Phorbol Esters Alter Cell Fate during Development of Sea Urchin
... as a result of treatment with phorbol ester during cleavage led us to investigate the changes in gene expression in TPAtreated embryos, as assessed by RNA accumulation. A number of genes have been isolated in sea urchins that by the early gastrula stage are restricted in expression to mesoderm (Bens ...
... as a result of treatment with phorbol ester during cleavage led us to investigate the changes in gene expression in TPAtreated embryos, as assessed by RNA accumulation. A number of genes have been isolated in sea urchins that by the early gastrula stage are restricted in expression to mesoderm (Bens ...
Full Text - The International Journal of Developmental Biology
... both primitive erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells retain some hematopoietic also true for the transition between the nonpotential. At E3.5, this potential is lost in most primitive erythrocytes and endothelial cells, hemogenic extraembryonic region and the intra- but is retained or enhanced ...
... both primitive erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells retain some hematopoietic also true for the transition between the nonpotential. At E3.5, this potential is lost in most primitive erythrocytes and endothelial cells, hemogenic extraembryonic region and the intra- but is retained or enhanced ...
PD-1 promotes immune exhaustion by inducing antiviral T cell
... iors would differ in these two different microenvironments after infection (Fig. 1 A and Videos 1–3). For example, at day 4 after infection subtle differences in T cell motility had already emerged between the two models of infection (Fig. 1 B and Video 2). When compared with Arm infection, P14 cell ...
... iors would differ in these two different microenvironments after infection (Fig. 1 A and Videos 1–3). For example, at day 4 after infection subtle differences in T cell motility had already emerged between the two models of infection (Fig. 1 B and Video 2). When compared with Arm infection, P14 cell ...
Blood Stem Cell Activity Is Arrested by Th1
... (1–3). At steady-state, most HSCs are quiescent (4, 5), but in situations of increased demand, injury of cells, blood loss, and senescence they dynamically respond to generate more blood. An array of signals can trigger this HSC activity, such as cytokines released during infections, and possibly di ...
... (1–3). At steady-state, most HSCs are quiescent (4, 5), but in situations of increased demand, injury of cells, blood loss, and senescence they dynamically respond to generate more blood. An array of signals can trigger this HSC activity, such as cytokines released during infections, and possibly di ...
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... different proteins, or it might pay to ‘‘coarse grain’’ the system and to consider interactions between a small number functional entities rather than between individual proteins. Such entities could capture essential features of single proteins or of protein complexes. Depending on the context, it ...
... different proteins, or it might pay to ‘‘coarse grain’’ the system and to consider interactions between a small number functional entities rather than between individual proteins. Such entities could capture essential features of single proteins or of protein complexes. Depending on the context, it ...
Metabolic Incorporation of Stable Isotope Labels into Glycans
... Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational protein modifications in eukaryotic systems.1-3 It has been estimated that 60-90% of all mammalian proteins are glycosylated at some point during their existence1,3 and virtually all membrane and secreted proteins are glycosylated.2 Glycopro ...
... Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational protein modifications in eukaryotic systems.1-3 It has been estimated that 60-90% of all mammalian proteins are glycosylated at some point during their existence1,3 and virtually all membrane and secreted proteins are glycosylated.2 Glycopro ...
Altered Cell Fate in LiCI-Treated Sea Urchin Embryos
... of End016 in vegetalized embryos. Cultures were exposed to various concentrations of LiCl as detailed under Materials and Methods. Embryos were collected at 28 hr (late mesenchyme blastula, panel G), 36 hr (midgastrula stage; A, B, and C) and at 84 hr (pluteus larva stage; D, E, and F). Whole mounts ...
... of End016 in vegetalized embryos. Cultures were exposed to various concentrations of LiCl as detailed under Materials and Methods. Embryos were collected at 28 hr (late mesenchyme blastula, panel G), 36 hr (midgastrula stage; A, B, and C) and at 84 hr (pluteus larva stage; D, E, and F). Whole mounts ...
Morphine Modulates Mouse Hippocampal Progenitor Cell Lineages
... putative downstream targets of NeuroD1 [16]. Meanwhile, as its most well known role, Notch1 maintains NPCs in the undifferentiated state by inhibiting neuronal differentiation. It was reported that Notch1 inhibits neurogenesis by turning CSL-SKIP into an activator and stimulating the transcription o ...
... putative downstream targets of NeuroD1 [16]. Meanwhile, as its most well known role, Notch1 maintains NPCs in the undifferentiated state by inhibiting neuronal differentiation. It was reported that Notch1 inhibits neurogenesis by turning CSL-SKIP into an activator and stimulating the transcription o ...
