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... 200 pg xGalntl-1 mRNA, whereas the expression levels of xag (cement gland), otx2, rx2a (forebrain) and ncam (neural) were increased. The expression of α-actin (muscle) was reduced in DMZ and slightly increased in VMZ. (E) RT-PCR analysis for chordin (dorsal mesoderm), sox17β (endoderm) and xbra (mes ...
... 200 pg xGalntl-1 mRNA, whereas the expression levels of xag (cement gland), otx2, rx2a (forebrain) and ncam (neural) were increased. The expression of α-actin (muscle) was reduced in DMZ and slightly increased in VMZ. (E) RT-PCR analysis for chordin (dorsal mesoderm), sox17β (endoderm) and xbra (mes ...
Role of the p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene in Cell Cycle Arrest and
... The p53 tumor suppressor gene is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer (1-3). The normal gene product exerts antiproliferative and antitransforming activity and in some cases promotes cell death via apoptosis. The precise mechanism by which p53 exerts its actions is still unclear; however, ...
... The p53 tumor suppressor gene is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer (1-3). The normal gene product exerts antiproliferative and antitransforming activity and in some cases promotes cell death via apoptosis. The precise mechanism by which p53 exerts its actions is still unclear; however, ...
Archaebacteria These unusual bacteria are genealogically neither
... ly, however, a new simplification took hold. It seemed that life might be dichot omous after all, but at a deeper level, namely in the structure of the living cell. All cells appeared to belong to one or the other of two groups: the eukaryotes, which are cells with a well-formed nu cleus, and the ...
... ly, however, a new simplification took hold. It seemed that life might be dichot omous after all, but at a deeper level, namely in the structure of the living cell. All cells appeared to belong to one or the other of two groups: the eukaryotes, which are cells with a well-formed nu cleus, and the ...
Mitochondria as signaling organelles R E V I E W Open Access
... signaling hub, which can be targeted to various subcellular localizations to allow specific targeting of PKAdependent signaling [42]. The biological significance of AKAP tethering to mitochondria was demonstrated in the late 1990s when it was shown that survival factors induce PKA-dependent phosphor ...
... signaling hub, which can be targeted to various subcellular localizations to allow specific targeting of PKAdependent signaling [42]. The biological significance of AKAP tethering to mitochondria was demonstrated in the late 1990s when it was shown that survival factors induce PKA-dependent phosphor ...
Promiscuous partnering and independent activity of MexB, the
... α-helical hairpin of MexA and α-helical barrel of OprM below the equatorial domain [13–16]. Also, MexB most probably interacts with the periplasmic tip of OprM via its top β-hairpin regions [14]. The details of the interaction of MexB with MexA are much less clear, but several studies have implied t ...
... α-helical hairpin of MexA and α-helical barrel of OprM below the equatorial domain [13–16]. Also, MexB most probably interacts with the periplasmic tip of OprM via its top β-hairpin regions [14]. The details of the interaction of MexB with MexA are much less clear, but several studies have implied t ...
Centrosome Biology: A SAS-sy Centriole in the Cell Cycle Dispatch
... holds the two centrioles together in their orthogonal orientation, but the action of the kinase Cdk2 and its associated cyclins is required for centriole separation and for the duplication process in general (reviewed in [5]). The classic experiments of Mazia et al. [6], along with a more recent stu ...
... holds the two centrioles together in their orthogonal orientation, but the action of the kinase Cdk2 and its associated cyclins is required for centriole separation and for the duplication process in general (reviewed in [5]). The classic experiments of Mazia et al. [6], along with a more recent stu ...
PDF here - University of Edinburgh
... We next examined whether NMJ-capping cells might be a specialised form of fibroblast. The exact disposition of ‘perisynaptic fibroblasts’ is unclear from previous reports, since they were depicted diagrammatically to be near to, but not overlying, ...
... We next examined whether NMJ-capping cells might be a specialised form of fibroblast. The exact disposition of ‘perisynaptic fibroblasts’ is unclear from previous reports, since they were depicted diagrammatically to be near to, but not overlying, ...
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... We next examined whether NMJ-capping cells might be a specialised form of fibroblast. The exact disposition of ‘perisynaptic fibroblasts’ is unclear from previous reports, since they were depicted diagrammatically to be near to, but not overlying, ...
... We next examined whether NMJ-capping cells might be a specialised form of fibroblast. The exact disposition of ‘perisynaptic fibroblasts’ is unclear from previous reports, since they were depicted diagrammatically to be near to, but not overlying, ...
