Cells Double-Stranded RNA in Myeloid Dendritic DHX9 Pairs with
... conserved in the cis-acting transactivation response element (TAR)-binding protein and PKR, a dsRNA sensor. DHX9, TARbinding protein, and PKR are all involved in the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression through their binding to TAR RNA (17). Further investigation indicated that DHX9 interacts with PK ...
... conserved in the cis-acting transactivation response element (TAR)-binding protein and PKR, a dsRNA sensor. DHX9, TARbinding protein, and PKR are all involved in the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression through their binding to TAR RNA (17). Further investigation indicated that DHX9 interacts with PK ...
PLANT IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION SYSTEMS
... of these nonspecific contaminants, several assay methods have been tested. In vitro reactions are generally carried out using linear DNA templates, and transcription is allowed to proceed up to the end of the fragment. Specific initiation sites can be calculated from the size of a transcript(s) usin ...
... of these nonspecific contaminants, several assay methods have been tested. In vitro reactions are generally carried out using linear DNA templates, and transcription is allowed to proceed up to the end of the fragment. Specific initiation sites can be calculated from the size of a transcript(s) usin ...
Control of alternative splicing in immune responses: many
... couples antigen recognition with intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, the level of CD3f expression determines the ability of a T cell to be activated. Strikingly, AS of exon 8 of CD3f is a primary control point of CD3f expression (10– 12). The 3′ UTR of the CD3f gene contains several AREs (AU-ric ...
... couples antigen recognition with intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, the level of CD3f expression determines the ability of a T cell to be activated. Strikingly, AS of exon 8 of CD3f is a primary control point of CD3f expression (10– 12). The 3′ UTR of the CD3f gene contains several AREs (AU-ric ...
Isolation, engineering, and characterization of intracellular
... antibodies combined with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate novel single-chain antibody (scFv) clones against huntingtin from a non-immune human antibody library; these scFv’s did not inhibit htt aggregation. Engineering analysis, including the derivation of equations that describ ...
... antibodies combined with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate novel single-chain antibody (scFv) clones against huntingtin from a non-immune human antibody library; these scFv’s did not inhibit htt aggregation. Engineering analysis, including the derivation of equations that describ ...
1 PLASTID OSMOTIC STRESS INFLUENCES CELL
... appropriate cell identity within leaf primordia, the small, undifferentiated plastids, called proplastids, ...
... appropriate cell identity within leaf primordia, the small, undifferentiated plastids, called proplastids, ...
Receptor-mediated sorting of soluble vacuolar proteins: myths, facts
... mechanisms, which ensures that hydrolytic enzymes are not released to the cell exterior. This is true for all eukaryotic cells, and involves the participation of transmembrane receptors which recognize and bind the acid hydrolases, thereby diverting them from the bulk flow of secretory proteins to t ...
... mechanisms, which ensures that hydrolytic enzymes are not released to the cell exterior. This is true for all eukaryotic cells, and involves the participation of transmembrane receptors which recognize and bind the acid hydrolases, thereby diverting them from the bulk flow of secretory proteins to t ...
Cultivation of Trypanosoma brucei sspp. in
... The procedure used was essentially that described by Chen (1967). Activated charcoal was washed in 1 N-HC1 followed by distilled water and was then air dried. 10 g albumin were dissolved in 100 ml distilled water and 5 g charcoal were mixed into the solution which was then cooled to 0 "C and brought ...
... The procedure used was essentially that described by Chen (1967). Activated charcoal was washed in 1 N-HC1 followed by distilled water and was then air dried. 10 g albumin were dissolved in 100 ml distilled water and 5 g charcoal were mixed into the solution which was then cooled to 0 "C and brought ...
Understanding complex host-microbe interactions in hydra
... for more than 20 y under controlled conditions revealed an epithelium colonized by a complex community of microbes, and that individuals from different species differed greatly in their microbiota.25 Even more astonishing was the finding that individuals living in the wild were colonized by a group ...
... for more than 20 y under controlled conditions revealed an epithelium colonized by a complex community of microbes, and that individuals from different species differed greatly in their microbiota.25 Even more astonishing was the finding that individuals living in the wild were colonized by a group ...
Seed-coat Dormancy in Grevillea linearifolia
... tested for in G. linearifolia by investigating the permeability of the seed coat to diffusion of high-molecularweight compounds, and whether this changed after exposure to fire cues. † Methods Germination response of the seeds to heat shock, smoke or heat þ smoke was tested. Penetration of Lucifer Y ...
... tested for in G. linearifolia by investigating the permeability of the seed coat to diffusion of high-molecularweight compounds, and whether this changed after exposure to fire cues. † Methods Germination response of the seeds to heat shock, smoke or heat þ smoke was tested. Penetration of Lucifer Y ...
