Functional Analysis of Cellulose and Xyloglucan
... guard cells, the repeatable expansion and contraction of which control transpiration and gas exchange between the plant and the environment. Stomatal development involves a series of cell divisions and cell identity transitions that are tightly regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors (Cass ...
... guard cells, the repeatable expansion and contraction of which control transpiration and gas exchange between the plant and the environment. Stomatal development involves a series of cell divisions and cell identity transitions that are tightly regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors (Cass ...
RA/FGF control Meis in PD limb development
... and to distalize proximal limb cells (Capdevila et al., 1999), the mechanism that promotes Meis activity in the proximal limb remains unknown. Here we explored this mechanism and found that retinoic acid (RA), a form of the vitamin A, is an activator of Meis genes. RA can induce changes in pattern o ...
... and to distalize proximal limb cells (Capdevila et al., 1999), the mechanism that promotes Meis activity in the proximal limb remains unknown. Here we explored this mechanism and found that retinoic acid (RA), a form of the vitamin A, is an activator of Meis genes. RA can induce changes in pattern o ...
Gene Regulatory Potential of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3
... Vitamin D Analogues With Two Side Chains [Quack and Carlberg, 2000]. Therefore, c1LPD and c3LPD are considered to represent the functional VDR conformations 1 and 3, respectively [Peleg et al., 1995; Nayeri et al., 1996b; Liu et al., 1997; Nayeri and Carlberg, 1997]. Gemini and its derivatives were ...
... Vitamin D Analogues With Two Side Chains [Quack and Carlberg, 2000]. Therefore, c1LPD and c3LPD are considered to represent the functional VDR conformations 1 and 3, respectively [Peleg et al., 1995; Nayeri et al., 1996b; Liu et al., 1997; Nayeri and Carlberg, 1997]. Gemini and its derivatives were ...
Loss of MicroRNAs in Neural Crest Leads to Cardiovascular
... Disturbance of neural crest cell (NCC) migration into the derivatives of the pharyngeal arches and pouches can account for many of the developmental defects. The goal of this study was to investigate the function of microRNA (miRNA) in NCCs and the cardiovascular system. Methods and Results—We delet ...
... Disturbance of neural crest cell (NCC) migration into the derivatives of the pharyngeal arches and pouches can account for many of the developmental defects. The goal of this study was to investigate the function of microRNA (miRNA) in NCCs and the cardiovascular system. Methods and Results—We delet ...
Fashioning the vertebrate heart: earliest
... vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. This is done in the spirit of asking what components are needed to be added to the primitive chordate to make a vertebrate heart? At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) ver ...
... vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. This is done in the spirit of asking what components are needed to be added to the primitive chordate to make a vertebrate heart? At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) ver ...
Biofilm exopolysaccharides
... Another result may be the formation of strong or weak gels. The polysaccharides can thus form various types of structures within a biofilm. However, in biofilms the polysaccharides do not exist alone but may interact with a wide range of other molecular species, including lectins, proteins, lipids e ...
... Another result may be the formation of strong or weak gels. The polysaccharides can thus form various types of structures within a biofilm. However, in biofilms the polysaccharides do not exist alone but may interact with a wide range of other molecular species, including lectins, proteins, lipids e ...
Cholesterol and bile acids regulate xenosensor signaling in
... Cytochromes P450 (CYPs)1 are heme-containing enzymes responsible for the hydroxylation of lipophilic substrates in all species. In the liver, a subset of members of the CYP gene superfamily metabolize xenobiotics such as drugs, food additives and pollutants (1). Some of these CYPs can be transcripti ...
... Cytochromes P450 (CYPs)1 are heme-containing enzymes responsible for the hydroxylation of lipophilic substrates in all species. In the liver, a subset of members of the CYP gene superfamily metabolize xenobiotics such as drugs, food additives and pollutants (1). Some of these CYPs can be transcripti ...
Fighting Viral Infections and Virus
... recognizing influenza virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), EBV, and HIV-1 (26). Indeed, in vivo models of influenza revealed the presence of CD4+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity also in response to acute infection and showed the presence of both CD27+ and CD27− CD4+ granzyme+ T cells in the lung, while chr ...
... recognizing influenza virus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), EBV, and HIV-1 (26). Indeed, in vivo models of influenza revealed the presence of CD4+ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity also in response to acute infection and showed the presence of both CD27+ and CD27− CD4+ granzyme+ T cells in the lung, while chr ...
Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate NOX 4 anion superoxide
... Several novel enzymes, homologues of gp91phox , one of the two integral membrane proteins making up flavocytochrome b558 and the catalytic unit of the protein complex responsible for the oxidative burst in polymorphonuclear cells, have been identified in mammals [1–4]. The identification of new memb ...
