Hepatocyte Growth Factor Induces Wnt
... Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and Wnt signaling pathways have been shown to be important in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of functional similarities observed in the two pathways. We used normal rat liver, primary hepatocyte cultures and a dom ...
... Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and Wnt signaling pathways have been shown to be important in embryogenesis and carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of functional similarities observed in the two pathways. We used normal rat liver, primary hepatocyte cultures and a dom ...
PROPERTIES OF ANTI-MYCOLIC ACID ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS Master of Science
... Mycolic acid (MA) is the major lipid cell wall constituent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of this disease. In this study an antibody response to the MA molecules are investigated as a possible surrogate marker for tuberculosis. In previous studies, IgG antibodies to MA in TB in ...
... Mycolic acid (MA) is the major lipid cell wall constituent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of this disease. In this study an antibody response to the MA molecules are investigated as a possible surrogate marker for tuberculosis. In previous studies, IgG antibodies to MA in TB in ...
a va i l a b l e a t... w w w. e l s e v i e...
... previously reported sites. Proteolysis requires Kuzbaniandependent metalloprotease activity and a novel thiol-sensitive aspartyl protease activity. In addition, we show that Delta proteolysis differs from the RIP mechanism by two fundamental criteria: 1) TM-domain processing of Delta is not sensitiv ...
... previously reported sites. Proteolysis requires Kuzbaniandependent metalloprotease activity and a novel thiol-sensitive aspartyl protease activity. In addition, we show that Delta proteolysis differs from the RIP mechanism by two fundamental criteria: 1) TM-domain processing of Delta is not sensitiv ...
Hox Genes and Segmentation of the Hindbrain and Axial Skeleton
... of Hoxb1 becomes restricted to r4. This illustrates that domains of Hox expression are dynamic during the period of segmentation, and there can also be segment specific variations in the levels of expression (Figure 2). Of the 12 Hox genes in PG 1–4, only Hoxd1 and Hoxc4 are not expressed in the hind ...
... of Hoxb1 becomes restricted to r4. This illustrates that domains of Hox expression are dynamic during the period of segmentation, and there can also be segment specific variations in the levels of expression (Figure 2). Of the 12 Hox genes in PG 1–4, only Hoxd1 and Hoxc4 are not expressed in the hind ...
Gene Section AURKB (aurora kinase B) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... 2A (PP2A) (Sugiyama et al., 2002) regulate Aurora B kinase activation while MKlp2 controls Aurora B localization in anaphase (Gruneberg et al., 2004). Regarding mitotic chromosome condensation, Aurora B directly phosphorylates histone H3, not only at S10 but also at S28. The level of S28 phosphoryla ...
... 2A (PP2A) (Sugiyama et al., 2002) regulate Aurora B kinase activation while MKlp2 controls Aurora B localization in anaphase (Gruneberg et al., 2004). Regarding mitotic chromosome condensation, Aurora B directly phosphorylates histone H3, not only at S10 but also at S28. The level of S28 phosphoryla ...
Enzymes That Scavenge Reactive Oxygen
... 1997; del Rio et al., 1998; Jimenez et al., 1998). During leaf senescence, CAT activity decreases, whereas the activity of enzymes that generate ROS such as urate oxidase and xanthine oxidase are stimulated (del Rio et al., 1998). Cell death that occurs during the pathogen-induced hypersensitive res ...
... 1997; del Rio et al., 1998; Jimenez et al., 1998). During leaf senescence, CAT activity decreases, whereas the activity of enzymes that generate ROS such as urate oxidase and xanthine oxidase are stimulated (del Rio et al., 1998). Cell death that occurs during the pathogen-induced hypersensitive res ...
Amino acid regulation of mTORC1 Liron Bar-Peled
... immunosuppressant (7), efficiently blocking IL-2 mediated lymphocyte proliferation at low nanogram doses (8), while maintaining immune surveillance (8) and thus avoiding additional complications associated with other immunosuppressants. Today, rapamycin (also known as serolimus) is a mainstay in org ...
... immunosuppressant (7), efficiently blocking IL-2 mediated lymphocyte proliferation at low nanogram doses (8), while maintaining immune surveillance (8) and thus avoiding additional complications associated with other immunosuppressants. Today, rapamycin (also known as serolimus) is a mainstay in org ...
J., Schornack, S., Spallek, T., Geldner, N., Chory
... stable Arabidopsis transgenic lines (Tables S1 and S2). This suggests a significant level of conservation of the used subcellular markers between Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana making it suitable for a comparative study. We first used fluorescent probes to follow the infection of Hpa in Arabidopsis ...
... stable Arabidopsis transgenic lines (Tables S1 and S2). This suggests a significant level of conservation of the used subcellular markers between Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana making it suitable for a comparative study. We first used fluorescent probes to follow the infection of Hpa in Arabidopsis ...