CDK5 is a major regulator of the tumor suppressor DLC1
... Using in silico analysis of the CDK5 consensus sequence, (S/T) PX(K/H/R), we identified four serines in DLC1 as candidates for phosphorylation by CDK5: S120, S205, S422, and S509 (Fig. 2 A). Experimentally, phosphorylation of some serines in DLC1 was found to depend on CDK5, as determined by the red ...
... Using in silico analysis of the CDK5 consensus sequence, (S/T) PX(K/H/R), we identified four serines in DLC1 as candidates for phosphorylation by CDK5: S120, S205, S422, and S509 (Fig. 2 A). Experimentally, phosphorylation of some serines in DLC1 was found to depend on CDK5, as determined by the red ...
The PadR-like transcriptional regulator LftR ensures efficient
... Portnoy, 1989; Dabiri et al., 1990; Lambrechts et al., 2008). The same mechanism allows generation of membranous protrusions at the surface of the infected host cell, which are internalized by neighboring cells and finally mediates listerial spread from cell to cell (Tilney and Portnoy, 1989; Ireton ...
... Portnoy, 1989; Dabiri et al., 1990; Lambrechts et al., 2008). The same mechanism allows generation of membranous protrusions at the surface of the infected host cell, which are internalized by neighboring cells and finally mediates listerial spread from cell to cell (Tilney and Portnoy, 1989; Ireton ...
The Glial Cell–Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling Pathway
... sure et al., 1999; Rosenblad et al., 2000). The three-dimensional structure of GDNF has been determined at high resolution (Eigenbrot and Gerber, 1997). This structural information has made it possible to identify the surface residues in GDNF that are responsible for mediating interactions with GFR ...
... sure et al., 1999; Rosenblad et al., 2000). The three-dimensional structure of GDNF has been determined at high resolution (Eigenbrot and Gerber, 1997). This structural information has made it possible to identify the surface residues in GDNF that are responsible for mediating interactions with GFR ...
TAL1occupancy_WuRevised_v16 - bx.psu.edu
... the six cell types revealed the dynamics of TAL1 occupancy during differentiation (Fig. 2A). Very few TAL1 OSs were bound in all six cell types; this was estimated as 191 (1% of the total) based on the original peak calls (Fig. 1B) or as 159 using the clustering analysis (cluster 15 in Fig. 2A). Mos ...
... the six cell types revealed the dynamics of TAL1 occupancy during differentiation (Fig. 2A). Very few TAL1 OSs were bound in all six cell types; this was estimated as 191 (1% of the total) based on the original peak calls (Fig. 1B) or as 159 using the clustering analysis (cluster 15 in Fig. 2A). Mos ...
FluoProbes Luciferin substrates
... 1- Dissolve 1 mM luciferin or luciferin salt, 3 mM ATP, Triton-X 100 (1%), 25 mM glycylglycine, PH 7.8, 15 mM MgSO4 , 4 mm EGTA and 1 mM DTT in fresh desionized ATP free water Note: The Luciferin concentration can be checked by absorbance measurement at 385nm in 0.5 M carbonate buffer, pH 11.5. Mola ...
... 1- Dissolve 1 mM luciferin or luciferin salt, 3 mM ATP, Triton-X 100 (1%), 25 mM glycylglycine, PH 7.8, 15 mM MgSO4 , 4 mm EGTA and 1 mM DTT in fresh desionized ATP free water Note: The Luciferin concentration can be checked by absorbance measurement at 385nm in 0.5 M carbonate buffer, pH 11.5. Mola ...
Life, Death, and Cell Proliferation
... • Suitable for flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy • Easy to use and interpret An abundance of data suggests that mitochondria play a critical role in apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c and other proteins essential for activation of pro-caspase-9 and execution of apoptosis. As such, assays de ...
... • Suitable for flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy • Easy to use and interpret An abundance of data suggests that mitochondria play a critical role in apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c and other proteins essential for activation of pro-caspase-9 and execution of apoptosis. As such, assays de ...
Endocytic membrane fusion and buckling
... PM is important during the resolution of the ICB (Baluska et al., 2006). However, the function and timing of these fusion events remain controversial. Some studies suggest that asymmetric and synchronous fusion of secretory organelles during late telophase mediates abscission (Gromley et al., 2005). ...
... PM is important during the resolution of the ICB (Baluska et al., 2006). However, the function and timing of these fusion events remain controversial. Some studies suggest that asymmetric and synchronous fusion of secretory organelles during late telophase mediates abscission (Gromley et al., 2005). ...
effects of disease-causing mutations associated with five
... mislocalized mutants predominantly co-localized with WT Best1 in intracellular compartments. Studies involving four ARB truncation mutants reveal that the first 174 amino acids are sufficient to mediate oligomerization with WT Best1 and that amino acids 472-585 are not necessary for proper trafficki ...
