when to switch to flowering
... Genes that affect flowering time in Arabidopsis have been identified through two complementary strategies. The first has utilized the variation present in naturally occurring ecotypes of Arabidopsis that vary in flowering time. The second approach has utilized a diverse spectrum of induced mutations ...
... Genes that affect flowering time in Arabidopsis have been identified through two complementary strategies. The first has utilized the variation present in naturally occurring ecotypes of Arabidopsis that vary in flowering time. The second approach has utilized a diverse spectrum of induced mutations ...
Chapter 06 (Urinalyisis
... RBC's may appear normally shaped, swollen by dilute urine (in fact, only cell ghosts and free hemoglobin may remain), or crenated by concentrated urine Both swollen, partly hemolyzed RBC's and crenated RBC's are sometimes difficult to distinguish from WBC's in the urine ...
... RBC's may appear normally shaped, swollen by dilute urine (in fact, only cell ghosts and free hemoglobin may remain), or crenated by concentrated urine Both swollen, partly hemolyzed RBC's and crenated RBC's are sometimes difficult to distinguish from WBC's in the urine ...
Keeping the immune system in check: a role for mitophagy
... that aggregate in the matrix may cause PINK1 accumulation by either shutting down protein import or PINK1 proteolysis. Thus PINK1 is a molecular sensor of mitochondrial health, flagging only those mitochondria within the population that become dysfunctional for Parkin-mediated degradation. Mechanisms ...
... that aggregate in the matrix may cause PINK1 accumulation by either shutting down protein import or PINK1 proteolysis. Thus PINK1 is a molecular sensor of mitochondrial health, flagging only those mitochondria within the population that become dysfunctional for Parkin-mediated degradation. Mechanisms ...
HIV-1 entry in human macrophages - Hal-CEA
... environment, c) the molecular interactions of brain macrophages with the central nervous system in HIV infection and d) the range of inhibitory activities exerted by macrophages on HIV replication. Peculiar features of HIV-1 replication in macrophages. The HIV-1 life cycle in macrophages differs in ...
... environment, c) the molecular interactions of brain macrophages with the central nervous system in HIV infection and d) the range of inhibitory activities exerted by macrophages on HIV replication. Peculiar features of HIV-1 replication in macrophages. The HIV-1 life cycle in macrophages differs in ...
ANTAGONISM OF Bacillus spp. TOWARDS Microcystis aeruginosa Philosophiae Doctor
... (HABs) all over the world. The HABs are sometimes a direct result of anthropogenic pollution entering water bodies, such as partially treated nutrient-rich effluents and the leaching of fertilisers and animal wastes. Microcystis species are the dominant cyanobacteria (algae) that proliferate in thes ...
... (HABs) all over the world. The HABs are sometimes a direct result of anthropogenic pollution entering water bodies, such as partially treated nutrient-rich effluents and the leaching of fertilisers and animal wastes. Microcystis species are the dominant cyanobacteria (algae) that proliferate in thes ...
Surge and destroy: the role of auxin in plant embryogenesis
... carriers and auxin efflux carriers. The auxin expelled from one cell is taken up by the next cell in line, which expels it from its opposite end, and so forth. Extracellular auxin is thought to be transported across the membrane and into the cell by the AUX1 protein, a member of the auxin amino acid ...
... carriers and auxin efflux carriers. The auxin expelled from one cell is taken up by the next cell in line, which expels it from its opposite end, and so forth. Extracellular auxin is thought to be transported across the membrane and into the cell by the AUX1 protein, a member of the auxin amino acid ...
DC-derived exosomes bear molecules involved in
... extracellular exosomes with DC is unknown. Although there is evidence that exosomes may transfer functional MHC-I/peptide complexes to DC 24, it is unclear whether exosomes cluster or fuse with DC, or if they are internalized and processed, as occurs with vesicles derived from apoptotic cells 2-5. H ...
... extracellular exosomes with DC is unknown. Although there is evidence that exosomes may transfer functional MHC-I/peptide complexes to DC 24, it is unclear whether exosomes cluster or fuse with DC, or if they are internalized and processed, as occurs with vesicles derived from apoptotic cells 2-5. H ...
Induction of Apoptosis through B-cell Receptor Cross-linking
... has been shown to induce apoptosis over a time period of ⬃48 h. As shown in Fig. 1A, PARP cleavage was observed starting at 12 h after BcR cross-linking and gradually increased over the next 36 h. In accordance with this, a gradual increase in DNA fragmentation up to 31% after 48 h was observed in s ...
... has been shown to induce apoptosis over a time period of ⬃48 h. As shown in Fig. 1A, PARP cleavage was observed starting at 12 h after BcR cross-linking and gradually increased over the next 36 h. In accordance with this, a gradual increase in DNA fragmentation up to 31% after 48 h was observed in s ...
