Purifying rfp Protein
... One molecular attribute commonly used in purification is protein hydrophobicity. The term hydrophobicity is related to the behavior of a molecule in water. If a molecule is hydrophobic, it fears water while hydrophilic molecules love water. For example, oils, waxes and fats are hydrophobic; they do ...
... One molecular attribute commonly used in purification is protein hydrophobicity. The term hydrophobicity is related to the behavior of a molecule in water. If a molecule is hydrophobic, it fears water while hydrophilic molecules love water. For example, oils, waxes and fats are hydrophobic; they do ...
Bridging the divide between cytokinesis and cell
... reduction of vacuole surface area by half in the late stages of cytokinesis [38]. Nonetheless, the data presented by Dhonukshe et al. [29] do support the notion that endocytic membrane and cargo can become integrated into the cell plate. In this case, one would suspect that the regulatory mechanis ...
... reduction of vacuole surface area by half in the late stages of cytokinesis [38]. Nonetheless, the data presented by Dhonukshe et al. [29] do support the notion that endocytic membrane and cargo can become integrated into the cell plate. In this case, one would suspect that the regulatory mechanis ...
MHC antigeny
... immune system (most frequently infectious microorganisms) • Autoantigens – antigens derived from own cells • Superantigens – exoantigens, non-specific stimulation of lymphocytes independently on antigen specificity • Allergens – in predisposed individuals induce pathologic (allergic) immune response ...
... immune system (most frequently infectious microorganisms) • Autoantigens – antigens derived from own cells • Superantigens – exoantigens, non-specific stimulation of lymphocytes independently on antigen specificity • Allergens – in predisposed individuals induce pathologic (allergic) immune response ...
Spatial regularity among retinal neurons
... In this chapter, we ‘zoom out’ from the study of individual retinal neurons and circuits to a consideration of how these individuals are organized across the retinal surface. In particular, we focus on an almost universal tendency for these neurons to lie in regular patterns. Although regularity can ...
... In this chapter, we ‘zoom out’ from the study of individual retinal neurons and circuits to a consideration of how these individuals are organized across the retinal surface. In particular, we focus on an almost universal tendency for these neurons to lie in regular patterns. Although regularity can ...
MHC antigeny
... immune system (most frequently infectious microorganisms) • Autoantigens – antigens derived from own cells • Superantigens – exoantigens, non-specific stimulation of lymphocytes independently on antigen specificity • Allergens – in predisposed individuals induce pathologic (allergic) immune response ...
... immune system (most frequently infectious microorganisms) • Autoantigens – antigens derived from own cells • Superantigens – exoantigens, non-specific stimulation of lymphocytes independently on antigen specificity • Allergens – in predisposed individuals induce pathologic (allergic) immune response ...
Cleavage Furrow Establishment—A Preliminary to Cylindrical
... understanding of the process that establishes the mechanism. Simple observation (regardless of elegance or magnification) has rarely furnished conclusive information on any of these subjects. Observations of division do not usually permit discrimination between cause and effect and may not reveal wh ...
... understanding of the process that establishes the mechanism. Simple observation (regardless of elegance or magnification) has rarely furnished conclusive information on any of these subjects. Observations of division do not usually permit discrimination between cause and effect and may not reveal wh ...
Septo-temporal gradients of neurogenesis and activity in 13
... T4 = temporal; Fig. 3A). Within each section, attention was paid to whether cells were located within the infrapyramidal or suprapyramidal blade of the DG. Quantification of BrdU+ cells was performed on every 5th section throughout the septo-temporal extent of the DG in the water maze trained rats ( ...
... T4 = temporal; Fig. 3A). Within each section, attention was paid to whether cells were located within the infrapyramidal or suprapyramidal blade of the DG. Quantification of BrdU+ cells was performed on every 5th section throughout the septo-temporal extent of the DG in the water maze trained rats ( ...
Arsenic Trioxide-Dependent Activation of Thousand-and
... involvement in the negative control of generation of arsenic responses has been established (Kannan-Thulasiraman et al., 2006; Dolniak et al., 2008). Others have also shown recently that pharmacological targeting of the p38 MAPK pathway enhances arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma ...