Regulation by Polyamines of Ornithine
... prevented by inhibitors of S-adenosyl-methionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase, respectively, added 8 h after beginning of the growth period. Because protein synthesis was not decreased by addition of spermine under our experimental conditions, we conclude that spermidine affects the transit ...
... prevented by inhibitors of S-adenosyl-methionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase, respectively, added 8 h after beginning of the growth period. Because protein synthesis was not decreased by addition of spermine under our experimental conditions, we conclude that spermidine affects the transit ...
In Vitro Toxicology and Cellular Fate Determination Using
... toxic compounds, leading to a cascade of biochemical signals that culminates in the release of cytochrome c and the progression of apoptosis. This form of cell death limits damage to adjacent cells, since there is little or no leakage of cellular contents. In vitro, a toxic compound may intiate apop ...
... toxic compounds, leading to a cascade of biochemical signals that culminates in the release of cytochrome c and the progression of apoptosis. This form of cell death limits damage to adjacent cells, since there is little or no leakage of cellular contents. In vitro, a toxic compound may intiate apop ...
An ARL1 mutation affected autophagic cell death in yeast
... a common pathway of apoptosis including the activation of caspase, but the addition of a caspase-specific inhibitor did not prevent Bax-induced cell death characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation. However, in the yeast cells undergoing bax-induced cell death, morphological alterations suggestive of ...
... a common pathway of apoptosis including the activation of caspase, but the addition of a caspase-specific inhibitor did not prevent Bax-induced cell death characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation. However, in the yeast cells undergoing bax-induced cell death, morphological alterations suggestive of ...
Induction of wound response gene expression in tomato leaves by
... chemical, electrical, and hydraulic mechanisms of signaling are not exclusive but rather interact. Hyperpolarization of the PM by FC-mediated activation of the PM H+-ATPase has previously been shown to suppress both systemin-induced alkalinization of the apoplast and the induction of SWRP-gene expre ...
... chemical, electrical, and hydraulic mechanisms of signaling are not exclusive but rather interact. Hyperpolarization of the PM by FC-mediated activation of the PM H+-ATPase has previously been shown to suppress both systemin-induced alkalinization of the apoplast and the induction of SWRP-gene expre ...
Methods for measuring rates of protein binding to insoluble scaffolds
... diffusion depending on the experimental conditions. Thus, the need for a better interpretation and mathematical analysis of FRAP data has become clear [Kaufman and Jain, 1990, 1991; Lele et al., 2004; Sprague et al., 2004; Sprague and McNally, 2005]. This is particularly true for nuclear proteins wh ...
... diffusion depending on the experimental conditions. Thus, the need for a better interpretation and mathematical analysis of FRAP data has become clear [Kaufman and Jain, 1990, 1991; Lele et al., 2004; Sprague et al., 2004; Sprague and McNally, 2005]. This is particularly true for nuclear proteins wh ...
Osmosis and Diffusion Passive Transport
... – In humans, osmosis occurs in the kidneys to recover the water form waste materials of the body. The kidneys regulate the concentration of water in the blood plasma. ...
... – In humans, osmosis occurs in the kidneys to recover the water form waste materials of the body. The kidneys regulate the concentration of water in the blood plasma. ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in
... subunit by coimmunoprecipitation with the remaining subunits (Guo et al., 1999a). Electron microscopy and analyses of cargo protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 p ...
... subunit by coimmunoprecipitation with the remaining subunits (Guo et al., 1999a). Electron microscopy and analyses of cargo protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 p ...
1 Lecture 15: Molecular Structure of the Cell Membrane 15.1
... They form a very important class of membrane proteins. They convey the “information” into the cell by modifications of their protein structure. The binding of the signal molecule to the extracellular domain causes conformational changes of the protein arrangement that extend through the cell mem ...
... They form a very important class of membrane proteins. They convey the “information” into the cell by modifications of their protein structure. The binding of the signal molecule to the extracellular domain causes conformational changes of the protein arrangement that extend through the cell mem ...
Terminal Cytokinesis Events Uncovered after an RNAi Screen
... contraction of an internal acto-myosin ring is not sufficient to allow fusion of the opposing cellular membranes, a step required for the topological separation of daughter cells. Rather, as first described by Flemming in 1891 (see [7]), a persistent intercellular bridge forms around the spindle rem ...
