A Review of Centriole Activity, and Wrongful Activity, during Cell
... nucleus then shrinks in the middle and eventually separates into two parts. During their separation, each part takes approximately half of the remainder of the cell (the cytoplasm) with it. The result of this process, known as “cytokinesis”, is then two twin-like cells. The mitotic process is freque ...
... nucleus then shrinks in the middle and eventually separates into two parts. During their separation, each part takes approximately half of the remainder of the cell (the cytoplasm) with it. The result of this process, known as “cytokinesis”, is then two twin-like cells. The mitotic process is freque ...
Physical and functional link of the leukemia
... PML isoforms. The PML expression vector pCMV-HA-PML, which was a generous gift from Dr A. Kakizuka (Kyoto University),44 carries the PML transcript corresponding to human PML VI. To construct the expression vector for other human PML isoforms I-V, we isolated cDNA fragments encoding the specific 5⬘- ...
... PML isoforms. The PML expression vector pCMV-HA-PML, which was a generous gift from Dr A. Kakizuka (Kyoto University),44 carries the PML transcript corresponding to human PML VI. To construct the expression vector for other human PML isoforms I-V, we isolated cDNA fragments encoding the specific 5⬘- ...
The ancestral role of Brachyury: expression of NemBra1 in the basal
... several important modifications. The jelly surrounding the embryos was dissolved by treatment with 2% cysteine in NM pH 7.6 for 15– 20 min on a rotary shaker. Isolated embryos were fixed in 1.25% glutaraldehyde/4% paraformaldehyde (in NM) overnight at 4C. The samples were stored in methanol at –20 ...
... several important modifications. The jelly surrounding the embryos was dissolved by treatment with 2% cysteine in NM pH 7.6 for 15– 20 min on a rotary shaker. Isolated embryos were fixed in 1.25% glutaraldehyde/4% paraformaldehyde (in NM) overnight at 4C. The samples were stored in methanol at –20 ...
Spatiotemporal Patterns of Expression of NGF and the Low
... limb initiated at the limb bud stage and was concentrated at proximal and distal developmental sites that have been reported to be involved in limb morphogenesis. Expression at the proximal/distal ends of the limb persisted throughout limb development, with some of the highest levels of expression o ...
... limb initiated at the limb bud stage and was concentrated at proximal and distal developmental sites that have been reported to be involved in limb morphogenesis. Expression at the proximal/distal ends of the limb persisted throughout limb development, with some of the highest levels of expression o ...
Formation of Persisting Cell Wall Deficient Forms of Mycobacterium
... The use of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus CalmetteGuerin vaccine (BCG) against tuberculosis is well established [1-6]. Although the vaccination policies differ greatly between countries, BCG vaccine is among the most widely used vaccines in the world. As far as BCG has been administered mainly to chil ...
... The use of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus CalmetteGuerin vaccine (BCG) against tuberculosis is well established [1-6]. Although the vaccination policies differ greatly between countries, BCG vaccine is among the most widely used vaccines in the world. As far as BCG has been administered mainly to chil ...
Inhibition of Bmp signaling affects growth and differentiation in the
... promoter regions of many hair keratin genes (Zhou et al., 1995; DasGupta and Fuchs, 1999). Finally, Bmp signaling has been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. Several Bmp family members are expressed in the postnatal hair follicle. The two clo ...
... promoter regions of many hair keratin genes (Zhou et al., 1995; DasGupta and Fuchs, 1999). Finally, Bmp signaling has been implicated in the regulation of both proliferation and differentiation in the hair follicle. Several Bmp family members are expressed in the postnatal hair follicle. The two clo ...
Drosophila unpaired encodes a secreted protein that activates the
... of which four mammalian members have been characterized (for review, see Ihle et al. 1997). The unique feature of these molecules is the presence of two tandem kinase-homologous domains. The carboxy-terminal domain of these proteins has been shown to catalyze tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas the mo ...
... of which four mammalian members have been characterized (for review, see Ihle et al. 1997). The unique feature of these molecules is the presence of two tandem kinase-homologous domains. The carboxy-terminal domain of these proteins has been shown to catalyze tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas the mo ...
