multiple novel factors regulate the initiation of dna
... Duplication of the genome during S phase of the mitotic cell cycle begins at thousands of sites along chromosomes termed origins of replication. Although many of the essential protein components catalyzing events at these sites are known and are conserved throughout eukaryotes, the likelihood or eff ...
... Duplication of the genome during S phase of the mitotic cell cycle begins at thousands of sites along chromosomes termed origins of replication. Although many of the essential protein components catalyzing events at these sites are known and are conserved throughout eukaryotes, the likelihood or eff ...
Acetylation of Polysaccharides in Plant Cell Wall
... matrix polysaccharides and lignin. The matrix polysaccharides are substituted with acetyl group that are hypothesised to play important roles in determining properties of these polysaccharides. The aim of this thesis was to understand the role of Oacetylation in plants and investigate possibilities ...
... matrix polysaccharides and lignin. The matrix polysaccharides are substituted with acetyl group that are hypothesised to play important roles in determining properties of these polysaccharides. The aim of this thesis was to understand the role of Oacetylation in plants and investigate possibilities ...
Genetic Models of Mechanotransduction: The
... 393). Because all three channels can be activated by hyposmotic stress, this indicates that they are probably activated sequentially to provide a gradual efflux conduit (147, 168). Studies of the E. coli MscS channel structure demonstrated that it folds as heptamer with three transmembrane helices ( ...
... 393). Because all three channels can be activated by hyposmotic stress, this indicates that they are probably activated sequentially to provide a gradual efflux conduit (147, 168). Studies of the E. coli MscS channel structure demonstrated that it folds as heptamer with three transmembrane helices ( ...
3 Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes
... to note that the fungal interface with its environment is biochemically complex and multifunctional, i.e., glues are only one component of surfaceassociated compounds and adhesion is only one function of the extracellular matrix (Nicholson and Epstein 1991). In addition, non-glue components in the e ...
... to note that the fungal interface with its environment is biochemically complex and multifunctional, i.e., glues are only one component of surfaceassociated compounds and adhesion is only one function of the extracellular matrix (Nicholson and Epstein 1991). In addition, non-glue components in the e ...
A tightly regulated and reversibly inducible siRNA expression
... metabolic rate of lac inducers, as well as the in vivo clearance of inducers, have been intensively analyzed in mammalian cells and whole animals [41,42]. Thus, direct control of mammalian promoters by the IPTG-responsive lac repressor-operator system provides tight, inducible regulation and the pro ...
... metabolic rate of lac inducers, as well as the in vivo clearance of inducers, have been intensively analyzed in mammalian cells and whole animals [41,42]. Thus, direct control of mammalian promoters by the IPTG-responsive lac repressor-operator system provides tight, inducible regulation and the pro ...
Plant immune and growth receptors share common signalling
... changing how much it grows. Disease-causing microbes in the immediate environment represent another potential threat to plants. To detect these microbes, plant cells have proteins called “pattern recognition receptors” in their surface membranes that sense certain molecules from the microbes (simila ...
... changing how much it grows. Disease-causing microbes in the immediate environment represent another potential threat to plants. To detect these microbes, plant cells have proteins called “pattern recognition receptors” in their surface membranes that sense certain molecules from the microbes (simila ...
Analysis of the tendon cell fate - Development
... (Cserjesi et al., 1995). The subsequent differentiation and early patterning of the cartilage and muscles seen by stage 29 are accompanied by rapid and complex changes in the scleraxis expression pattern (Fig. 3B), which eventually resolves into the ...
... (Cserjesi et al., 1995). The subsequent differentiation and early patterning of the cartilage and muscles seen by stage 29 are accompanied by rapid and complex changes in the scleraxis expression pattern (Fig. 3B), which eventually resolves into the ...
Echinoderm enteric nervous system
... sensory and motor and makes up the nerve ring and most of the radial nerve cords. The hyponeural system, exclusively motor, is present in the radial nerve cords and is associated with the skeletal muscle system. The third component, the entoneural system (also called the apical or aboral nervous sys ...
... sensory and motor and makes up the nerve ring and most of the radial nerve cords. The hyponeural system, exclusively motor, is present in the radial nerve cords and is associated with the skeletal muscle system. The third component, the entoneural system (also called the apical or aboral nervous sys ...