... contraction of an internal acto-myosin ring is not sufficient to allow fusion of the opposing cellular membranes, a step required for the topological separation of daughter cells. Rather, as first described by Flemming in 1891 (see [7]), a persistent intercellular bridge forms around the spindle rem ...
as a PDF
... Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used in the production of fermented dairy products such as cheeses, yoghurts and creams because of their technological, nutritional and eventual health properties. The production of organic (mainly lactic and acetic) acids and the resulting acidification is esse ...
... Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used in the production of fermented dairy products such as cheeses, yoghurts and creams because of their technological, nutritional and eventual health properties. The production of organic (mainly lactic and acetic) acids and the resulting acidification is esse ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... The age-dependent lectin-binding ability of Rhizobium trifolii 0403 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) was examined by following the development of the capsule and its ability to interact with the white clover lectin trifoliin A. Bacteria grown on agar plates for 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days were examined by ...
... The age-dependent lectin-binding ability of Rhizobium trifolii 0403 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) was examined by following the development of the capsule and its ability to interact with the white clover lectin trifoliin A. Bacteria grown on agar plates for 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days were examined by ...
From Flower to Seed Germination in Cynara cardunculus: A Role for
... thick integuments that surround the embryo sac and the nucellus. The cardoon embryo sac is of the Polygonum type. In its proximal end the filiform apparatus is evident as well as the strongly cytoplasm polarised synergids and egg cell. In the middle region the central cell is present, occupied mostl ...
... thick integuments that surround the embryo sac and the nucellus. The cardoon embryo sac is of the Polygonum type. In its proximal end the filiform apparatus is evident as well as the strongly cytoplasm polarised synergids and egg cell. In the middle region the central cell is present, occupied mostl ...
The interplay between chromosome stability and cell cycle control
... Chromosome stability models are usually qualitative models derived from molecular-genetic mechanisms for DNA repair, DNA synthesis, and cell division. While qualitative models are informative, they are also challenging to reformulate as precise quantitative models. In this report we explore how (A) ...
... Chromosome stability models are usually qualitative models derived from molecular-genetic mechanisms for DNA repair, DNA synthesis, and cell division. While qualitative models are informative, they are also challenging to reformulate as precise quantitative models. In this report we explore how (A) ...
Effect of Water Stress on Cell Division and Cell
... area; 5% of final cell number) was the number of cells produced per leaf affected by stress (Clough and Milthorpe, 1975; Randall and Sinclair, 1988; Lecoeur et al., 1995). Calculations from Foard and Haber (1961) indicated that less than 3% of the mesophyll cells in the first leaf of a wheat seedlin ...
... area; 5% of final cell number) was the number of cells produced per leaf affected by stress (Clough and Milthorpe, 1975; Randall and Sinclair, 1988; Lecoeur et al., 1995). Calculations from Foard and Haber (1961) indicated that less than 3% of the mesophyll cells in the first leaf of a wheat seedlin ...
Power tools for gene expression and clonal analysis in
... 18 °C but does not repress GAL4 at 29 °C or higher temperatures. Alternatively, one can use recombinases to temporally control the expression of GAL80, as we will discuss below. This threecomponent system (GAL4-UAS, transgene and GAL80) is the basis of two powerful technologies: MARCM (discussed bel ...
... 18 °C but does not repress GAL4 at 29 °C or higher temperatures. Alternatively, one can use recombinases to temporally control the expression of GAL80, as we will discuss below. This threecomponent system (GAL4-UAS, transgene and GAL80) is the basis of two powerful technologies: MARCM (discussed bel ...
Dental pulp - Fresh Men Dentists
... Progenitor cells Undifferentiated Ectomesenchymal cells: It is embryonic branched cell & can be differentiated into other types of connective tissue cells. It is smaller than fibroblasts but have similar appearance. They are usually found along the walls through out the cell rich zone and pulp ...
... Progenitor cells Undifferentiated Ectomesenchymal cells: It is embryonic branched cell & can be differentiated into other types of connective tissue cells. It is smaller than fibroblasts but have similar appearance. They are usually found along the walls through out the cell rich zone and pulp ...
Subtype-specific regulation of equilibrative nucleoside transporters
... identified mouse ENT1 splice variants that differ in having either one or two consensus sites for phosphorylation by CK2. Preliminary data suggest that the variant with only one CK2 site has reduced transport functionality relative to the variant with both CK2 consensus sites (M. Stolk and J. R. Ham ...
... identified mouse ENT1 splice variants that differ in having either one or two consensus sites for phosphorylation by CK2. Preliminary data suggest that the variant with only one CK2 site has reduced transport functionality relative to the variant with both CK2 consensus sites (M. Stolk and J. R. Ham ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.