IDETIFYIG GEES THAT REGULATE SECODARY GROWTH I POPLAR
... the plant body called meristems. The well characterized shoot and root apical meristems are responsible for vertical growth, in which many key players have been well studied. Lateral (secondary) growth is controlled by the vascular and cork cambiums, which are much less understood. A rapid growth of ...
... the plant body called meristems. The well characterized shoot and root apical meristems are responsible for vertical growth, in which many key players have been well studied. Lateral (secondary) growth is controlled by the vascular and cork cambiums, which are much less understood. A rapid growth of ...
Analysis of Connexin43 phosphorylated at S325, S328 and S330 in
... indicate that this polyclonal antibody can bind to Cx43 phosphorylated at residues S325, S328 and S330, and also that Cx43 is phosphorylated at S328 and/or S330, and to a lesser extent at S325 in heart tissue. The role of phosphorylation at S325, S328 and S330 in gap junction assembly To be more qua ...
... indicate that this polyclonal antibody can bind to Cx43 phosphorylated at residues S325, S328 and S330, and also that Cx43 is phosphorylated at S328 and/or S330, and to a lesser extent at S325 in heart tissue. The role of phosphorylation at S325, S328 and S330 in gap junction assembly To be more qua ...
Cell fate specification and polarisation in mouse preimplantation
... Fgfr/Erk signalling is known to be required for specification of the primitive endoderm, but its role in polarisation of this tissue is less well understood. To investigate the function of this pathway in the primitive endoderm, embryoid bodies were cultured in the presence of a small molecule inhib ...
... Fgfr/Erk signalling is known to be required for specification of the primitive endoderm, but its role in polarisation of this tissue is less well understood. To investigate the function of this pathway in the primitive endoderm, embryoid bodies were cultured in the presence of a small molecule inhib ...
Reciprocal regulation of IL-23 and IL-12 following co
... relative to the levels produced by TLR ligation alone. Such down-regulation occurred with multiple MyD88-coupled TLR, was dependent on signaling through Dectin-1 and also occurred in macrophages. These findings explain how fungi can induce IL-23 and IL-6, while suppressing IL-12, a combination which ...
... relative to the levels produced by TLR ligation alone. Such down-regulation occurred with multiple MyD88-coupled TLR, was dependent on signaling through Dectin-1 and also occurred in macrophages. These findings explain how fungi can induce IL-23 and IL-6, while suppressing IL-12, a combination which ...
Fetal Endoderm Primarily Holds the Temporal and Positional
... using SI as marker because this protein is expressed over the whole length of the small intestine after weaning. In the grafting model in adult animals, precocious onset of SI expression has been reported (Ferguson et al., 1973), most likely as a consequence of the high level of endogenous glucocort ...
... using SI as marker because this protein is expressed over the whole length of the small intestine after weaning. In the grafting model in adult animals, precocious onset of SI expression has been reported (Ferguson et al., 1973), most likely as a consequence of the high level of endogenous glucocort ...
Distinct and collaborative roles of Drosophila EXT family proteins in
... studies have demonstrated that both the attachment of the first α-GlcNAc to the GAG-protein linkage region and the subsequent polymer formation are catalyzed by members of the hereditary multiple exostoses (EXT) gene family of tumor supressors (Esko and Selleck, 2002; Zak et al., 2002). In vertebrat ...
... studies have demonstrated that both the attachment of the first α-GlcNAc to the GAG-protein linkage region and the subsequent polymer formation are catalyzed by members of the hereditary multiple exostoses (EXT) gene family of tumor supressors (Esko and Selleck, 2002; Zak et al., 2002). In vertebrat ...
Sex Determination in the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline
... The primary signals for chromosomal sex determination are similar in C. elegans and in Drosophila. The balance between the number of X chromosomes and the number of sets of autosomes also determines the sexual phenotype in worms (Nigon 1952). Albeit essential for male fertility, the Y chromosome in ...
... The primary signals for chromosomal sex determination are similar in C. elegans and in Drosophila. The balance between the number of X chromosomes and the number of sets of autosomes also determines the sexual phenotype in worms (Nigon 1952). Albeit essential for male fertility, the Y chromosome in ...
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... being indispensable for cell proliferation (see sect. IIA), glycosphingolipid production is essential for development and differentiation. Mice lacking GlcCer and all complex glycosphingolipids due to disruption of the gene encoding ceramide:glucosyltransferase were found to be embryonically lethal ...
... being indispensable for cell proliferation (see sect. IIA), glycosphingolipid production is essential for development and differentiation. Mice lacking GlcCer and all complex glycosphingolipids due to disruption of the gene encoding ceramide:glucosyltransferase were found to be embryonically lethal ...