CHAPTER 2 Literature Review I Bone Homeostasis
... adipocytes is of great importance since cells that have the potential to form osteoblasts can be diverted into the adipocytic lineage and are then no longer available for bone formation. Factors driving MSCs to differentiate down the two lineages therefore play important roles in determining bone de ...
... adipocytes is of great importance since cells that have the potential to form osteoblasts can be diverted into the adipocytic lineage and are then no longer available for bone formation. Factors driving MSCs to differentiate down the two lineages therefore play important roles in determining bone de ...
Definition of a p53 transactivation function-deficient mutant
... colony formation assay performed with H1299 (Figure 1) and Saos-2 (data not shown) cell lines, which are both p537/7, M22/23 displays a phenotype which is intermediate between the inactive tumor-derived mutant, D281G, and p53 wild-type (p53 WT). This assay enables growth suppression in its most gene ...
... colony formation assay performed with H1299 (Figure 1) and Saos-2 (data not shown) cell lines, which are both p537/7, M22/23 displays a phenotype which is intermediate between the inactive tumor-derived mutant, D281G, and p53 wild-type (p53 WT). This assay enables growth suppression in its most gene ...
Effects of Ammonia and Lactate on Hybridoma Growth, Metabolism
... metabolic deamination of glutamine to glutamate and by the conversion of glutamate to a-ketoglutarate. Concentration of ammonia in cell culture is influenced by the mode of reactor operation, cell and glutamine concentrations, and cellular activities. Although ammonia concentrations of 2-5 mM are ty ...
... metabolic deamination of glutamine to glutamate and by the conversion of glutamate to a-ketoglutarate. Concentration of ammonia in cell culture is influenced by the mode of reactor operation, cell and glutamine concentrations, and cellular activities. Although ammonia concentrations of 2-5 mM are ty ...
REVIEW ARTICLE Establishment of the axis in chordates: facts and
... oblastic cleavage and a relatively late axialization of the blasthe above cytoplasm contains some unique information toderm. Mammals have gone a few steps further in evolution. involved in axis formation. Sardet et al. (1989) found that, The more primitive Monotremata have yolky eggs; the Marsuafter ...
... oblastic cleavage and a relatively late axialization of the blasthe above cytoplasm contains some unique information toderm. Mammals have gone a few steps further in evolution. involved in axis formation. Sardet et al. (1989) found that, The more primitive Monotremata have yolky eggs; the Marsuafter ...
Protists Cells: Grow and Develop:
... The Protists Kingdom consists of unicellular (life forms with only one cell) and some multicellular life forms that have a nucleus. If you think back to everything we discussed in class that would make Protists eukaryotic cells. The main difference between protists and prokaryotes (archeabacteria an ...
... The Protists Kingdom consists of unicellular (life forms with only one cell) and some multicellular life forms that have a nucleus. If you think back to everything we discussed in class that would make Protists eukaryotic cells. The main difference between protists and prokaryotes (archeabacteria an ...
Vertebrate limb development--the early stages in chick - ICB-USP
... Several consistent findings have emerged. All the studies in both chick and mouse agree that the boundary of the ventral compartment lies at the mid-point of the apical ridge (at least at early stages in ridge formation) and that this ventral compartment corresponds precisely with the domain of expr ...
... Several consistent findings have emerged. All the studies in both chick and mouse agree that the boundary of the ventral compartment lies at the mid-point of the apical ridge (at least at early stages in ridge formation) and that this ventral compartment corresponds precisely with the domain of expr ...
Signaling pathways in myocyte hypertrophy. Role of GATA4
... and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), and by increasing expression and secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Initially, the response is beneficial, but when prolonged, it leads to pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In this study, cardiomyocyte hypertrop ...
... and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), and by increasing expression and secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Initially, the response is beneficial, but when prolonged, it leads to pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In this study, cardiomyocyte hypertrop ...
Cytotoxic effect of lomefloxacin in culture of human epidermal
... for 24 h. The effect induced by the antibiotic was determined by the WST-1 test assay, which measures the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases of living cells. The obtained results show that mitochondrial cytotoxicity is dependent on the drug concentration (Fig. 3). There was no significant diff ...
... for 24 h. The effect induced by the antibiotic was determined by the WST-1 test assay, which measures the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenases of living cells. The obtained results show that mitochondrial cytotoxicity is dependent on the drug concentration (Fig. 3). There was no significant diff ...