Document
... Striated muscle adapts its structure, size, and metabolism to changes in functional demand. This is in part communicated by neural and mechanical input. While the events downstream a neural impulse have been characterised in depth, little is known about the role of mechanotransduction in the regulat ...
... Striated muscle adapts its structure, size, and metabolism to changes in functional demand. This is in part communicated by neural and mechanical input. While the events downstream a neural impulse have been characterised in depth, little is known about the role of mechanotransduction in the regulat ...
the article
... The nuclear functions of HMGB1 are to bind to and bend DNA and to serve as an ‘architectural’ protein22. As it is now appreciated that HMGB1 can be released from cells, we hypothesized that in a way analogous to its binding of nuclear DNA, HMGB1 could bind to extracellular DNA and, by forming HMGB1- ...
... The nuclear functions of HMGB1 are to bind to and bend DNA and to serve as an ‘architectural’ protein22. As it is now appreciated that HMGB1 can be released from cells, we hypothesized that in a way analogous to its binding of nuclear DNA, HMGB1 could bind to extracellular DNA and, by forming HMGB1- ...
Coupling transcription, splicing and mRNA export
... transcription machinery. Performing a synthetic lethal screen with Yra1 (yeast Aly), they identified the Sac3 gene. The Sac3 protein was also identified by mass spectrometry by virtue of its association with Sub2 (yeast UAP56) in a pull-down assay from yeast lysates [15]. Sac3 was also shown to in ...
... transcription machinery. Performing a synthetic lethal screen with Yra1 (yeast Aly), they identified the Sac3 gene. The Sac3 protein was also identified by mass spectrometry by virtue of its association with Sub2 (yeast UAP56) in a pull-down assay from yeast lysates [15]. Sac3 was also shown to in ...
Targets hidden by fibrin networks still need to find their place in the
... This synovitis model was thereafter challenged using an in vitro system in which fibrinogen was immobilised with the addition of thrombin directly on top of cell monolayers, to form fresh fibrin clots. This system had been formerly introduced to study cell transmigration [19]. This approach showed a ...
... This synovitis model was thereafter challenged using an in vitro system in which fibrinogen was immobilised with the addition of thrombin directly on top of cell monolayers, to form fresh fibrin clots. This system had been formerly introduced to study cell transmigration [19]. This approach showed a ...
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vprmediated G2 cell cycle
... arrest mediated by Vpr in HIV-1 pathogenesis is as yet unclear. Experimental evidence in in vitro systems indicates that the establishment of a cell cycle arrest enables HIV-1 to optimize virus production and cripple the immune response, thus facilitating the persistence of the virus within the infe ...
... arrest mediated by Vpr in HIV-1 pathogenesis is as yet unclear. Experimental evidence in in vitro systems indicates that the establishment of a cell cycle arrest enables HIV-1 to optimize virus production and cripple the immune response, thus facilitating the persistence of the virus within the infe ...
Up-regulation of junctophilin-2 prevents ER stress and apoptosis in
... infarct size, preserves the cardiac contraction function, and prevents the onset of heart failure, which all ultimately lead to a significant reduction in the acute mortality after myocardial infarction [15]. However, as a result of a decrease in mortality rate for acute myocardial infarction due to ...
... infarct size, preserves the cardiac contraction function, and prevents the onset of heart failure, which all ultimately lead to a significant reduction in the acute mortality after myocardial infarction [15]. However, as a result of a decrease in mortality rate for acute myocardial infarction due to ...
2 common staining technique
... into various groups or types. Both the techniques allow the observation of cell morphology, or shape, but differential staining usually provides more information about the characteristics of the cell wall (Thickness). Gram staining (or Gram’s method) is an emprical method of differentiating bacteria ...
... into various groups or types. Both the techniques allow the observation of cell morphology, or shape, but differential staining usually provides more information about the characteristics of the cell wall (Thickness). Gram staining (or Gram’s method) is an emprical method of differentiating bacteria ...
... Cultures. Sixty-seven C. gattii strains were obtained from Thomas Mitchell (Durham, NC), June Kwon-Chung (Bethesda, MD), and Uma Banerjee (New Delhi, India). These strains included both clinical and environmental isolates. The C. gattii strains included NIH isolates 34, 191, 198, and 444. The lab st ...
PDF
... regulated by interactions between the ureteric epithelium and the mesenchyme (Grobstein, 1955; Saxen etal. 1968). The mechanisms underlying these developmental processes have been studied using organ cultures of either whole kidney rudiments or transfilter cultures where the epithelial and mesenchym ...
