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... subsequent migration (Anderson et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2012). Several lines of evidence suggest that FGF receptors play important roles in limb myogenesis (Flanagan-Steet et al., 2000; Lagha et al., 2008; Marcelle et al., 1995; Marics et al., 2002). Grafting of FGF soaked beads has been shown to ne ...
... subsequent migration (Anderson et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2012). Several lines of evidence suggest that FGF receptors play important roles in limb myogenesis (Flanagan-Steet et al., 2000; Lagha et al., 2008; Marcelle et al., 1995; Marics et al., 2002). Grafting of FGF soaked beads has been shown to ne ...
Requirements for CPC localization during anaphase
... Figure 4. A model for CPC regulation and its effects in S. cerevisiae. A) Before anaphase the CPC is located at the centromeres. Sli15p is phosphorylated by Cdk1p and Ipl1p, contributing to this localization. The CPC regulates proper chromosome segregation in this phase. B) At the start of anaphase ...
... Figure 4. A model for CPC regulation and its effects in S. cerevisiae. A) Before anaphase the CPC is located at the centromeres. Sli15p is phosphorylated by Cdk1p and Ipl1p, contributing to this localization. The CPC regulates proper chromosome segregation in this phase. B) At the start of anaphase ...
Arachidonic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Suppress Osteoclast Formation and Activity
... between the osteoblasts and osteoclasts is crucial in maintaining the structure of the bone tissue. Osteoclasts, the sole bone resorbing cell in the body, are multinuclear, terminally differentiated cells that are derived from haematopoietic precursors of the monocyte/macrophage lineage [3, 4, 5, 6] ...
... between the osteoblasts and osteoclasts is crucial in maintaining the structure of the bone tissue. Osteoclasts, the sole bone resorbing cell in the body, are multinuclear, terminally differentiated cells that are derived from haematopoietic precursors of the monocyte/macrophage lineage [3, 4, 5, 6] ...
The plant Golgi apparatus—Going with the flow
... organisation compared to other eukaryotes have often been discussed [6 –8]. However, the unravelling of the genetic make up and molecular machineries of the plant secretory pathway has revealed significant homology with the mammalian and yeast counterparts [4 –6,9]. Yet, despite this presence of hig ...
... organisation compared to other eukaryotes have often been discussed [6 –8]. However, the unravelling of the genetic make up and molecular machineries of the plant secretory pathway has revealed significant homology with the mammalian and yeast counterparts [4 –6,9]. Yet, despite this presence of hig ...
Extracellular ATP signaling in plants
... homologs of these animal receptors by sequence and structural comparison algorithms failed to identify canonical P2 receptors [34,35]. Recently, a candidate P2X receptor was identified by a BLAST (basic local alignment search tool)based search of the green alga Ostreococcus tauri genome [36]. Howeve ...
... homologs of these animal receptors by sequence and structural comparison algorithms failed to identify canonical P2 receptors [34,35]. Recently, a candidate P2X receptor was identified by a BLAST (basic local alignment search tool)based search of the green alga Ostreococcus tauri genome [36]. Howeve ...
MICROSCOPIC AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES ON
... endosome is called as a multivesicular body (MVB) (Johnstone, et al. 1987). Multivesicular body may fuse with a lysosome when it and its cargo will be degradated. Another scenario is that the multivesicular body fuses with the plasma membrane (Futter, et al. 1996). In this case the intraluminal vesi ...
... endosome is called as a multivesicular body (MVB) (Johnstone, et al. 1987). Multivesicular body may fuse with a lysosome when it and its cargo will be degradated. Another scenario is that the multivesicular body fuses with the plasma membrane (Futter, et al. 1996). In this case the intraluminal vesi ...
Combinatorial signals from the neural tube, floor plate and
... somitic expression of the myogenic bHLH genes is maintained in the absence of the axial tissues. In organ culture, at early developmental stages (HH 11−), induction of myogenesis in the three most recently formed somites can be mediated by the neural tube together with the floor ...
... somitic expression of the myogenic bHLH genes is maintained in the absence of the axial tissues. In organ culture, at early developmental stages (HH 11−), induction of myogenesis in the three most recently formed somites can be mediated by the neural tube together with the floor ...
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... candidates. A gradient of the protein nerve growth factor can orient nerve growth (Gundersen & Barrett, 1980), while oriented cell shape changes and directional migration of leucocytes, for example, are induced by chemoattractant peptides released by bacteria (e.g. Schiffman, 1982). Xenopus myoblast ...