... Several novel enzymes, homologues of gp91phox , one of the two integral membrane proteins making up flavocytochrome b558 and the catalytic unit of the protein complex responsible for the oxidative burst in polymorphonuclear cells, have been identified in mammals [1–4]. The identification of new memb ...
regulation of secretion of parathormone and secretory protein
... between 0.5 and 3 .0 mM in the presence of 3H- or "C-amino acids to label newly synthesized parathormone. Up to four times more hormone was secreted at the lower calcium concentration but its specific radioactivity, from 30 to 50 times that of the intracellular pool, did not change . Dibutyryl cycli ...
... between 0.5 and 3 .0 mM in the presence of 3H- or "C-amino acids to label newly synthesized parathormone. Up to four times more hormone was secreted at the lower calcium concentration but its specific radioactivity, from 30 to 50 times that of the intracellular pool, did not change . Dibutyryl cycli ...
p-Glycoprotein-Mediated Transport of a Fluorescent Rapamycin
... ATPases found in tumor cells, normal cells and also in excretory epithelia (kidney and liver). By mediating active drug efflux from cells and from the body they play a major role in determining drug concentrations reaching sensitive sites on cell surfaces and within cells. Along with drug-metabolizi ...
... ATPases found in tumor cells, normal cells and also in excretory epithelia (kidney and liver). By mediating active drug efflux from cells and from the body they play a major role in determining drug concentrations reaching sensitive sites on cell surfaces and within cells. Along with drug-metabolizi ...
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... signaling functions primarily in the dental mesenchyme. These results suggest that inhibition of p38 and ERK1/2 pathways are responsible for the downregulation of cyclin D1 expression and the reduced cell proliferation rate, but not for the inhibition of Pitx2 expression, in the K14Cre;pNog tooth ge ...
... signaling functions primarily in the dental mesenchyme. These results suggest that inhibition of p38 and ERK1/2 pathways are responsible for the downregulation of cyclin D1 expression and the reduced cell proliferation rate, but not for the inhibition of Pitx2 expression, in the K14Cre;pNog tooth ge ...
Golgi-SNARE GS28 potentiates cisplatin
... Notably, the products of these two ‘chemoresistance’ genes were shown to induce resistance to cisplatin in a p53-dependent manner. The relevance of the tumour suppressor p53 in cancer is illustrated by the observation that more than 50 % of human cancers harbour mutations in the p53 gene (TP53), and ...
... Notably, the products of these two ‘chemoresistance’ genes were shown to induce resistance to cisplatin in a p53-dependent manner. The relevance of the tumour suppressor p53 in cancer is illustrated by the observation that more than 50 % of human cancers harbour mutations in the p53 gene (TP53), and ...
Reviews
... the fate of cells from epidermal to neural. Substantial progress has been made only recently by the finding in amphibians that BMP4 is a neural inhibitor and epidermal inducer, and that endogenous antagonists of BMPs are secreted by the organizer. However, recent results in the chick point to the ex ...
... the fate of cells from epidermal to neural. Substantial progress has been made only recently by the finding in amphibians that BMP4 is a neural inhibitor and epidermal inducer, and that endogenous antagonists of BMPs are secreted by the organizer. However, recent results in the chick point to the ex ...
Positional Information and the Spatial Pattern of Cellular
... patterns of cellular differentiation. Pattern formation thus differs from molecular differentiation which is mainly concerned with the control of synthesis of specific macromolecules within cells rather than the spatial arrangement of the cells. It is suggested that there may be a universal mechanis ...
... patterns of cellular differentiation. Pattern formation thus differs from molecular differentiation which is mainly concerned with the control of synthesis of specific macromolecules within cells rather than the spatial arrangement of the cells. It is suggested that there may be a universal mechanis ...
Molecular Microbiology
... 4-linked N-acetylglucosamine oligomer, with a fatty acid chain attached to the terminal glucosamine and various substituents occurring on the chitin-like backbone. Although the precise mechanism whereby NF stimulates nodule formation remains uncertain, NF is known to trigger calcium spiking, cause r ...
... 4-linked N-acetylglucosamine oligomer, with a fatty acid chain attached to the terminal glucosamine and various substituents occurring on the chitin-like backbone. Although the precise mechanism whereby NF stimulates nodule formation remains uncertain, NF is known to trigger calcium spiking, cause r ...
Microsporidia: Why Make Nucleotides if You Can Steal Them?
... involves some energy-expensive steps, it still represents a more economical source of nucleotides compared to de novo nucleotide synthesis. In eukaryotic cells, RNA degradation occurs by two main pathways [28] (S2 Fig), both of which are initiated by the deadenylation of RNA by enzymes including the ...
... involves some energy-expensive steps, it still represents a more economical source of nucleotides compared to de novo nucleotide synthesis. In eukaryotic cells, RNA degradation occurs by two main pathways [28] (S2 Fig), both of which are initiated by the deadenylation of RNA by enzymes including the ...