Fig. 2a
... Polymorphisms in the gene encoding the transcription factor IRF5 that lead to higher mRNA expression are associated with many autoimmune diseases. Here we show that IRF5 expression in macrophages was reversibly induced by inflammatory stimuli and contributed to the plasticity of macrophage polarizat ...
... Polymorphisms in the gene encoding the transcription factor IRF5 that lead to higher mRNA expression are associated with many autoimmune diseases. Here we show that IRF5 expression in macrophages was reversibly induced by inflammatory stimuli and contributed to the plasticity of macrophage polarizat ...
Transcriptional regulation of mammalian autophagy at a glance
... released from lysosomes to enable some maintenance of the cellular energy status (Rabinowitz and White, 2010). Indeed, starvation leads to inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a negative regulator of autophagy, and activation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK; also known as MA ...
... released from lysosomes to enable some maintenance of the cellular energy status (Rabinowitz and White, 2010). Indeed, starvation leads to inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a negative regulator of autophagy, and activation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK; also known as MA ...
Sphingolipid homeostasis in the web of metabolic routes
... [33,34]. When SL levels drop, TORC2 is activated and Ypk1p is phosphorylated, which in turn phosphorylates Orm proteins that are inactivated, allowing the increase in SPT activity. The PP2A phosphatase is a candidate to counteract Ypk1p in controlling the Orm phosphorylation state [35]. Alternativel ...
... [33,34]. When SL levels drop, TORC2 is activated and Ypk1p is phosphorylated, which in turn phosphorylates Orm proteins that are inactivated, allowing the increase in SPT activity. The PP2A phosphatase is a candidate to counteract Ypk1p in controlling the Orm phosphorylation state [35]. Alternativel ...
Localization of Laminin B1 mRNA in Retinal Ganglion Cells by In
... et al., 1987). Fig. 1 shows localization of laminin in the developing mouse retina. In embryonic eyes, the laminin antibody stains a variety of ocular tissues including the neural retina. At embryonic day (E) 12 (E-12), laminin is present throughout the lens epithelium (Fig. 1 A). In the retina, a b ...
... et al., 1987). Fig. 1 shows localization of laminin in the developing mouse retina. In embryonic eyes, the laminin antibody stains a variety of ocular tissues including the neural retina. At embryonic day (E) 12 (E-12), laminin is present throughout the lens epithelium (Fig. 1 A). In the retina, a b ...
Mice lacking synaptophysin reproduce and form typical synaptic
... radioactively labeled BamHIlHindIII insert of the rat synaptophysinencoding cDNA clone pSR5 (Leube et al. 1987).One of the isolated phage clones 0~GSM1) was analyzed further by restriction enzyme mapping and nucleic acid sequencing and was shown to contain the Y-end of the murine synaptophysin gene ...
... radioactively labeled BamHIlHindIII insert of the rat synaptophysinencoding cDNA clone pSR5 (Leube et al. 1987).One of the isolated phage clones 0~GSM1) was analyzed further by restriction enzyme mapping and nucleic acid sequencing and was shown to contain the Y-end of the murine synaptophysin gene ...
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... of glycoprotein heterotrimers composed of an ␣, , and ␥ chain. To date, 5␣, 4, and 3␥ laminin chains have been identified that can combine to form 15 different isoforms. The laminin ␣-chains are considered to be the functionally important portion of the heterotrimers, as they exhibit tissue-specif ...
... of glycoprotein heterotrimers composed of an ␣, , and ␥ chain. To date, 5␣, 4, and 3␥ laminin chains have been identified that can combine to form 15 different isoforms. The laminin ␣-chains are considered to be the functionally important portion of the heterotrimers, as they exhibit tissue-specif ...
Functional Regulation of MyD88-Activated Interferon Regulatory
... insight into IRF-5 gene induction program through hitherto unknown processes of IRF-5 ubiquitination. IRF-5 is a related family member that is implicated in the innate inflammatory response, where it has been shown to control induction not only of type I IFN genes but also of inflammatory cytokines ...
... insight into IRF-5 gene induction program through hitherto unknown processes of IRF-5 ubiquitination. IRF-5 is a related family member that is implicated in the innate inflammatory response, where it has been shown to control induction not only of type I IFN genes but also of inflammatory cytokines ...
Localization of Phycoerythrin at the Lumenal Surface of the
... A-small gold. The thylakoids are densely labeled, whereas the chloroplast stroma is virtually free of gold particles. Only a few gold particles are seen over the cell's cytoplasm and peripheral ejectosomes or over the embedding resin. Upon closer inspection of the labeling pattern, it appears that t ...
... A-small gold. The thylakoids are densely labeled, whereas the chloroplast stroma is virtually free of gold particles. Only a few gold particles are seen over the cell's cytoplasm and peripheral ejectosomes or over the embedding resin. Upon closer inspection of the labeling pattern, it appears that t ...
