Xyloglucan and its Interactions with Other Components of the
... improves xyloglucan solubility and prevents self-association and aggregation in these xyloglucan variants that have relatively low substitution (Sims et al. 1998). One might surmise that grass xyloglucans bind more tightly to cellulose than do the more highly substituted xyloglucans of other plant g ...
... improves xyloglucan solubility and prevents self-association and aggregation in these xyloglucan variants that have relatively low substitution (Sims et al. 1998). One might surmise that grass xyloglucans bind more tightly to cellulose than do the more highly substituted xyloglucans of other plant g ...
A systematic screen for genes expressed in definitive endoderm by
... into a tube that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo [1-3]. The DE gives rise to the major cell types of many internal organs, including the thyroid, thymus, lung, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestine and bladder. Most of these organs have secretory and/or absorptive functions and pl ...
... into a tube that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo [1-3]. The DE gives rise to the major cell types of many internal organs, including the thyroid, thymus, lung, stomach, liver, pancreas, intestine and bladder. Most of these organs have secretory and/or absorptive functions and pl ...
Promoting central nervous system regeneration: Lessons from
... Fig. 1. Organisation of the olfactory epithelium and the underlaying lamina propria. A. Schematic drawing of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and lamina propria. The OE constitutes a number of cell types. Basally, horizontal and globose basal cells can be found which form the germinal zone of the OE an ...
... Fig. 1. Organisation of the olfactory epithelium and the underlaying lamina propria. A. Schematic drawing of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and lamina propria. The OE constitutes a number of cell types. Basally, horizontal and globose basal cells can be found which form the germinal zone of the OE an ...
Microscopy studies on uncultivated magnetotactic bacteria
... believed to be enveloped by lipid membranes, but protein [22] or a matrix of unknown composition [47]. Freeze-fracture and freeze-etching have been used to study the properties of the magnetosome membranes in cultivated species [24] and the surface organization of the cells [48, 49]. Structures conn ...
... believed to be enveloped by lipid membranes, but protein [22] or a matrix of unknown composition [47]. Freeze-fracture and freeze-etching have been used to study the properties of the magnetosome membranes in cultivated species [24] and the surface organization of the cells [48, 49]. Structures conn ...
Ontology_for_Develop.. - Buffalo Ontology Site
... • Etiological process - inheritance of a mutant mismatch repair gene – produces • Disorder - chromosome 3 with abnormal hMLH1 – bears • Disposition (disease) - Lynch syndrome – realized_in • Pathological process - abnormal repair of DNA mismatches – produces • Disorder - mutations in proto-oncogenes ...
... • Etiological process - inheritance of a mutant mismatch repair gene – produces • Disorder - chromosome 3 with abnormal hMLH1 – bears • Disposition (disease) - Lynch syndrome – realized_in • Pathological process - abnormal repair of DNA mismatches – produces • Disorder - mutations in proto-oncogenes ...
Perspectives on the evolutionary origin of tetrapod limbs
... Irrespective of the nature of the endogenous limb inducer, its function clearly depends on its adequate spatiotemporal pattern of expression prior to limb induction. Hox genes, which encode homeodomain transcription factors initially identified in Drosophila, play a key role in this process. It is g ...
... Irrespective of the nature of the endogenous limb inducer, its function clearly depends on its adequate spatiotemporal pattern of expression prior to limb induction. Hox genes, which encode homeodomain transcription factors initially identified in Drosophila, play a key role in this process. It is g ...
Second Messengers Mediate Increases in Cytosolic Calcium in
... stores of ion. There was substantial variability in the calibrate cyclic-nucleotide-mediated [Ca21]cyt peak values between experiments performed under the same conditions (compare Figs. 2 and 3). Also, the apparent relative potency of the cAMP and cGMP varied (compare Figs. 2 and 3). This is most li ...
... stores of ion. There was substantial variability in the calibrate cyclic-nucleotide-mediated [Ca21]cyt peak values between experiments performed under the same conditions (compare Figs. 2 and 3). Also, the apparent relative potency of the cAMP and cGMP varied (compare Figs. 2 and 3). This is most li ...
Enhancement of Murine Lymphokine-activated Killer Cell Activity by
... culture. However, cellular serine protease activity, measured as N-abenzyloxycarbonyl-i.-lysine thiobenzyl-esterase, in LAK cells was in creased by retinoic acid also in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The increase in LAK cellular serine protease activity was significantly corre lated with that o ...
... culture. However, cellular serine protease activity, measured as N-abenzyloxycarbonyl-i.-lysine thiobenzyl-esterase, in LAK cells was in creased by retinoic acid also in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The increase in LAK cellular serine protease activity was significantly corre lated with that o ...
Platelet granule exocytosis: a comparison with chromaffin cells
... in maintaining the integrity of the vasculature (hemostasis) and for their pathological role in clotting arteries and veins (thrombosis) during myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and deep vein thrombosis. In addition to their role in hemostasis, platelets have also been prop ...