Anti-bacteria and In Vivo Tumor Treatment by Reactive Oxygen
... Fluorescence microscope of the E. Coli The further investigated the anti-bacterial activity of 6-nm MNPs in the presence of H2O2. The dead E. coli was investigated with fluorescence microscope (Leica DMI 6000B). During the experiment, E. coli was incubated to 6 × 108 CFU/mL, and then MNPs (20 g/mL) ...
... Fluorescence microscope of the E. Coli The further investigated the anti-bacterial activity of 6-nm MNPs in the presence of H2O2. The dead E. coli was investigated with fluorescence microscope (Leica DMI 6000B). During the experiment, E. coli was incubated to 6 × 108 CFU/mL, and then MNPs (20 g/mL) ...
assembly and enlargement of the primary cell wall in plants
... enzymatic machinery for synthesis of cellulose and related wall polysaccharides (Carpita et al 1996). Glycosyltransferases of this type are likely to have two active sites for transferring glycosyl residues from their nucleotide donors to the nascent polymer acceptor (Saxena et al 1995), an arrangem ...
... enzymatic machinery for synthesis of cellulose and related wall polysaccharides (Carpita et al 1996). Glycosyltransferases of this type are likely to have two active sites for transferring glycosyl residues from their nucleotide donors to the nascent polymer acceptor (Saxena et al 1995), an arrangem ...
Arachidonic Acid Mediates Interleukin-1 and Tumor
... involving a tyrosine kinase cascade mediated arachidonic acid-induced c-jun transcription.” To further elucidate the components of the signaling route to c-jun transcription by arachidonic acid, we performed experiments to explore the potential involvement of the JNWSAPK cascade. JNK activity was me ...
... involving a tyrosine kinase cascade mediated arachidonic acid-induced c-jun transcription.” To further elucidate the components of the signaling route to c-jun transcription by arachidonic acid, we performed experiments to explore the potential involvement of the JNWSAPK cascade. JNK activity was me ...
Control of Male Gametophyte Development
... Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.016659. ...
... Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.016659. ...
MAPK-mediated Phosphorylation of GATA-1 Promotes Expression and Cell Survival* Bcl-X □
... species of GATA-1 (M-GATA-1) is evident (Fig. 1A, top panel). Accumulation of this modified form of GATA-1 was maximal after 10 –20 min of IL-3 induction (Fig. 1A, compare lanes 2 and 3 with lane 1) and declined thereafter to the basal level (Fig. 1A, lane 5). The phosphorylation status and total pr ...
... species of GATA-1 (M-GATA-1) is evident (Fig. 1A, top panel). Accumulation of this modified form of GATA-1 was maximal after 10 –20 min of IL-3 induction (Fig. 1A, compare lanes 2 and 3 with lane 1) and declined thereafter to the basal level (Fig. 1A, lane 5). The phosphorylation status and total pr ...
Interleukin-4 Deficiency Decreases Atherosclerotic Lesion
... atherosclerosis in the arch and thoracic regions of the aorta. This reduction occurred in the absence of any observable changes in serum lipid concentrations or distribution of lipoprotein cholesterol. IL-4 is thought to be secreted only by cells of hematopoietic origin. Therefore, bone marrow trans ...
... atherosclerosis in the arch and thoracic regions of the aorta. This reduction occurred in the absence of any observable changes in serum lipid concentrations or distribution of lipoprotein cholesterol. IL-4 is thought to be secreted only by cells of hematopoietic origin. Therefore, bone marrow trans ...
Phloem Structure and Function
... elements in source tissues (location of photosynthate production or remobilization) and ‘unloaded’ from sieve elements in sink tissues (location of photosynthate consumption or storage). The uptake of sugar leads to an osmotic pressure difference across the plasma membrane that stimulates the influx o ...
... elements in source tissues (location of photosynthate production or remobilization) and ‘unloaded’ from sieve elements in sink tissues (location of photosynthate consumption or storage). The uptake of sugar leads to an osmotic pressure difference across the plasma membrane that stimulates the influx o ...
Functional ultrastructure of the plant nucleolus
... nucleolar functioning both with respect to ribosome biogenesis (Sáez-Vásquez and Medina 2008) and to other activities was rebuilt. Nucleolar proteomics showed that nucleoli are far richer in proteins and protein-containing complexes (Andersen et al. 2002; Pendle et al. 2005; Ahmad et al. 2009) than ...
... nucleolar functioning both with respect to ribosome biogenesis (Sáez-Vásquez and Medina 2008) and to other activities was rebuilt. Nucleolar proteomics showed that nucleoli are far richer in proteins and protein-containing complexes (Andersen et al. 2002; Pendle et al. 2005; Ahmad et al. 2009) than ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.