Calcium-induced calcium release supports recruitment of synaptic
... was not statistically significant (Fig. 2D). In three of four fiber recordings there was a transient increase in EPSC frequency followed by a decrease. Additionally, upon washout in three of four cells there was an initial overshoot in EPSC frequency (data not shown), indicative of an increased perm ...
... was not statistically significant (Fig. 2D). In three of four fiber recordings there was a transient increase in EPSC frequency followed by a decrease. Additionally, upon washout in three of four cells there was an initial overshoot in EPSC frequency (data not shown), indicative of an increased perm ...
Myosin XI-K Is Required for Rapid Trafficking of
... myosin XI-K tail nearly halted Golgi trafficking (Fig. 3A, column XI-K; Supplemental Movie S1), resulting in an approximately 10-fold reduction of the mean velocity (Fig. 3B) and displacement rate (Supplemental Table S2). It should be mentioned that the residual low velocity was largely due to oscil ...
... myosin XI-K tail nearly halted Golgi trafficking (Fig. 3A, column XI-K; Supplemental Movie S1), resulting in an approximately 10-fold reduction of the mean velocity (Fig. 3B) and displacement rate (Supplemental Table S2). It should be mentioned that the residual low velocity was largely due to oscil ...
Comparative Cell Biology and Evolution of Annexins in Diplomonads
... Address correspondence to Jon JerlströmHultqvist, jon.jerlstromhultqvist@imbim.uu.se. The annexin gene family is expanded in diplomonads and are mostly associated with the cytoskeleton and membranes ...
... Address correspondence to Jon JerlströmHultqvist, jon.jerlstromhultqvist@imbim.uu.se. The annexin gene family is expanded in diplomonads and are mostly associated with the cytoskeleton and membranes ...
regionally specific induction by the spemann
... formation26 or promote anterior positional identity27. As the organizer was for decades considered to be the source of a powerful instructive agent, it initially came as a surprise, but is now widely accepted, that its main molecular function is to secrete antagonists to growth factors of three main ...
... formation26 or promote anterior positional identity27. As the organizer was for decades considered to be the source of a powerful instructive agent, it initially came as a surprise, but is now widely accepted, that its main molecular function is to secrete antagonists to growth factors of three main ...
Amino acids and mTORC1: from lysosomes to disease
... cancer, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates signals arising from nutrients, energy, and growth factors, but how exactly these signals are propagated await to be fully understood. Recent findings have placed the lysosome, a key mediator of cellular catabolism, at the c ...
... cancer, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates signals arising from nutrients, energy, and growth factors, but how exactly these signals are propagated await to be fully understood. Recent findings have placed the lysosome, a key mediator of cellular catabolism, at the c ...
manipulation of respiratory burst of neutrophils using c1
... Figure 4-20 Effects of 0.2% Triton X-100 and 0.1mM EDTA on activity of extracted PMN SOD or bovine erythrocytes SOD...................................................................................... 79 Figure 4-21 Effects of Triton X-100 on extracted SOD from WBC and EDTA. ................... 80 ...
... Figure 4-20 Effects of 0.2% Triton X-100 and 0.1mM EDTA on activity of extracted PMN SOD or bovine erythrocytes SOD...................................................................................... 79 Figure 4-21 Effects of Triton X-100 on extracted SOD from WBC and EDTA. ................... 80 ...
Abundant Type III Lipid Transfer Proteins in
... et al., 1996], and several other genes [Huang et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2010]), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris; BvLTP1 and BvLTP2 [Matsuhira et al., 2006]), lily (Lilium longiflorum; LHM6 and LHM7 [Crossley et al., 1995]), and maize (Zea mays; MZm3-3 [Lauga et al., 2000]). However, because of the low se ...
... et al., 1996], and several other genes [Huang et al., 2009; Zhang et al., 2010]), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris; BvLTP1 and BvLTP2 [Matsuhira et al., 2006]), lily (Lilium longiflorum; LHM6 and LHM7 [Crossley et al., 1995]), and maize (Zea mays; MZm3-3 [Lauga et al., 2000]). However, because of the low se ...
BRAIN CCR2 Ly-6C monocytes are crucial for the
... have been only moderately encouraging or even disappointing, indicating a need to further elucidate the complex system of CCR2/CCL2 interactions (Hamann et al., 2008). Our incomplete understanding of CCR2 function during CNS autoimmunity partly results from the widespread expression of this molecule ...
