Arabidopsis Phragmoplast-Associated Kinesins Play
... lacked sperm. Instead, two identical nuclei were found in single sections (Figure 2B, c). The two nuclei were suspended in the vegetative cytoplasm, and no cell wall–like structure was detected between them (Figure 2B, d). While many defective pollen grains were consistently detected in the double m ...
... lacked sperm. Instead, two identical nuclei were found in single sections (Figure 2B, c). The two nuclei were suspended in the vegetative cytoplasm, and no cell wall–like structure was detected between them (Figure 2B, d). While many defective pollen grains were consistently detected in the double m ...
the diversity of plastid - University of Wisconsin Oshkosh
... equally apportioned between the two daughter cells, along with the rest of the cytoplasmic contents. There are three evolutionary lines of plastids: the glaucophytes, the red lineage and the green lineage. The glaucophyte line of chloroplasts is represented by the muroplasts, primitive walled chloro ...
... equally apportioned between the two daughter cells, along with the rest of the cytoplasmic contents. There are three evolutionary lines of plastids: the glaucophytes, the red lineage and the green lineage. The glaucophyte line of chloroplasts is represented by the muroplasts, primitive walled chloro ...
The role of mitochondria in aging
... The first experimental evidence that accumulation of mtDNA mutations can lead to a premature aging phenotype was obtained by the creation of mtDNA mutator mice (58, 59). The mtDNA mutator mice are homozygous for a knock-in mutation that leads to the expression of a proofreading-deficient catalytic s ...
... The first experimental evidence that accumulation of mtDNA mutations can lead to a premature aging phenotype was obtained by the creation of mtDNA mutator mice (58, 59). The mtDNA mutator mice are homozygous for a knock-in mutation that leads to the expression of a proofreading-deficient catalytic s ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... rhizobia, are infective. This growth-medium-dependent behavior offers an explanation for the seemingly conflicting data on the involvement of host plant lectins in attachment of rhizobia to root hairs of leguminous plants. Sym plasmid-borne genes do not play a role in manganese-limitation-induced at ...
... rhizobia, are infective. This growth-medium-dependent behavior offers an explanation for the seemingly conflicting data on the involvement of host plant lectins in attachment of rhizobia to root hairs of leguminous plants. Sym plasmid-borne genes do not play a role in manganese-limitation-induced at ...
VEGF exists in different isoforms
... 1) Long-range signalling molecule 2) Acts directly on cells ...
... 1) Long-range signalling molecule 2) Acts directly on cells ...
The Biology of Cancer Metastasis: Historical
... interrelated steps (Fig. 3), each of which can be rate limiting because a failure at any step may halt the process (16). The outcome of the process is dependent on both the intrinsic properties of the tumor cells and the host response, such that metastasis is a balance of host-tumor cellular interac ...
... interrelated steps (Fig. 3), each of which can be rate limiting because a failure at any step may halt the process (16). The outcome of the process is dependent on both the intrinsic properties of the tumor cells and the host response, such that metastasis is a balance of host-tumor cellular interac ...
Shift in GATA3 functions, and GATA3 mutations, control progression
... normal and cancer breast cells. We performed ChIP-seq of GATA3 in normal hMEC and MCF7 cells. hMEC are a mixed myoepithelial/luminal population, only the latter of which express GATA3 [35]; MCF7 is a luminal breast cancer line, which overexpresses high levels of GATA3, and thus is a convenient line ...
... normal and cancer breast cells. We performed ChIP-seq of GATA3 in normal hMEC and MCF7 cells. hMEC are a mixed myoepithelial/luminal population, only the latter of which express GATA3 [35]; MCF7 is a luminal breast cancer line, which overexpresses high levels of GATA3, and thus is a convenient line ...
Developmental Signaling by Noggin and Wnt in the Frog Xenopus
... resulting in the jaw deformities observed in mutants. Neural development in amphibians occurs as a two-step process. First, ectodermal precursors adopt a neural fate in the absence of Bmp signaling. A second signal is then required to pattern the anterior posterior neuraxis. Signaling through Fibrob ...
... resulting in the jaw deformities observed in mutants. Neural development in amphibians occurs as a two-step process. First, ectodermal precursors adopt a neural fate in the absence of Bmp signaling. A second signal is then required to pattern the anterior posterior neuraxis. Signaling through Fibrob ...
Mapping the function of the NS3 protein of African horsesickness
... single non-enveloped virus particle. In addition to seven structural proteins (VP1-VP7), four non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2 and NS3/NS3A) are synthesized in infected cells but their function in the viral life cycle is not yet fully understood. The non-structural protein NS3 is believed to be med ...