Disruption of morphogenesis and transformation of
... and it may be small or large relative to the embryo proper. Suspensors typically are filamentous, columnar, spherical, or irregular in shape, and the boundary between the suspensor and embryo proper can be distinct or diffuse. Following division of the zygote, the basal cell in Arabidopsis divides r ...
... and it may be small or large relative to the embryo proper. Suspensors typically are filamentous, columnar, spherical, or irregular in shape, and the boundary between the suspensor and embryo proper can be distinct or diffuse. Following division of the zygote, the basal cell in Arabidopsis divides r ...
Bugging the cell wall of bacteria
... incorporation of Lipid II, thereby weakening the cell wall and eventually killing the cells. The best known member of the glycopeptide class of antibiotics, vancomycin, was used for decades as last resort antibiotic. It binds to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala sequence of Lipid II and nascent peptidoglycan ...
... incorporation of Lipid II, thereby weakening the cell wall and eventually killing the cells. The best known member of the glycopeptide class of antibiotics, vancomycin, was used for decades as last resort antibiotic. It binds to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala sequence of Lipid II and nascent peptidoglycan ...
Human Fatty Acid Transport Protein 2a/Very Long Chain Acyl
... Grants RO1-DK07076 and RO1-GM56850 (to P. N. B. and C. C. D.) and 1F31DK085961 (to E. M. M.). ...
... Grants RO1-DK07076 and RO1-GM56850 (to P. N. B. and C. C. D.) and 1F31DK085961 (to E. M. M.). ...
Numerical simulation of morphogenetic movements in
... generated within the cells that properly react and respond so that the global architecture changes, but the embryo can progressively perform more specialised functions. The strong connection between mechanics and genetics has been studied for a long time, showing how genes control and influence the ...
... generated within the cells that properly react and respond so that the global architecture changes, but the embryo can progressively perform more specialised functions. The strong connection between mechanics and genetics has been studied for a long time, showing how genes control and influence the ...
Actin Interacting Protein1 and Actin Depolymerizing
... 2004), enhancing actin filament severing by ADF/cofilins (Aizawa et al., 1999; Mohri et al., 2004), or a combination of these mechanisms. AIP1’s activity ultimately results in further fragmentation of ADF/cofilin-severed actin filaments (Aizawa et al., 1999; Okada et al., 1999; Okreglak and Drubin, ...
... 2004), enhancing actin filament severing by ADF/cofilins (Aizawa et al., 1999; Mohri et al., 2004), or a combination of these mechanisms. AIP1’s activity ultimately results in further fragmentation of ADF/cofilin-severed actin filaments (Aizawa et al., 1999; Okada et al., 1999; Okreglak and Drubin, ...
RNA polymerase II transcription is concentrated outside replication
... replicated in late S-phase (reviewed by Goldman, 1988). Transcription factors probably play an important role in replication (Herbomel, 1990; Wolffe, 1991; Heintz, 1992; DePamphilis, 1993) as well as in DNA repair (Bootsma and Hoeijmakers, 1993). Whether transcription causes genes to replicate early ...
... replicated in late S-phase (reviewed by Goldman, 1988). Transcription factors probably play an important role in replication (Herbomel, 1990; Wolffe, 1991; Heintz, 1992; DePamphilis, 1993) as well as in DNA repair (Bootsma and Hoeijmakers, 1993). Whether transcription causes genes to replicate early ...
A pervasive role of histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases in
... The NF-kB family of transcription factors is present in most vertebrate cell types as homo- and heterodimers of five structurally related Rel and NF-kB proteins, namely p65 (also called RelA), RelB, c-Rel, NF-kB1 (p50 and its precursor p105) and NF-kB2 (p52 and its precursor p100) [1,2]. The transac ...
... The NF-kB family of transcription factors is present in most vertebrate cell types as homo- and heterodimers of five structurally related Rel and NF-kB proteins, namely p65 (also called RelA), RelB, c-Rel, NF-kB1 (p50 and its precursor p105) and NF-kB2 (p52 and its precursor p100) [1,2]. The transac ...
Yeasts as a model for human diseases
... who were in the field at the time, this came as a major breakthrough. Up to this time – even though J. Monod had already stated that ‘what is true for E. coli is true for the elephant’ – demonstrating that molecular details of functional pathways were conserved from one organism to another was neith ...
... who were in the field at the time, this came as a major breakthrough. Up to this time – even though J. Monod had already stated that ‘what is true for E. coli is true for the elephant’ – demonstrating that molecular details of functional pathways were conserved from one organism to another was neith ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.