... in maintaining the integrity of the vasculature (hemostasis) and for their pathological role in clotting arteries and veins (thrombosis) during myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and deep vein thrombosis. In addition to their role in hemostasis, platelets have also been prop ...
Fanconi anemia protein FANCD2 inhibits TRF1
... T-loop structure and a 3’ G-rich single-stranded overhang that invades the telomeric tracts forming a D loop [14-18]. In most human somatic cells telomeres undergo shortening with each cycle of cell division due to what is known as the “end-replication problem” [19,20]. To prevent such shortening, a ...
... T-loop structure and a 3’ G-rich single-stranded overhang that invades the telomeric tracts forming a D loop [14-18]. In most human somatic cells telomeres undergo shortening with each cycle of cell division due to what is known as the “end-replication problem” [19,20]. To prevent such shortening, a ...
Cell-cycle-regulated expression of STIL controls centriole number in
... ortholog in vertebrates. In support of this view, all three proteins share sequence similarity within a short, ,90 aa C-terminal domain called the STAN (STIL/Ana2) motif (Stevens et al., 2010). The human STIL gene was first identified in the context of a genomic rearrangement that leads to T-cell ac ...
... ortholog in vertebrates. In support of this view, all three proteins share sequence similarity within a short, ,90 aa C-terminal domain called the STAN (STIL/Ana2) motif (Stevens et al., 2010). The human STIL gene was first identified in the context of a genomic rearrangement that leads to T-cell ac ...
Control of Cell Pattern in the Neural Tube: Motor Neuron Induction
... Neural crest cells were defined by their migratory properties, the surface expression of the HNK-1, PI integrin, and p75 antigens (Maxwell et al., 1988; Delannet and Duband, 1992; Bernd, 1985; Stemple and Anderson, 1992), and their ability to differentiate into neurons and melanocytes. Ventral neura ...
... Neural crest cells were defined by their migratory properties, the surface expression of the HNK-1, PI integrin, and p75 antigens (Maxwell et al., 1988; Delannet and Duband, 1992; Bernd, 1985; Stemple and Anderson, 1992), and their ability to differentiate into neurons and melanocytes. Ventral neura ...
Arabinogalactan proteins are involved in root hair development in
... The reactive form, containing β-D-glucosyl residues (βGlcY), is capable of binding and/or precipitating AGPs (Yariv et al., 1962). Plants or organs treated with a Yariv reagent are deprived of functional AGPs naturally present on their surface, which allows their functional investigation in vivo. Ho ...
... The reactive form, containing β-D-glucosyl residues (βGlcY), is capable of binding and/or precipitating AGPs (Yariv et al., 1962). Plants or organs treated with a Yariv reagent are deprived of functional AGPs naturally present on their surface, which allows their functional investigation in vivo. Ho ...
Genetic Analysis of Female Gametophyte Development and Function
... G.N. Drews, unpublished data) and transposon-mutagenized (Moore et al., 1998) lines exhibit both segregation distortion and reduced seed set. This suggests that female gametophyte mutants occur at high frequency and that in a saturation screen (Waddington, 1940; Jürgens et al., 1991), several hundre ...
... G.N. Drews, unpublished data) and transposon-mutagenized (Moore et al., 1998) lines exhibit both segregation distortion and reduced seed set. This suggests that female gametophyte mutants occur at high frequency and that in a saturation screen (Waddington, 1940; Jürgens et al., 1991), several hundre ...
A Multifunctional Cell Surface Developmental Stage
... antigen in both the guidance of pioneer axons and selective fasciculation have been demonstrated. ...
... antigen in both the guidance of pioneer axons and selective fasciculation have been demonstrated. ...
Good news in the nuclear envelope: loss of lamin A might be a gain
... might reduce levels of mature lamin A, since FTIs also inhibit the maturation of wild-type lamin A. In light of the dispensability of lamin A, these concerns are now greatly ameliorated for both approaches, although it is still unknown whether FTIs might have negative effects on other farnesylated p ...
... might reduce levels of mature lamin A, since FTIs also inhibit the maturation of wild-type lamin A. In light of the dispensability of lamin A, these concerns are now greatly ameliorated for both approaches, although it is still unknown whether FTIs might have negative effects on other farnesylated p ...
THE ROLE OF PHOSPHODIESTERASES IN CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE COMPARTMENTATION ACROSS DIFFERENT
... function. Despite this, each signalling molecule and receptor can achieve distinct subcellular effects. This has led to the theory of cyclic nucleotide compartmentation, which has been postulated to be mediated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Research in this field has focused on compartmentation usin ...
... function. Despite this, each signalling molecule and receptor can achieve distinct subcellular effects. This has led to the theory of cyclic nucleotide compartmentation, which has been postulated to be mediated by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Research in this field has focused on compartmentation usin ...