... single non-enveloped virus particle. In addition to seven structural proteins (VP1-VP7), four non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2 and NS3/NS3A) are synthesized in infected cells but their function in the viral life cycle is not yet fully understood. The non-structural protein NS3 is believed to be med ...
dravhandling-hafte - DUO
... kidney cortex and provides an excellent model system to study epithelial cell polarity. In fact, it is the most commonly studied epithelial cell line which, when grown on permeable supports, forms well polarized monolayers that can be accessed from both the apical and basolateral surfaces (Zegers an ...
... kidney cortex and provides an excellent model system to study epithelial cell polarity. In fact, it is the most commonly studied epithelial cell line which, when grown on permeable supports, forms well polarized monolayers that can be accessed from both the apical and basolateral surfaces (Zegers an ...
Caspases - Essays in Biochemistry
... domains) found in pro-caspases 1, 2, 4, 5 and 9, which are important for the activation of these enzymes [10]. Activation of caspases containing long prodomains first requires oligomerization via DED or CARD domains. Following the recruitment of a single type of caspase pro-enzyme to a common oligom ...
... domains) found in pro-caspases 1, 2, 4, 5 and 9, which are important for the activation of these enzymes [10]. Activation of caspases containing long prodomains first requires oligomerization via DED or CARD domains. Following the recruitment of a single type of caspase pro-enzyme to a common oligom ...
Starvation Induces Vacuolar Targeting and Degradation of the
... els of GAP1 transcription and GAP1 sorting and degradation (Stanbrough and Magasanik, 1995; Roberg et al., 1997b; Springael and Andre, 1998). The second class of amino acid permeases consists of mainly high affinity transporters that are specific for single amino acids or a small set of structurally ...
... els of GAP1 transcription and GAP1 sorting and degradation (Stanbrough and Magasanik, 1995; Roberg et al., 1997b; Springael and Andre, 1998). The second class of amino acid permeases consists of mainly high affinity transporters that are specific for single amino acids or a small set of structurally ...
Multiple mechanisms determine the order of APC/C substrate
... Sullivan and Morgan, 2007). It is not clear how the same APC/C complex robustly distinguishes among its substrates and promotes their degradation at different times in the cell cycle. The timing of APC/CCdc20 substrate degradation in vertebrate cells is influenced by the spindle assembly checkpoint ...
... Sullivan and Morgan, 2007). It is not clear how the same APC/C complex robustly distinguishes among its substrates and promotes their degradation at different times in the cell cycle. The timing of APC/CCdc20 substrate degradation in vertebrate cells is influenced by the spindle assembly checkpoint ...
Brachyury and SMAD signalling collaboratively
... et al., 1990; Wilkinson et al., 1990). Mice lacking one copy of the gene have a short tail, while homozygous embryos die around embryonic day (E) 9-10 (Chesley, 1935). The latter develop only the first seven somites and lack a proper notochord; in addition, they display defects in left-right asymmet ...
... et al., 1990; Wilkinson et al., 1990). Mice lacking one copy of the gene have a short tail, while homozygous embryos die around embryonic day (E) 9-10 (Chesley, 1935). The latter develop only the first seven somites and lack a proper notochord; in addition, they display defects in left-right asymmet ...
Developmental Control of Telomere Lengths and Telomerase
... the telomeres are 4.5 kb long at maximum. MspI, a methylation-sensitive enzyme, yielded high molecular weight signals. Because the cleavage site of MspI is a tetranucleotide sequence (CCGG), long TRFs generated with MspI must be caused by heavy methylation of the outer cytosine in telomere-associate ...
... the telomeres are 4.5 kb long at maximum. MspI, a methylation-sensitive enzyme, yielded high molecular weight signals. Because the cleavage site of MspI is a tetranucleotide sequence (CCGG), long TRFs generated with MspI must be caused by heavy methylation of the outer cytosine in telomere-associate ...
Ca Signaling11
... rate of PIC formation by contacting and recruiting the basal txn factors via adaptors or co-activators Txn factors can also acetylate histones, disrupting/modifying chromatin structure Pre-initiation complex RNA Pol II ...
... rate of PIC formation by contacting and recruiting the basal txn factors via adaptors or co-activators Txn factors can also acetylate histones, disrupting/modifying chromatin structure Pre-initiation complex RNA Pol II ...
pdf: Rahman et al. 2007.
... Therefore, actin has been demonstrated to be important for growth and auxin responses; nevertheless, few of these observations have dealt with specific growth components, and, for the most part, the mechanistic basis for these effects remains obscure. To elucidate the role of actin in growth and aux ...
... Therefore, actin has been demonstrated to be important for growth and auxin responses; nevertheless, few of these observations have dealt with specific growth components, and, for the most part, the mechanistic basis for these effects remains obscure. To elucidate the role of actin in growth and aux ...