... mislocalized mutants predominantly co-localized with WT Best1 in intracellular compartments. Studies involving four ARB truncation mutants reveal that the first 174 amino acids are sufficient to mediate oligomerization with WT Best1 and that amino acids 472-585 are not necessary for proper trafficki ...
Article Title Authors Author affiliation Correspondence information
... responsible for the induction and regulation of autophagy are poorly understood. The c-Jun NH2terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway functions to induce defense mechanisms that protect organisms against acute oxidative and xenobiotic insults. This pathway has also been repeatedly linked t ...
... responsible for the induction and regulation of autophagy are poorly understood. The c-Jun NH2terminal kinase (JNK) signal transduction pathway functions to induce defense mechanisms that protect organisms against acute oxidative and xenobiotic insults. This pathway has also been repeatedly linked t ...
Combinatorial Gli gene function in floor plate and
... Gli proteins appear to recognize the same target genes in vivo Because both human Gli1 and Gli3 bind to the same DNA sequences in vitro (Kinzler and Vogelstein, 1990; Vortkamp et al., 1995; Sasaki et al., 1997), a chimeric Gli3 protein was constructed having its N-terminal region replaced by that of ...
... Gli proteins appear to recognize the same target genes in vivo Because both human Gli1 and Gli3 bind to the same DNA sequences in vitro (Kinzler and Vogelstein, 1990; Vortkamp et al., 1995; Sasaki et al., 1997), a chimeric Gli3 protein was constructed having its N-terminal region replaced by that of ...
Rapid Structural Changes and Acidification of Guard Cell Vacuoles
... a vacuolar pH of 6.4 instead of the normal 5.9 in the wild type (Krebs et al., 2010). The vacuolar pH of the V-PPase mutant, vhp1, is increased by 0.25 units relative to the wild type (Ferjani et al., 2011). The rosette leaves of wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis plants were first illuminated with whi ...
... a vacuolar pH of 6.4 instead of the normal 5.9 in the wild type (Krebs et al., 2010). The vacuolar pH of the V-PPase mutant, vhp1, is increased by 0.25 units relative to the wild type (Ferjani et al., 2011). The rosette leaves of wild-type and mutant Arabidopsis plants were first illuminated with whi ...
Nicotinamidase modulation of NAD biosynthesis and nicotinamide
... 2007). Nampt mediated reduction in NAM levels is also implicated in mediating Nampt effects (Fulco et al., 2008). However, the relative importance of increases in NAD+ biosynthesis versus decreases in NAM levels to the biological activity of nicotinamidase and Nampt are still not well understood. Fu ...
... 2007). Nampt mediated reduction in NAM levels is also implicated in mediating Nampt effects (Fulco et al., 2008). However, the relative importance of increases in NAD+ biosynthesis versus decreases in NAM levels to the biological activity of nicotinamidase and Nampt are still not well understood. Fu ...
Diuretics - AState.edu
... Movement from tubular fluid through renal epithelial cells and into peritubular capillaries accomplished by three transport mechanisms after cell interior is polarized by Na+/K+ pump ...
... Movement from tubular fluid through renal epithelial cells and into peritubular capillaries accomplished by three transport mechanisms after cell interior is polarized by Na+/K+ pump ...
Identification of Genes Involved in the Assembly and Biosynthesis of... N
... Figure 1.2: Arrangements of flagella on a bacterial cell .................................................................. 7 Figure 1.3: Assembly of the bacterial flagellum .............................................................................. 9 Figure 1.4: Twitching motility using the Ty ...
... Figure 1.2: Arrangements of flagella on a bacterial cell .................................................................. 7 Figure 1.3: Assembly of the bacterial flagellum .............................................................................. 9 Figure 1.4: Twitching motility using the Ty ...
Gram`s staining - Micro-Rao
... and Propionibacterium have cell walls particularly sensitive to breakage during cell division, resulting in Gram-negative staining of these cells. In cultures of Bacillus, and Clostridium a decrease in peptidoglycan thickness during cell growth may cause some of them to appear Gram negative. Certain ...
... and Propionibacterium have cell walls particularly sensitive to breakage during cell division, resulting in Gram-negative staining of these cells. In cultures of Bacillus, and Clostridium a decrease in peptidoglycan thickness during cell growth may cause some of them to appear Gram negative. Certain ...
Practice Test Answer Key
... ____ 23. The biome with the greatest diversity of plants and animals is the a. tropical rain forest. c. boreal forest b. temperate forest d. grassland ____ 24. The water in rivers and streams a. carries material such as soil and minerals. b. all flows at the same speed. c. remains at the same temper ...
... ____ 23. The biome with the greatest diversity of plants and animals is the a. tropical rain forest. c. boreal forest b. temperate forest d. grassland ____ 24. The water in rivers and streams a. carries material such as soil and minerals. b. all flows at the same speed. c. remains at the same temper ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.