Mast Cell-Derived Exosomes Induce Phenotypic and Functional
... MCs are ubiquitously distributed among tissues, including bone marrow and lymphoid tissue. These cells play a central role in allergic responses due to the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators stored in secretory granules. Their ability to phagocytose and process Ags had led different investigator ...
... MCs are ubiquitously distributed among tissues, including bone marrow and lymphoid tissue. These cells play a central role in allergic responses due to the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators stored in secretory granules. Their ability to phagocytose and process Ags had led different investigator ...
PDF version
... one-cell embryo (Tsai and Ahringer, 2007; Cowan and Hyman, 2004b; Sonneville and Gönczy, 2004). Microtubules from the meitoic spindle can also induce polarization in the absence of centrosomes in embryos arrested in metaphase of meiosis I (Wallenfang and Seydoux, 2000). However, during embryogenesis ...
... one-cell embryo (Tsai and Ahringer, 2007; Cowan and Hyman, 2004b; Sonneville and Gönczy, 2004). Microtubules from the meitoic spindle can also induce polarization in the absence of centrosomes in embryos arrested in metaphase of meiosis I (Wallenfang and Seydoux, 2000). However, during embryogenesis ...
Endothelial cell response to different mechanical forces
... cytosolic face of the membrane as early as the first second after applying flow. These accumulating data suggest the possibility that mechanoreceptors existing on the luminal surface of the cell membrane or the membrane itself are capable of being activated by shear stress. This activation might cau ...
... cytosolic face of the membrane as early as the first second after applying flow. These accumulating data suggest the possibility that mechanoreceptors existing on the luminal surface of the cell membrane or the membrane itself are capable of being activated by shear stress. This activation might cau ...
Monoclonal Antibody Characterization of Two Distant Sites
... (2, 49) . Furthermore, the RGD sequence has been found in several adhesive proteins that have distinct functions and specificities and is also found in nonadhesive proteins (39, 45, 52) . Consequently, further dissection of the molecular mechanisms of action of fibronectin is required to elucidate h ...
... (2, 49) . Furthermore, the RGD sequence has been found in several adhesive proteins that have distinct functions and specificities and is also found in nonadhesive proteins (39, 45, 52) . Consequently, further dissection of the molecular mechanisms of action of fibronectin is required to elucidate h ...
Coers, J, Bernstein-Hanley, I, Grotsky, D
... also differentially affected by IFN-␥ treatment. In most murine cell lines, IFN-␥ treatment drastically reduces growth of C. trachomatis but not C. muridarum (13, 14). A family of IFN-␥-inducible p47 GTPases termed immunity-related GTPases (IRGs)3 has been implicated in IFN-␥-mediated suppression of ...
... also differentially affected by IFN-␥ treatment. In most murine cell lines, IFN-␥ treatment drastically reduces growth of C. trachomatis but not C. muridarum (13, 14). A family of IFN-␥-inducible p47 GTPases termed immunity-related GTPases (IRGs)3 has been implicated in IFN-␥-mediated suppression of ...
Dissecting sterol function during clathrin-dependent
... lipid bilayer solvent that can interact with peripheral proteins (Simons and Sampaio, 2011). The lipid bilayer results from the self-association of the lipids hydrophobic moieties and the interaction of the hydrophilic moieties with aqueous environments. The same principle acts at the subcellular le ...
... lipid bilayer solvent that can interact with peripheral proteins (Simons and Sampaio, 2011). The lipid bilayer results from the self-association of the lipids hydrophobic moieties and the interaction of the hydrophilic moieties with aqueous environments. The same principle acts at the subcellular le ...
Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of
... Fibronectin was localized using peroxidase and biotin-avidin-ferritin techniques in developmental stages of the chick embryo from laying to primitive streak formation. The primary location of fibronectin at all stages examined was the basal lamina of the epiblast and its associated extracellular mat ...
... Fibronectin was localized using peroxidase and biotin-avidin-ferritin techniques in developmental stages of the chick embryo from laying to primitive streak formation. The primary location of fibronectin at all stages examined was the basal lamina of the epiblast and its associated extracellular mat ...
The Development of Radial and Biradial Symmetry: The Evolution of
... FIG. 1. The normal body plan of the two phyla of the "Radiata," cnidarians (A, B) and ctenophores (C, D). Both phyla are "diploblastic" and possess an outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis (darkly shaded) separated by a largely acellular mesoglea. The cnidarians generally have multiple planes of mi ...
... FIG. 1. The normal body plan of the two phyla of the "Radiata," cnidarians (A, B) and ctenophores (C, D). Both phyla are "diploblastic" and possess an outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis (darkly shaded) separated by a largely acellular mesoglea. The cnidarians generally have multiple planes of mi ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.