations and, similar to vertebrate striated muscle, might serve as calcium storage (Kier, 1985). At the fiber border the SR forms t ...
... The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), although not arranged to form the typical transverse tubule system (the triad) with the extracellular membrane, is present at several locations and, similar to vertebrate striated muscle, might serve as calcium storage (Kier, 1985). At the fiber border the SR forms t ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.