Next-generation proteomics: towards an integrative view of
... More recent developments include the use of stationary phases, such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)147, which can be efficiently miniaturized to obtain a high sensitivity148. • Further reduction of complexity is achieved by reversed-phase chromatography directly coupled to M ...
... More recent developments include the use of stationary phases, such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)147, which can be efficiently miniaturized to obtain a high sensitivity148. • Further reduction of complexity is achieved by reversed-phase chromatography directly coupled to M ...
F-Actin-Dependent Endocytosis of Cell Wall
... compartments. Therefore, the most plausible explanation for our present data is that membranous structures accumulating in characteristic BFA compartments are predominantly of endocytotic/recycling origin. Two major implications arise from our present data. First, it is important to be aware that no ...
... compartments. Therefore, the most plausible explanation for our present data is that membranous structures accumulating in characteristic BFA compartments are predominantly of endocytotic/recycling origin. Two major implications arise from our present data. First, it is important to be aware that no ...
That bacteria may be able to mutate in response to
... Using the techniques of Chicago colleague Malcolm Casadaban, Shapiro worked with an E. coli strain which was engineered to study hybrid proteins. Shapiro's construct had an arabinose regulatory gene followed by an arabinose structural gene into which was inserted a Mu prophage. Further downstream wa ...
... Using the techniques of Chicago colleague Malcolm Casadaban, Shapiro worked with an E. coli strain which was engineered to study hybrid proteins. Shapiro's construct had an arabinose regulatory gene followed by an arabinose structural gene into which was inserted a Mu prophage. Further downstream wa ...
Targeting CD45RB alters T cell migration and delays viral clearance
... CD8+ T cell recall response during secondary infection (5–8). As we have focused on the primary infection, we have concentrated our investigations on CD8+ T cells. CD45 is expressed on all nucleated hematopoietic cells and is a receptor tyrosine phosphatase critical for antigen-specific B and T cell ...
... CD8+ T cell recall response during secondary infection (5–8). As we have focused on the primary infection, we have concentrated our investigations on CD8+ T cells. CD45 is expressed on all nucleated hematopoietic cells and is a receptor tyrosine phosphatase critical for antigen-specific B and T cell ...
Cytochrome c Is Released in a Reactive Oxygen
... against cyt c. Both cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions, obtained from TBY-2 cells subjected to HS (cells in these conditions will be referred to as HS cells), were examined. Typical immunoblots are shown in Figure 1A. Two hours after HS (2-h HS cells), when, due to technical reasons (see ‘‘Materi ...
... against cyt c. Both cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions, obtained from TBY-2 cells subjected to HS (cells in these conditions will be referred to as HS cells), were examined. Typical immunoblots are shown in Figure 1A. Two hours after HS (2-h HS cells), when, due to technical reasons (see ‘‘Materi ...
Fluid-Phase Endocytosis in Plant Cells
... and 200 mM sucrose, two distinct types of labeled vesicles were evident (Fig. 2). A set of vesicles (*1 lm in diameter) was intensely labeled with Coro-Na and to a lesser extent with FM 4-64, whereas the second type of 1–7 lm structures appeared exclusively labeled with FM 4-64. These data demonstra ...
... and 200 mM sucrose, two distinct types of labeled vesicles were evident (Fig. 2). A set of vesicles (*1 lm in diameter) was intensely labeled with Coro-Na and to a lesser extent with FM 4-64, whereas the second type of 1–7 lm structures appeared exclusively labeled with FM 4-64. These data demonstra ...
Cancer stem cells and addicted cancer cells
... growth advantage can be obtained only through mutations in a limited number of signaling pathways. The driver genes can be organized in one or more of the 12 pathways that can be classified into three cellular states they affect, see (Figure 2). The first cell state is cell proliferation/differentia ...
... growth advantage can be obtained only through mutations in a limited number of signaling pathways. The driver genes can be organized in one or more of the 12 pathways that can be classified into three cellular states they affect, see (Figure 2). The first cell state is cell proliferation/differentia ...
The Regulation of Translation in Reovirus-infected Cells
... Fig. 3. Effect of guanidine on protein synthesis in reovirus-infected HeLa cells superinfected with poliovirus. Cells grown on 24-wellLinbro dishes were infected with reovirus (20 p.f.u./cell) at - 1 h, and superinfected with poliovirus (75 p.f.u./cell) at either (a) + 1 or (b) + 15 h. Cells were tr ...