Lesson 2 | Asexual Reproduction
... allowing us to ultimately decipher the genetic makeup of the mammoth.” The baby mammoth, named Lyuba, once again raised hopes of cloning a mammoth. Dr. Ian Barnes of the University of London stated that he now believes a mammoth will be cloned in his lifetime. ...
... allowing us to ultimately decipher the genetic makeup of the mammoth.” The baby mammoth, named Lyuba, once again raised hopes of cloning a mammoth. Dr. Ian Barnes of the University of London stated that he now believes a mammoth will be cloned in his lifetime. ...
Vasopressin-stimulated Ca2 spiking in vascular smooth muscle cells
... fluorescence from several thousand cells. Background fluorescence was determined at the end of the experiment by quenching the fura 2 fluorescence for 10–15 min in the presence of 5 M ionomycin and 6 mM MnCl2 in Ca2⫹-free medium. After background fluorescence was subtracted, the 340- and 380-nm val ...
... fluorescence from several thousand cells. Background fluorescence was determined at the end of the experiment by quenching the fura 2 fluorescence for 10–15 min in the presence of 5 M ionomycin and 6 mM MnCl2 in Ca2⫹-free medium. After background fluorescence was subtracted, the 340- and 380-nm val ...
Enhancer timing of Hox gene expression: deletion of
... by retinoic acid (RA) prematurely (Bel-Vialar et al., 2000). These studies suggest that in the initiation phase, a repressive regulatory mechanism is involved in regulating the correct temporal activation of Hox genes by modulating chromatin structure. Therefore, Hox genes must release sequentially ...
... by retinoic acid (RA) prematurely (Bel-Vialar et al., 2000). These studies suggest that in the initiation phase, a repressive regulatory mechanism is involved in regulating the correct temporal activation of Hox genes by modulating chromatin structure. Therefore, Hox genes must release sequentially ...
Scarface, a secreted serine proteaselike protein, regulates polarized
... this developmental context. Keywords: JNK; morphogenesis; integrin; basement membrane ...
... this developmental context. Keywords: JNK; morphogenesis; integrin; basement membrane ...
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... before and after deformation, was difficult to extract precisely from the marker data. One of the few exceptions, in which the spatio-temporal pattern of tissue deformation characteristics was quantitatively analyzed, is the study by Marcon et al. (2011). The authors constructed a tissue deformatio ...
... before and after deformation, was difficult to extract precisely from the marker data. One of the few exceptions, in which the spatio-temporal pattern of tissue deformation characteristics was quantitatively analyzed, is the study by Marcon et al. (2011). The authors constructed a tissue deformatio ...
Tracheary element evolution
... involved in the long-distance transport of food substances; sieve tubes are further classified into sieve cells and sieve tube elements (or members). Sieve cell: A long slender element, with relatively unspecialized sieve areas, with tapering end walls that lack sieve plates; found in the phloem of ...
... involved in the long-distance transport of food substances; sieve tubes are further classified into sieve cells and sieve tube elements (or members). Sieve cell: A long slender element, with relatively unspecialized sieve areas, with tapering end walls that lack sieve plates; found in the phloem of ...
Signalling and neural crest migration pathways - Development
... crest-free zones are established are contentious. On one hand, analyses in avian embryos reported elevated levels of cell death in the premigratory neural crest populations of r3 and r5 (Graham et al., 1993), mediated by Bmp4 signalling from the even rhombomeres. This induces Msx2 in r3 and r5, lead ...
... crest-free zones are established are contentious. On one hand, analyses in avian embryos reported elevated levels of cell death in the premigratory neural crest populations of r3 and r5 (Graham et al., 1993), mediated by Bmp4 signalling from the even rhombomeres. This induces Msx2 in r3 and r5, lead ...
Functional Analysis of Cellulose and Xyloglucan
... guard cells, the repeatable expansion and contraction of which control transpiration and gas exchange between the plant and the environment. Stomatal development involves a series of cell divisions and cell identity transitions that are tightly regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors (Cass ...
... guard cells, the repeatable expansion and contraction of which control transpiration and gas exchange between the plant and the environment. Stomatal development involves a series of cell divisions and cell identity transitions that are tightly regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors (Cass ...
Mesoderm induction: from caps to chips - UNC
... It is likely that all of the families of signalling factors that are important for mesoderm induction have been identified, although all of the crucial individual factors might not yet have been determined. A surprising feature is the complexity of signalling factors that are used by the embryo for ...
... It is likely that all of the families of signalling factors that are important for mesoderm induction have been identified, although all of the crucial individual factors might not yet have been determined. A surprising feature is the complexity of signalling factors that are used by the embryo for ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.