... have been only moderately encouraging or even disappointing, indicating a need to further elucidate the complex system of CCR2/CCL2 interactions (Hamann et al., 2008). Our incomplete understanding of CCR2 function during CNS autoimmunity partly results from the widespread expression of this molecule ...
THE RENAL ELECTROGENIC Na+:HCO3 COTRANSPORTER
... secondary to the influx of CO2. In the new steady state, the predicted Vm would be either more negative or more positive than the initial Vm, depending on whether the net direction of transport was inward or outward, respectively. However, the application of CO2/HCO3− can cause non-specific Vm chang ...
... secondary to the influx of CO2. In the new steady state, the predicted Vm would be either more negative or more positive than the initial Vm, depending on whether the net direction of transport was inward or outward, respectively. However, the application of CO2/HCO3− can cause non-specific Vm chang ...
A novel role for microglia in minimizing excitotoxicity | BMC Biology
... can limit excitotoxicity, an important insight for understanding mechanisms that limit neuron death in CNS disease. Commentary Constituting as many as 10% of cells in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are a subset of glial cells whose function is a longstanding mystery. Unlike other glial ...
... can limit excitotoxicity, an important insight for understanding mechanisms that limit neuron death in CNS disease. Commentary Constituting as many as 10% of cells in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are a subset of glial cells whose function is a longstanding mystery. Unlike other glial ...
... III or PDE IV results in a partial attenuation of total cAMP-hydrolysing capacity. Only if both isoenzymes are simultaneously inhibited will intracellular cAMP concentrations and PKA activity be sufficiently elevated for a complete inhibition of TNF-α release. Similar effects of PDE inhibitors on T- ...
Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein Innate Immunity by
... that interact with the CARD domain-containing protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) upon binding to uncapped RNA, resulting in MAVS association with IkB kinase (IKK) proteins. MAVS association with IKKa/b activates NF-kB; its association with TBK1 as well as IKKε leads to activation of IF ...
... that interact with the CARD domain-containing protein mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) upon binding to uncapped RNA, resulting in MAVS association with IkB kinase (IKK) proteins. MAVS association with IKKa/b activates NF-kB; its association with TBK1 as well as IKKε leads to activation of IF ...
ACTIN2 Is Essential for Bulge Site Selection and Tip Growth during
... Root hairs develop as long extensions from root epidermal cells. After the formation of an initial bulge at the distal end of the epidermal cell, the root hair structure elongates by tip growth. Because root hairs are not surrounded by other cells, root hair formation provides an excellent system fo ...
... Root hairs develop as long extensions from root epidermal cells. After the formation of an initial bulge at the distal end of the epidermal cell, the root hair structure elongates by tip growth. Because root hairs are not surrounded by other cells, root hair formation provides an excellent system fo ...
Full and Partial Agonists of Muscarinic M3 Receptors Reveal Single
... released Ca2⫹ from thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular stores only during activation of muscarinic receptors. Agonists with low efficacy for muscarinic receptor-mediated Ca2⫹ responses facilitated cross-talk more effectively than full agonists. The ...
... released Ca2⫹ from thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular stores only during activation of muscarinic receptors. Agonists with low efficacy for muscarinic receptor-mediated Ca2⫹ responses facilitated cross-talk more effectively than full agonists. The ...
GAL4 System in Drosophila: A Fly Geneticist`s Swiss Army Knife
... investigate the function of genes implicated in a wide variety of medically and economically important processes. In this article, we review the GAL4/UAS system in Drosophila and the numerous extensions that have morphed it into a veritable Swiss army knife for the analysis of gene function. USER’S ...
... investigate the function of genes implicated in a wide variety of medically and economically important processes. In this article, we review the GAL4/UAS system in Drosophila and the numerous extensions that have morphed it into a veritable Swiss army knife for the analysis of gene function. USER’S ...
REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES - Institute of Plant Sciences Paris
... during rearrangement of cell walls in roots, hypocotyls, or coleoptiles (40, 94, ...
... during rearrangement of cell walls in roots, hypocotyls, or coleoptiles (40, 94, ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.