The RNase P Associated with HeLa Cell Mitochondria Contains an
... To test the capacity of mitochondrial precursors to function as substrates for the mtRNase P and nuRNase P, an artificial mitochondrial tRNASer(UCN) precursor [ptRNASer(UCN)] was cloned in the vector pGEM.4Z (Promega). For this purpose, a segment of HeLa cell mtDNA encompassing the whole tRNASer(UCN ...
... To test the capacity of mitochondrial precursors to function as substrates for the mtRNase P and nuRNase P, an artificial mitochondrial tRNASer(UCN) precursor [ptRNASer(UCN)] was cloned in the vector pGEM.4Z (Promega). For this purpose, a segment of HeLa cell mtDNA encompassing the whole tRNASer(UCN ...
Actin and Myosin Function in Directed Vacuole Movement during
... Affinity purification of anti-actin antibody was performed with nitrocellulose blots as described (39). Simultaneous visualization of Myo2p and the vacuole membrane was performed in yeast zygotes. 2.5 OD600 U each of mid-log phase M A T a and M A T a strains were mixed together in YEPD medium and sh ...
... Affinity purification of anti-actin antibody was performed with nitrocellulose blots as described (39). Simultaneous visualization of Myo2p and the vacuole membrane was performed in yeast zygotes. 2.5 OD600 U each of mid-log phase M A T a and M A T a strains were mixed together in YEPD medium and sh ...
Dally cooperates with Drosophila Frizzled 2 to transduce Wingless
... with Drosophila Frizzled 2, modulates both short- and long-range activities of Wg. Wg signalling is defective in sugarless (sgl) mutants4. sgl encodes a Drosophila homologue of uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase that is required for the formation of glucuronic acid. Because glucuronic acid is re ...
... with Drosophila Frizzled 2, modulates both short- and long-range activities of Wg. Wg signalling is defective in sugarless (sgl) mutants4. sgl encodes a Drosophila homologue of uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase that is required for the formation of glucuronic acid. Because glucuronic acid is re ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF - e
... The sarco/endoplasmic Ca2+ATPase (SERCA) belong to a family of P-type ion pumps [23]. The growing family of SERCA isoforms is coded by 3 ATP2A1-3 genes located on 3 different chromosomes, encoding for SERCA1, SERCA2 and SERCA3 isoforms respectively; further diversity is generated by alternative spli ...
... The sarco/endoplasmic Ca2+ATPase (SERCA) belong to a family of P-type ion pumps [23]. The growing family of SERCA isoforms is coded by 3 ATP2A1-3 genes located on 3 different chromosomes, encoding for SERCA1, SERCA2 and SERCA3 isoforms respectively; further diversity is generated by alternative spli ...
Ciz1 cooperates with cyclin-A–CDK2 to activate mammalian DNA
... inactivating CDC6 and then, as its levels rise in late G1, activating the DNA replication machinery. Reversal of the natural order in which nuclei are exposed to cyclins E and A blocks initiation in vitro (Coverley et al., 2002), highlighting the rigid requirement for their sequential activity and t ...
... inactivating CDC6 and then, as its levels rise in late G1, activating the DNA replication machinery. Reversal of the natural order in which nuclei are exposed to cyclins E and A blocks initiation in vitro (Coverley et al., 2002), highlighting the rigid requirement for their sequential activity and t ...
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... cell development Joël Anne* SUMMARY Sm proteins constitute the common core of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Although Sm proteins are known to be methylated at specific arginine residues within the C-terminal arginine-glycine dipeptide (RG) repeats, the biological relevance of these ...
... cell development Joël Anne* SUMMARY Sm proteins constitute the common core of spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. Although Sm proteins are known to be methylated at specific arginine residues within the C-terminal arginine-glycine dipeptide (RG) repeats, the biological relevance of these ...
Suppressor of Hairless-independent events in
... flies and the phenotypes were compared to those induced by the expression of activation forms of Notch (Fig. 1). The ankyrin repeats elicit distinct mutant phenotypes The expression of the entire intracellular domain of Notch under the sev promoter (sev-Nact and sev-Nnucl in Fig. 1) in the developin ...
... flies and the phenotypes were compared to those induced by the expression of activation forms of Notch (Fig. 1). The ankyrin repeats elicit distinct mutant phenotypes The expression of the entire intracellular domain of Notch under the sev promoter (sev-Nact and sev-Nnucl in Fig. 1) in the developin ...
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... et al., 1995; Gottesfeld and Forbes, 1997). For other factors, DNA-binding activities were not affected, but they were displaced from chromatin during mitosis (Martinez-Balbas et al., 1995; Gottesfeld and Forbes, 1997). The reason for the inactivation of gene-specific transcription factors and the m ...
... et al., 1995; Gottesfeld and Forbes, 1997). For other factors, DNA-binding activities were not affected, but they were displaced from chromatin during mitosis (Martinez-Balbas et al., 1995; Gottesfeld and Forbes, 1997). The reason for the inactivation of gene-specific transcription factors and the m ...