... Fig. 3. Effect of guanidine on protein synthesis in reovirus-infected HeLa cells superinfected with poliovirus. Cells grown on 24-wellLinbro dishes were infected with reovirus (20 p.f.u./cell) at - 1 h, and superinfected with poliovirus (75 p.f.u./cell) at either (a) + 1 or (b) + 15 h. Cells were tr ...
Small Signaling Peptides in Arabidopsis Development
... functional connections. There are several ways to achieve this in plants, including phytohormones, mobile transcription factors, noncoding RNAs, and small signaling peptides (Busch and Benfey, 2010; Van Norman et al., 2011). Most prominently, directional transport of the phytohormone auxin from one ...
... functional connections. There are several ways to achieve this in plants, including phytohormones, mobile transcription factors, noncoding RNAs, and small signaling peptides (Busch and Benfey, 2010; Van Norman et al., 2011). Most prominently, directional transport of the phytohormone auxin from one ...
Gap junctions between optic nerve head astrocytes.
... metabolic coupling.11 In electrical coupling, a current applied to one cell spreads to its coupled neighboring cell to a greater degree than would be expected from their physical closeness. Ions seem to pass from one cell to the next via lowresistance pathways. Since all cells with electrical coupli ...
... metabolic coupling.11 In electrical coupling, a current applied to one cell spreads to its coupled neighboring cell to a greater degree than would be expected from their physical closeness. Ions seem to pass from one cell to the next via lowresistance pathways. Since all cells with electrical coupli ...
Apoptotic cell removal
... receptor was identified from the gene database [12], it too never appeared in the genetic screen for corpse removal. To this point, its possible role in apoptotic cell removal in nematodes is unclear (although it has been implicated in amphibians [23]). Careful examination of the C. elegans phosphat ...
... receptor was identified from the gene database [12], it too never appeared in the genetic screen for corpse removal. To this point, its possible role in apoptotic cell removal in nematodes is unclear (although it has been implicated in amphibians [23]). Careful examination of the C. elegans phosphat ...
Epigenetics, the holy grail in the pathogenesis of
... decade to become an indispensable area of research in mechanisms involved in human disease pathogenesis. Epigenetics is defined as heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms are important in controlling the patterns of gene expression ...
... decade to become an indispensable area of research in mechanisms involved in human disease pathogenesis. Epigenetics is defined as heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations in DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms are important in controlling the patterns of gene expression ...
Antigen-antibody complex stimulation of dendritic cells Oscar Díaz
... al., 2010). Moreover, it is relevant to mention that the in vivo physiologic equivalent of this widely used in vitro system has not yet been identified (Satpathy et al., 2012). Moreover, as a part of the innate immunity, DCs perceive stimuli through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, of ...
... al., 2010). Moreover, it is relevant to mention that the in vivo physiologic equivalent of this widely used in vitro system has not yet been identified (Satpathy et al., 2012). Moreover, as a part of the innate immunity, DCs perceive stimuli through germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, of ...
Nervous Tissue Review Slides
... Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells of the CNS that have long processes. Many of these processes extend to blood vessels where they expand and cover much of the external wall. The expanded endings of the astrocyte processes are known as end-feet. While the blood-brain-barrier is formed by tight j ...
... Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells of the CNS that have long processes. Many of these processes extend to blood vessels where they expand and cover much of the external wall. The expanded endings of the astrocyte processes are known as end-feet. While the blood-brain-barrier is formed by tight j ...
Network structure determines patterns of network
... They develop synaptic inputs from GABAergic interneurons whose activity promotes the development of neural processes (9; 10). After weeks, they form glutamergic synapses onto mossy cells and interneurons (11). Studies have found new granule cells to be preferentially activated by stimulation (12) an ...
... They develop synaptic inputs from GABAergic interneurons whose activity promotes the development of neural processes (9; 10). After weeks, they form glutamergic synapses onto mossy cells and interneurons (11). Studies have found new granule cells to be preferentially activated by stimulation (12) an ...
the effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on dna replication and
... that the cytotoxic effect of BUdR is due to an At lower tetrahydrofolic acid concentrations the accumulation of mutations (8, 10) . However, mu- generation time is greatly elongated and the cells tations are very rare in Tetrahymena, possibly may die, even when BUdR or thymidine is offered . because ...