Distinct patterns of collagen gene expression are seen in normal
... three-dimensional culture may adapt to their microenvironment, as occurs in vivo, and there may be a close interaction between fibroblasts and ECM.13 It is of note that in monolayer culture we could observe no significant difference in the expression pattern of collagen mRNA among fibroblasts of dif ...
... three-dimensional culture may adapt to their microenvironment, as occurs in vivo, and there may be a close interaction between fibroblasts and ECM.13 It is of note that in monolayer culture we could observe no significant difference in the expression pattern of collagen mRNA among fibroblasts of dif ...
Macrophage-pathogen interactions in infectious diseases: new
... neutrophil responses to infection and wounding, as well as the dynamic interactions between the two cell types (Ellett et al., 2011). The mpeg1 reporter also labels microglia and it has been suggested to label other antigen-presenting cells, such as the Langerhans dendritic cells, but these could no ...
... neutrophil responses to infection and wounding, as well as the dynamic interactions between the two cell types (Ellett et al., 2011). The mpeg1 reporter also labels microglia and it has been suggested to label other antigen-presenting cells, such as the Langerhans dendritic cells, but these could no ...
Isolated Osteoclasts Resorb the Organic and Inorganic Components
... electron microscopy, these cells were seen to have the abundant mitochondria and the extensive membrane ruffling characteristic of osteoclasts (Fig. 2). Binding of osteoclast-specific antibody confirmed that the cells were osteoclasts (Fig. 3). Isolated osteoclasts, incubated with 45Ca o r L-[5-aH]p ...
... electron microscopy, these cells were seen to have the abundant mitochondria and the extensive membrane ruffling characteristic of osteoclasts (Fig. 2). Binding of osteoclast-specific antibody confirmed that the cells were osteoclasts (Fig. 3). Isolated osteoclasts, incubated with 45Ca o r L-[5-aH]p ...
Extracellular matrix of the charophycean green algae
... analysis suggests the presence of type I rhamnogalacturonan (RGI). Cross-OLQNLQJȕglucans are associated with cellulose microfibrils during land plant cell growth, and were found in the cell wall of CGA. The evidence of mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) in the ...
... analysis suggests the presence of type I rhamnogalacturonan (RGI). Cross-OLQNLQJȕglucans are associated with cellulose microfibrils during land plant cell growth, and were found in the cell wall of CGA. The evidence of mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) in the ...
Study of the role of estrogen receptor variant, ER36, in non genomic
... best with his wife and kid, and many other kids to come. I wish to thank Lucie Malbeteau for always being present to ease out our stress, don’t worry the cells will grow and I’m confident you will do a great thesis. I wish to thank Hanine Lattouf, our other Lebanese student, for all the fun times we ...
... best with his wife and kid, and many other kids to come. I wish to thank Lucie Malbeteau for always being present to ease out our stress, don’t worry the cells will grow and I’m confident you will do a great thesis. I wish to thank Hanine Lattouf, our other Lebanese student, for all the fun times we ...
Integration of TP53, DREAM, MMB-FOXM1 and RB
... TP53 target genes since the overlap between any two expression profile studies is often quite small. The apparent discrepancies between studies have made it difficult to be confident in the regulation of a specific gene of interest across multiple studies. Furthermore, recent genome-wide analyses su ...
... TP53 target genes since the overlap between any two expression profile studies is often quite small. The apparent discrepancies between studies have made it difficult to be confident in the regulation of a specific gene of interest across multiple studies. Furthermore, recent genome-wide analyses su ...
The Lyn kinase C-lobe mediates Golgi export of Lyn through
... negative-regulatory tyrosine residue (Y), and the HA and GST tags are indicated. (B)Triton X-100 lysates prepared from HeLa cells were used for pulldown experiments with GST, GST-C-lobe or GST-C-lobe-mt, and proteins pulled down after incubation for 2 hours at 4°C were stained with Coomassie brilli ...
... negative-regulatory tyrosine residue (Y), and the HA and GST tags are indicated. (B)Triton X-100 lysates prepared from HeLa cells were used for pulldown experiments with GST, GST-C-lobe or GST-C-lobe-mt, and proteins pulled down after incubation for 2 hours at 4°C were stained with Coomassie brilli ...
Cells Double-Stranded RNA in Myeloid Dendritic DHX9 Pairs with
... conserved in the cis-acting transactivation response element (TAR)-binding protein and PKR, a dsRNA sensor. DHX9, TARbinding protein, and PKR are all involved in the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression through their binding to TAR RNA (17). Further investigation indicated that DHX9 interacts with PK ...
... conserved in the cis-acting transactivation response element (TAR)-binding protein and PKR, a dsRNA sensor. DHX9, TARbinding protein, and PKR are all involved in the regulation of HIV-1 gene expression through their binding to TAR RNA (17). Further investigation indicated that DHX9 interacts with PK ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.