... candidates. A gradient of the protein nerve growth factor can orient nerve growth (Gundersen & Barrett, 1980), while oriented cell shape changes and directional migration of leucocytes, for example, are induced by chemoattractant peptides released by bacteria (e.g. Schiffman, 1982). Xenopus myoblast ...
Role of chick cux1 and cux2 during limb development
... experiments indicate that Wnt3a can induce Fgf8 expression in the chick AER. The induction appears to be mediated by β-catenin and Lef1 (Kengaku et al., 1998). Although all of these experiments have revealed how the establishment of the AER is regulated by several secreted factors, receptors and cyt ...
... experiments indicate that Wnt3a can induce Fgf8 expression in the chick AER. The induction appears to be mediated by β-catenin and Lef1 (Kengaku et al., 1998). Although all of these experiments have revealed how the establishment of the AER is regulated by several secreted factors, receptors and cyt ...
Increasing Fgf4 expression in the mouse limb bud
... A major function of the limb bud apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is to produce fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that signal to the underlying mesenchyme. Previous studies have suggested that of the four FGF genes specifically expressed in the mouse AER, Fgf8 is unique not only in its expression pattern, ...
... A major function of the limb bud apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is to produce fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that signal to the underlying mesenchyme. Previous studies have suggested that of the four FGF genes specifically expressed in the mouse AER, Fgf8 is unique not only in its expression pattern, ...
Auxin and self-organization at the shoot apical
... et al., 2007). Endocytic recycling has been shown to allow for the polar localization of PINs after an initial apolar delivery of newly synthesized PIN proteins (Dhonukshe et al., 2008). Rapid changes in PIN polarity have been shown to be determined by a transcytosis-like mechanism in which, after a ...
... et al., 2007). Endocytic recycling has been shown to allow for the polar localization of PINs after an initial apolar delivery of newly synthesized PIN proteins (Dhonukshe et al., 2008). Rapid changes in PIN polarity have been shown to be determined by a transcytosis-like mechanism in which, after a ...
Convergent repression of Foxp2 3!UTR by miR-9 and miR
... To date, several genes and pathways involved in neocortical development have been identified. However, these genes and pathways have been studied individually, leaving it unclear how these different regulators integrate as a network. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have rapidly emerged as a new ...
... To date, several genes and pathways involved in neocortical development have been identified. However, these genes and pathways have been studied individually, leaving it unclear how these different regulators integrate as a network. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have rapidly emerged as a new ...
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... To date, several genes and pathways involved in neocortical development have been identified. However, these genes and pathways have been studied individually, leaving it unclear how these different regulators integrate as a network. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have rapidly emerged as a new ...
... To date, several genes and pathways involved in neocortical development have been identified. However, these genes and pathways have been studied individually, leaving it unclear how these different regulators integrate as a network. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have rapidly emerged as a new ...
Convergent repression of Foxp2 3!UTR by miR-9 and miR
... To date, several genes and pathways involved in neocortical development have been identified. However, these genes and pathways have been studied individually, leaving it unclear how these different regulators integrate as a network. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have rapidly emerged as a new ...
... To date, several genes and pathways involved in neocortical development have been identified. However, these genes and pathways have been studied individually, leaving it unclear how these different regulators integrate as a network. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have rapidly emerged as a new ...
Vacuolar transporters and their essential role in plant metabolism
... different internal acidic organelles in eukaryotic cells. In addition, this type of proton pump has been found on the plasma membrane of both insects and some bacterial species. The V-ATPase has an intricate structure which is ...
... different internal acidic organelles in eukaryotic cells. In addition, this type of proton pump has been found on the plasma membrane of both insects and some bacterial species. The V-ATPase has an intricate structure which is ...
Domains of the Adenovirus E1A Protein Required for
... This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Sciences and Mathematics at WesScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Division III Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of WesScholar. For more information, please contact dschnaidt@wesleyan.edu, ...
... This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Sciences and Mathematics at WesScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Division III Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of WesScholar. For more information, please contact dschnaidt@wesleyan.edu, ...
Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Microtubule
... Cell walls are a distinct feature of plants and their chemical constituents, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, are economically valuable. Plant fibres rich in cellulose, which mainly resides in their cell wall, are traditionally used in making paper and textiles. The changing global economic sit ...
... Cell walls are a distinct feature of plants and their chemical constituents, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, are economically valuable. Plant fibres rich in cellulose, which mainly resides in their cell wall, are traditionally used in making paper and textiles. The changing global economic sit ...