... involvement in the negative control of generation of arsenic responses has been established (Kannan-Thulasiraman et al., 2006; Dolniak et al., 2008). Others have also shown recently that pharmacological targeting of the p38 MAPK pathway enhances arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma ...
The Arabidopsis Exocyst Complex Is Involved in Cytokinesis and
... subunit by coimmunoprecipitation with the remaining subunits (Guo et al., 1999a). Electron microscopy and analyses of cargo protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 p ...
... subunit by coimmunoprecipitation with the remaining subunits (Guo et al., 1999a). Electron microscopy and analyses of cargo protein trafficking in yeast exo84 mutants indicated that Exo84 is involved in the post-Golgi stage of secretion (Zhang et al., 2005b). The same study demonstrated that Exo84 p ...
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... contiguous pavement of epithelial cells can be seen through the spaces between the deep cells. Deep cell explants were made by excising the dorsal sector of the stage 10.5 gastrula with cuts about 45 degrees on both sides of the dorsal midline, as described for the open-faced explant (Wilson and Kel ...
... contiguous pavement of epithelial cells can be seen through the spaces between the deep cells. Deep cell explants were made by excising the dorsal sector of the stage 10.5 gastrula with cuts about 45 degrees on both sides of the dorsal midline, as described for the open-faced explant (Wilson and Kel ...
AQA GCSE (9-1)
... Students should summarise all the limitations of using a microscope in three sentences. [O3] ...
... Students should summarise all the limitations of using a microscope in three sentences. [O3] ...
Drosophila Set1 is the major histone H3 lysine 4 trimethyltransferase
... transcribed genes in yeast, Drosophila, and mammals (Pokholok et al, 2005; Barski et al, 2007; Guenther et al, 2007; Schuettengruber et al, 2009). Although nucleosomes carrying this modification are targeted by a number of transcription and chromatin regulators (Martin et al, 2006; Shi et al, 2006; ...
... transcribed genes in yeast, Drosophila, and mammals (Pokholok et al, 2005; Barski et al, 2007; Guenther et al, 2007; Schuettengruber et al, 2009). Although nucleosomes carrying this modification are targeted by a number of transcription and chromatin regulators (Martin et al, 2006; Shi et al, 2006; ...
Thyroglobulin, the major and obligatory
... lysosomal compartment. This compartment is reached, however, by distinctly different pathways: in thyroid follicle cells, newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes do not appear as a secretory constituent in the follicle lumen and are transported to lysosomes presumably on a direct, intracellular route. B ...
... lysosomal compartment. This compartment is reached, however, by distinctly different pathways: in thyroid follicle cells, newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes do not appear as a secretory constituent in the follicle lumen and are transported to lysosomes presumably on a direct, intracellular route. B ...
Essays in Biochemistry Volume 39 Chapter 1
... The morphology of vertebrate and invertebrate cells undergoing apoptosis was similar regardless of the initial apoptotic signal. This suggested that a common apoptotic pathway that is activated in response to many different initial stimuli exists in cells. Previous studies with C. elegans in the 198 ...
... The morphology of vertebrate and invertebrate cells undergoing apoptosis was similar regardless of the initial apoptotic signal. This suggested that a common apoptotic pathway that is activated in response to many different initial stimuli exists in cells. Previous studies with C. elegans in the 198 ...
The hypersensitive response and the induction of cell death in plants
... et al, 1994). Such rapid responses could make detection of intermediate steps almost impossible using fixed tissues. As yet there is no specific molecular or cytological marker in plants which would allow clear discrimination between necrosis and the HR. Therefore recent investigations have often ap ...
... et al, 1994). Such rapid responses could make detection of intermediate steps almost impossible using fixed tissues. As yet there is no specific molecular or cytological marker in plants which would allow clear discrimination between necrosis and the HR. Therefore recent investigations have often ap ...
Evidence that the transport of ricin to the cytoplasm is independent
... sequence that allows them to be transported in COPI-coated vesicles from the Golgi to the ER (Lencer et al., 1995; Majoul et al., 1996). Although cholera toxin contains a KDEL sequence, other toxins that require retrograde transport to reach the ER, such as ricin and Shiga toxin, do not contain this ...