... regulated by interactions between the ureteric epithelium and the mesenchyme (Grobstein, 1955; Saxen etal. 1968). The mechanisms underlying these developmental processes have been studied using organ cultures of either whole kidney rudiments or transfilter cultures where the epithelial and mesenchym ...
View Full PDF - Essays in Biochemistry
... which both are part of the active heterotetrameric form of the enzyme [18]. The cleavage occurs at a serine residue (in the larger subunit), which then is converted into pyruvate. The processing of the AdoMetDC pro-enzyme has been shown to be stimulated by putrescine, which also has a direct stimula ...
... which both are part of the active heterotetrameric form of the enzyme [18]. The cleavage occurs at a serine residue (in the larger subunit), which then is converted into pyruvate. The processing of the AdoMetDC pro-enzyme has been shown to be stimulated by putrescine, which also has a direct stimula ...
Mechanism of isoniazid uptake in Mycobacterium
... proposed that [“C]INH enters cells by passive diffusion through the bacterial envelope, and that its oxidation by KatG then leads to the accumulation of radioactive derivatives inside the cells. A consequence of this model is that the initial transport velocity of INH is independent of KatG, but lab ...
... proposed that [“C]INH enters cells by passive diffusion through the bacterial envelope, and that its oxidation by KatG then leads to the accumulation of radioactive derivatives inside the cells. A consequence of this model is that the initial transport velocity of INH is independent of KatG, but lab ...
This is an author produced version of a paper
... has been shown to participate in a complex interplay between insulin and cAMP signalling networks, important for the regulation of insulin-induced glucose uptake and lipogenesis as well as insulin-induced inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes [2, 8]. On the other hand, little is known about the rol ...
... has been shown to participate in a complex interplay between insulin and cAMP signalling networks, important for the regulation of insulin-induced glucose uptake and lipogenesis as well as insulin-induced inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes [2, 8]. On the other hand, little is known about the rol ...
The Role of Histone Modifications in Transcriptional Regulation upon Stress
... essential for transcription activation of Msn2/4 dependent genes specifically in response to heat stress. We also found that serine S47 on histone H4 is an example of residue specifically required in response to osmostress and two phosphorylable residues on histone H3: serine S57 and threonine T58 a ...
... essential for transcription activation of Msn2/4 dependent genes specifically in response to heat stress. We also found that serine S47 on histone H4 is an example of residue specifically required in response to osmostress and two phosphorylable residues on histone H3: serine S57 and threonine T58 a ...
Circadian Molecular Clocks Tick along Ontogenesis
... 1997, Burbach et al. 2001) and AP1 (Burbach et al. 2001) elements by a non-clock-related mechanism. Moreover, recent data using detection of heteronuclear RNA as a nascent transcript, which is a more reliable marker of transcriptional rate than detection of mRNA, did not reveal any circadian rhythmi ...
... 1997, Burbach et al. 2001) and AP1 (Burbach et al. 2001) elements by a non-clock-related mechanism. Moreover, recent data using detection of heteronuclear RNA as a nascent transcript, which is a more reliable marker of transcriptional rate than detection of mRNA, did not reveal any circadian rhythmi ...
Bound by Fate: The Role of Reactive Oxygen
... synchronized responses in tissues, organs, and throughout the entire organism. The perception of specific molecules at the cell perimeter is of crucial importance for these signaling processes. In plants, communication between cells and the extracellular environment is largely controlled by receptor- ...
... synchronized responses in tissues, organs, and throughout the entire organism. The perception of specific molecules at the cell perimeter is of crucial importance for these signaling processes. In plants, communication between cells and the extracellular environment is largely controlled by receptor- ...
Maternal control of the Drosophila dorsalventral body axis
... David S. Stein∗ and Leslie M. Stevens The pathway that generates the dorsal–ventral (DV) axis of the Drosophila embryo has been the subject of intense investigation over the previous three decades. The initial asymmetric signal originates during oogenesis by the movement of the oocyte nucleus to an ...
... David S. Stein∗ and Leslie M. Stevens The pathway that generates the dorsal–ventral (DV) axis of the Drosophila embryo has been the subject of intense investigation over the previous three decades. The initial asymmetric signal originates during oogenesis by the movement of the oocyte nucleus to an ...
Passive transport disrupts directional path integration
... neurons in the rat limbic system encodes head direction (HD) by selectively discharging when the rat points its head in a preferred direction in the horizontal plane. The preferred firing direction is sensitive to the location of landmark cues, as well as idiothetic or self-motion cues (i.e., vestib ...
... neurons in the rat limbic system encodes head direction (HD) by selectively discharging when the rat points its head in a preferred direction in the horizontal plane. The preferred firing direction is sensitive to the location of landmark cues, as well as idiothetic or self-motion cues (i.e., vestib ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.