Avian erythrocytes have functional mitochondria, opening
... lessen the exposure of mammalian erythrocytes to the potentially deleterious production of mitochondrial ROS [6], with the theoretical benefit of maximizing their lifespan. The potential implication of mitochondrial ROS production in the loss of mitochondria and nucleus throughout evolution for mamm ...
... lessen the exposure of mammalian erythrocytes to the potentially deleterious production of mitochondrial ROS [6], with the theoretical benefit of maximizing their lifespan. The potential implication of mitochondrial ROS production in the loss of mitochondria and nucleus throughout evolution for mamm ...
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... distribution. Direct evidence that Ihh binds sulfated CSPGs, specifically aggrecan, suggests a mechanism in which CSPGs together with HSPGs modulate Ihh signaling by controlling the distribution of secreted Ihh across the ECM. This is the first study to demonstrate a role for CSPGs in modulating Hh ...
... distribution. Direct evidence that Ihh binds sulfated CSPGs, specifically aggrecan, suggests a mechanism in which CSPGs together with HSPGs modulate Ihh signaling by controlling the distribution of secreted Ihh across the ECM. This is the first study to demonstrate a role for CSPGs in modulating Hh ...
Communications between Mitochondria, the Nucleus, Vacuoles
... et al., 2014) (Figure 1). Furthermore, protein kinase A (PKA) activity at the cytosolic leaflet of the PM also contributes to the establishment of a pro-aging cellular pattern at checkpoint 8. This PK activity inhibits nuclear import of Msn2 and Msn4, thus turning off an anti-aging transcriptional p ...
... et al., 2014) (Figure 1). Furthermore, protein kinase A (PKA) activity at the cytosolic leaflet of the PM also contributes to the establishment of a pro-aging cellular pattern at checkpoint 8. This PK activity inhibits nuclear import of Msn2 and Msn4, thus turning off an anti-aging transcriptional p ...
Loss of the Mili-interacting Tudor domain–containing protein
... immunoprecipitation and western blot ana- shown. Middle, Tdrd1 interacts with Mili, but not Miwi, in adult mouse testes extracts. Reciprocally, lysis with the anti-Myc antibody revealed Mili is detected in an anti-Tdrd1 immunoprecipitate (IP). Below, Myc-Tdrd1 specifically interacts with HA-Mili in ...
... immunoprecipitation and western blot ana- shown. Middle, Tdrd1 interacts with Mili, but not Miwi, in adult mouse testes extracts. Reciprocally, lysis with the anti-Myc antibody revealed Mili is detected in an anti-Tdrd1 immunoprecipitate (IP). Below, Myc-Tdrd1 specifically interacts with HA-Mili in ...
Location and Size of Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Cell
... nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RrF) project to the striatum, cortex, and nucleus accumbens (Björklund and Lindvall, 1984). They modulate a variety of functions, such as movement, rewarding, cognition, and feeding (Zhou and Palmiter, 1995; Cooper et al., 2001). A dy ...
... nigra (SN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RrF) project to the striatum, cortex, and nucleus accumbens (Björklund and Lindvall, 1984). They modulate a variety of functions, such as movement, rewarding, cognition, and feeding (Zhou and Palmiter, 1995; Cooper et al., 2001). A dy ...
PLEKHM1/DEF8/RAB7 complex regulates lysosome positioning and
... Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are capable of resorbing calcified cartilage and bone matrix during skeletal development, homeostasis, and repair (1). Increased osteoclast number or activity leads to bone loss in metabolic bone diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (2). Conversely, ...
... Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that are capable of resorbing calcified cartilage and bone matrix during skeletal development, homeostasis, and repair (1). Increased osteoclast number or activity leads to bone loss in metabolic bone diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (2). Conversely, ...
Drosophila embryos close epithelial wounds using a combination of
... that Drosophila embryos may be able to repair lesions using ...
... that Drosophila embryos may be able to repair lesions using ...
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... histological sections, we never observed Lgl2 localisation at the basal cortex of the basal epidermal cells, where hemidesmosomes form (Fig. 1H). Instead, Lgl2 was predominantly localised to the lateral domain in the basal epidermal cells (Fig. 1H). The apparent apical staining in the basal epiderma ...
... histological sections, we never observed Lgl2 localisation at the basal cortex of the basal epidermal cells, where hemidesmosomes form (Fig. 1H). Instead, Lgl2 was predominantly localised to the lateral domain in the basal epidermal cells (Fig. 1H). The apparent apical staining in the basal epiderma ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.