... sequence that allows them to be transported in COPI-coated vesicles from the Golgi to the ER (Lencer et al., 1995; Majoul et al., 1996). Although cholera toxin contains a KDEL sequence, other toxins that require retrograde transport to reach the ER, such as ricin and Shiga toxin, do not contain this ...
A novel live cell assay to measure diacylglycerol lipase α activity
... Diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) hydrolyses DAG to generate the principal endocannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the central nervous system. DAGLα dependent cannabinoid (CB) signalling has been implicated in numerous processes including axonal growth and guidance, adult neurogenesis a ...
... Diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) hydrolyses DAG to generate the principal endocannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the central nervous system. DAGLα dependent cannabinoid (CB) signalling has been implicated in numerous processes including axonal growth and guidance, adult neurogenesis a ...
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... characterized by complex interactions among its members, autoregulatory and feedback loops. Another characteristic of the RDN is that a single gene can participate in several steps and control the expression of more than one gene within the network. This depends on the complexes the gene products fo ...
... characterized by complex interactions among its members, autoregulatory and feedback loops. Another characteristic of the RDN is that a single gene can participate in several steps and control the expression of more than one gene within the network. This depends on the complexes the gene products fo ...
Redox Homeostasis and Antioxidant Signaling: A
... bond between glutathione and specific Cysteine residues) (Figure 2). This posttranslational modification can modulate enzyme activity by modification of catalytic site Cys residues or affect biological activity by competing with other thiol modifications. Increased GSSG may be sufficient to trigger ...
... bond between glutathione and specific Cysteine residues) (Figure 2). This posttranslational modification can modulate enzyme activity by modification of catalytic site Cys residues or affect biological activity by competing with other thiol modifications. Increased GSSG may be sufficient to trigger ...
Dynamics of Phragmoplastin in Living Cells during
... This structure apparently arises by extending a tube from one vesicle to another and fusing the vesicles to form the tubulovesicular network (WN) of the early cell plate (Samuels et al., 1995). This structure has never been observed during secretion or other exocytic events, indicating a unique proc ...
... This structure apparently arises by extending a tube from one vesicle to another and fusing the vesicles to form the tubulovesicular network (WN) of the early cell plate (Samuels et al., 1995). This structure has never been observed during secretion or other exocytic events, indicating a unique proc ...
Genetic Analysis of the Yeast Cytoskeleton.
... by identifying the most highly conserved regions of a protein and using as probes oligonucleotide mixtures that encode those sequences and represent all of the possible combinations of codon usage. A method that may be more generally applicable takes advantage of antibody cross-reactivity between ho ...
... by identifying the most highly conserved regions of a protein and using as probes oligonucleotide mixtures that encode those sequences and represent all of the possible combinations of codon usage. A method that may be more generally applicable takes advantage of antibody cross-reactivity between ho ...
Induction of apoptosis by the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus
... or mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathways, which result in the activation of effector caspases. The active effector caspases, through cleavage of specific host proteins, are instrumental in directing subsequent morphological and biochemical changes associated with apoptosis. These changes include reduct ...
... or mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathways, which result in the activation of effector caspases. The active effector caspases, through cleavage of specific host proteins, are instrumental in directing subsequent morphological and biochemical changes associated with apoptosis. These changes include reduct ...
Full Text - The International Journal of Developmental Biology
... both primitive erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells retain some hematopoietic also true for the transition between the nonpotential. At E3.5, this potential is lost in most primitive erythrocytes and endothelial cells, hemogenic extraembryonic region and the intra- but is retained or enhanced ...
... both primitive erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells retain some hematopoietic also true for the transition between the nonpotential. At E3.5, this potential is lost in most primitive erythrocytes and endothelial cells, hemogenic extraembryonic region and the intra- but is retained or enhanced ...
Phorbol Esters Alter Cell Fate during Development of Sea Urchin
... as a result of treatment with phorbol ester during cleavage led us to investigate the changes in gene expression in TPAtreated embryos, as assessed by RNA accumulation. A number of genes have been isolated in sea urchins that by the early gastrula stage are restricted in expression to mesoderm (Bens ...
... as a result of treatment with phorbol ester during cleavage led us to investigate the changes in gene expression in TPAtreated embryos, as assessed by RNA accumulation. A number of genes have been isolated in sea urchins that by the early gastrula stage are restricted in expression to mesoderm (Bens ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.