Extracellular Pectinolytic Enzymes of Fungi Elicit
... by suction filtration. The filtrates were dialysed against several changes of water (4"C), sterilized by membrane filtration (Millipore filter GS 0.22 pm) and kept at - 30 "C until use. Mycelial walls were prepared as described by Yoshikawa et al. (198 1). Cell-free mycelial extract was obtained by ...
... by suction filtration. The filtrates were dialysed against several changes of water (4"C), sterilized by membrane filtration (Millipore filter GS 0.22 pm) and kept at - 30 "C until use. Mycelial walls were prepared as described by Yoshikawa et al. (198 1). Cell-free mycelial extract was obtained by ...
Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological
... group of closely allied substances (for example, adrenalin, mucin, chitin). The word “chromatin” is subject to nearly the same criticism as heterochromatin; but it was introduced long ago, at a time when the invention of such words may have been helpful. It is commonly used ...
... group of closely allied substances (for example, adrenalin, mucin, chitin). The word “chromatin” is subject to nearly the same criticism as heterochromatin; but it was introduced long ago, at a time when the invention of such words may have been helpful. It is commonly used ...
The glycocalyx is present as soon as blood flow is initiated and is
... produce the GAGs of the glycocalyx are expressed before the onset of blood flow (Klewer et al., 2006). Lectins are proteins that bind to specific disaccharides in glycosaminoglycan chains (Barker et al., 2004; Florian et al., 2003; Mulivor and Lipowsky, 2004). Lectin binding affinities change during ea ...
... produce the GAGs of the glycocalyx are expressed before the onset of blood flow (Klewer et al., 2006). Lectins are proteins that bind to specific disaccharides in glycosaminoglycan chains (Barker et al., 2004; Florian et al., 2003; Mulivor and Lipowsky, 2004). Lectin binding affinities change during ea ...
Carbon partitioning in sugarcane (Saccharum species)
... apoplastic (through the cell wall space considered a possible contributor earlier in sugarcane stem growth). Sucrose can move unaltered to storage ...
... apoplastic (through the cell wall space considered a possible contributor earlier in sugarcane stem growth). Sucrose can move unaltered to storage ...
Volume 94, issue 2 July 2011 ...
... cytoskeletal mechanisms of tension-induced axonal elongation. In the first part, we highlight recent key studies providing evidence for the role of tension in driving axonal elongation. This has been an understudied problem, but we think it is very important because it offers new insights into the pr ...
... cytoskeletal mechanisms of tension-induced axonal elongation. In the first part, we highlight recent key studies providing evidence for the role of tension in driving axonal elongation. This has been an understudied problem, but we think it is very important because it offers new insights into the pr ...
Signals from the lysosome: a control centre for cellular clearance
... mainly through endocytosis. The capture of extra cellular material and integral membrane proteins occurs through specific endocytic mechanisms according to the nature of the cargo. Prominent examples of endocytosis are phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolin-mediated ...
... mainly through endocytosis. The capture of extra cellular material and integral membrane proteins occurs through specific endocytic mechanisms according to the nature of the cargo. Prominent examples of endocytosis are phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolin-mediated ...
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... examined; Pten2 and Pten3, which are identical to one another except that Pten2 possesses a short C-terminal extension that mediates binding to Baz (von Stein et al., 2005). As Pten3 lacks this extension, it is unable to bind to Baz (von Stein et al., 2005). Previous work has suggested that Pten2 is ...
... examined; Pten2 and Pten3, which are identical to one another except that Pten2 possesses a short C-terminal extension that mediates binding to Baz (von Stein et al., 2005). As Pten3 lacks this extension, it is unable to bind to Baz (von Stein et al., 2005). Previous work has suggested that Pten2 is ...
introduction to polyomaviruses
... Protein coding sequences are displayed as large arrows. Early transcripts encode small T-antigen (sT) and large T-antigen (LT) proteins. In most polyomaviruses for which transcript maps are available, additional T-antigen isoforms (not shown) are encoded by multiply spliced mRNAs. The late promoter ...
... Protein coding sequences are displayed as large arrows. Early transcripts encode small T-antigen (sT) and large T-antigen (LT) proteins. In most polyomaviruses for which transcript maps are available, additional T-antigen isoforms (not shown) are encoded by multiply spliced mRNAs. The late promoter ...
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... study of thymus organogenesis (Auerbach, 1960), embryonic thymus lobes from mice were dissociated into the epithelial primordium and the surrounding mesenchymal capsule, then cultured alone or combined with mesenchyme from various embryonic sources. The epithelial primordium failed to develop in the ...
... study of thymus organogenesis (Auerbach, 1960), embryonic thymus lobes from mice were dissociated into the epithelial primordium and the surrounding mesenchymal capsule, then cultured alone or combined with mesenchyme from various embryonic sources. The epithelial primordium failed to develop in the ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.