... that the cytotoxic effect of BUdR is due to an At lower tetrahydrofolic acid concentrations the accumulation of mutations (8, 10) . However, mu- generation time is greatly elongated and the cells tations are very rare in Tetrahymena, possibly may die, even when BUdR or thymidine is offered . because ...
micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are short (22
... pri-miRNA transcripts can exceed 1 kb and may give rise to a number of different miRNAs (Du and Zamore, 2005). The nuclear ribonuclease III (RNase III) Drosha, together with its double-stranded RNA-binding domain (dsRBD) protein partner DGCR8, cleave the pri-miRNA to yield a 70-100 nt stem loop prec ...
... pri-miRNA transcripts can exceed 1 kb and may give rise to a number of different miRNAs (Du and Zamore, 2005). The nuclear ribonuclease III (RNase III) Drosha, together with its double-stranded RNA-binding domain (dsRBD) protein partner DGCR8, cleave the pri-miRNA to yield a 70-100 nt stem loop prec ...
Chapter 3: Movement Of Substances Across the Substances
... (a)The following information is about plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is semi-permeable and allows certain substances to move across. Based on the above statement, describe how an amino acid molecule is transported across the plasma membrane into the cell. P1-Amino acid is a large water soluble ...
... (a)The following information is about plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is semi-permeable and allows certain substances to move across. Based on the above statement, describe how an amino acid molecule is transported across the plasma membrane into the cell. P1-Amino acid is a large water soluble ...
Halloween genes encode P450 enzymes that mediate
... is approximately 70% identical to the human genome. In many cases, these highly homologous genes modulate or control the same or similar physiological processes e.g. eye development (Ranganathan, 2003), but in some they have completely different functions. Perhaps, as in the latter instance, it is n ...
... is approximately 70% identical to the human genome. In many cases, these highly homologous genes modulate or control the same or similar physiological processes e.g. eye development (Ranganathan, 2003), but in some they have completely different functions. Perhaps, as in the latter instance, it is n ...
Cell crawling mediates collective cell migration to
... process seem less clear because the driving mechanism could be www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1117814109 ...
... process seem less clear because the driving mechanism could be www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1117814109 ...
Cells Cell Stimulatory Capacity to Mouse Dendritic Associated with
... and in vivo (7). Thus, we tested whether the stimuli used in the previous experiment could induce DCs to produce IL-2. The presence of IL-2 in the supernatants of activated DCs was measured 24 h after the stimulus encounter. In agreement with our previous observation (7, 29), we found that only DCs ...
... and in vivo (7). Thus, we tested whether the stimuli used in the previous experiment could induce DCs to produce IL-2. The presence of IL-2 in the supernatants of activated DCs was measured 24 h after the stimulus encounter. In agreement with our previous observation (7, 29), we found that only DCs ...
A dsRNA Based Screen Identifies Novel Proteins Involved in
... B. Studying Hh Signaling in Drosophila Drosophila are ideal model organisms for studying the Hh signaling pathway. In Drosophila, the Hh signaling pathway is not only involved in segmentation, but also the patterning of adult appendages such as the wings and the nervous system. Most of the pathway c ...
... B. Studying Hh Signaling in Drosophila Drosophila are ideal model organisms for studying the Hh signaling pathway. In Drosophila, the Hh signaling pathway is not only involved in segmentation, but also the patterning of adult appendages such as the wings and the nervous system. Most of the pathway c ...
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
... Eukaryotic cells contain an internal membrane system called the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER. The endoplasmic reticulum is where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. Slide 17 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hal ...
... Eukaryotic cells contain an internal membrane system called the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER. The endoplasmic reticulum is where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. Slide 17 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hal ...
Anatomy of Cells
... throughout the cell. This “fence” allows many lipid-soluble molecules to pass through easily—just like a picket fence allows air and water to pass through easily. However, because most of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic, cell membranes do not allow water or water-soluble molecules to pass th ...
... throughout the cell. This “fence” allows many lipid-soluble molecules to pass through easily—just like a picket fence allows air and water to pass through easily. However, because most of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic, cell membranes do not allow water or water-soluble molecules to pass th ...
DISTRIBUTION OF PEROXISOMES - The Journal of Cell Biology
... The distribution of peroxisomes (microbodies) in the rat nephron was studied cytochemically, using glutaraldehyde- or formaldehyde-fixed tissue, by means of a-hydroxy acid oxidase activity in light microscopy of oxidation of 3 , 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) at pH 9 in both light and electron microscopy ...
... The distribution of peroxisomes (microbodies) in the rat nephron was studied cytochemically, using glutaraldehyde- or formaldehyde-fixed tissue, by means of a-hydroxy acid oxidase activity in light microscopy of oxidation of 3 , 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) at pH 9 in both light and electron microscopy ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.