Glucocorticoid-Induced Plasma Membrane Depolarization during
... a 1:250 dilution of either antirabbit Na⫹/K⫹-ATPase-␣ monoclonal antibody or antirabbit Na⫹/K⫹-ATPase- monoclonal antibody (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY). To assess GR levels, blots were incubated with a 1:1,000 dilution of an antipeptide GR antibody (29). Actin levels were determi ...
... a 1:250 dilution of either antirabbit Na⫹/K⫹-ATPase-␣ monoclonal antibody or antirabbit Na⫹/K⫹-ATPase- monoclonal antibody (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Saranac Lake, NY). To assess GR levels, blots were incubated with a 1:1,000 dilution of an antipeptide GR antibody (29). Actin levels were determi ...
Some Recent Work on the Structure of the Plant Cell Wall
... one of these cations surrounded the root, all growth ceased. Signs of injury appeared in the region of elongation, i. e., where cell wall growth was most rapid. Further investigation revealed that the toxic effect was the result of changes in the cell wall itself and not the result of injury to the ...
... one of these cations surrounded the root, all growth ceased. Signs of injury appeared in the region of elongation, i. e., where cell wall growth was most rapid. Further investigation revealed that the toxic effect was the result of changes in the cell wall itself and not the result of injury to the ...
Cell shrinkage and apoptosis: a role for potassium and sodium ion
... ions through separate membrane channels (Hallow et al, 1991). Similarly, ions such as Na+, K+ and H+ are involved in fibroblast volume regulation (Woll et al, 1993). Because cells possess such a vast repertoire of volume regulatory mechanisms, and can induce cell shrinkage when physiological conditi ...
... ions through separate membrane channels (Hallow et al, 1991). Similarly, ions such as Na+, K+ and H+ are involved in fibroblast volume regulation (Woll et al, 1993). Because cells possess such a vast repertoire of volume regulatory mechanisms, and can induce cell shrinkage when physiological conditi ...
Some Recent Work on the Structure of the Plant Cell Wall
... one of these cations surrounded the root, all growth ceased. Signs of injury appeared in the region of elongation, i. e., where cell wall growth was most rapid. Further investigation revealed that the toxic effect was the result of changes in the cell wall itself and not the result of injury to the ...
... one of these cations surrounded the root, all growth ceased. Signs of injury appeared in the region of elongation, i. e., where cell wall growth was most rapid. Further investigation revealed that the toxic effect was the result of changes in the cell wall itself and not the result of injury to the ...
Some Recent Work on the Structure of the Plant Cell Wall
... one of these cations surrounded the root, all growth ceased. Signs of injury appeared in the region of elongation, i. e., where cell wall growth was most rapid. Further investigation revealed that the toxic effect was the result of changes in the cell wall itself and not the result of injury to the ...
... one of these cations surrounded the root, all growth ceased. Signs of injury appeared in the region of elongation, i. e., where cell wall growth was most rapid. Further investigation revealed that the toxic effect was the result of changes in the cell wall itself and not the result of injury to the ...
Cell Structure Tumor Microenvironment
... • Cellular protein quality control by extracting and degrading unfolded proteins (known as a ER-associated protein degradation-ERAD) • Lipid and sterol biosynthesis • Storage of calcium ions in the ER lumen and their regulated release into the cytosol (calcium homeostasis) • Detoxification of drugs ...
... • Cellular protein quality control by extracting and degrading unfolded proteins (known as a ER-associated protein degradation-ERAD) • Lipid and sterol biosynthesis • Storage of calcium ions in the ER lumen and their regulated release into the cytosol (calcium homeostasis) • Detoxification of drugs ...
Building mammalian signalling pathways with RNAi screens
... therefore low towards targets with high-turnover transcripts or persistent proteins. Second, many cell types (for example, primary cells) are difficult to transfect with high efficiency. One group of researchers is striving to overcome this problem by combining reverse transfection with electroporat ...
... therefore low towards targets with high-turnover transcripts or persistent proteins. Second, many cell types (for example, primary cells) are difficult to transfect with high efficiency. One group of researchers is striving to overcome this problem by combining reverse transfection with electroporat ...
AtLSG1-2 Regulates Leaf Growth by Affecting Cell Proliferation and
... cytometry analysis revealed that cell division, differentiation and endoreduplication processes were obviously affected in atlsg1-2 mutant. We also investigate the relationship between LSG1 and NMD3 in plants by exploring their genetic interactions between AtLSG1-2 and AtNMD3. ...
... cytometry analysis revealed that cell division, differentiation and endoreduplication processes were obviously affected in atlsg1-2 mutant. We also investigate the relationship between LSG1 and NMD3 in plants by exploring their genetic interactions between AtLSG1-2 and AtNMD3. ...
Control of Root Cap Formation by MicroRNA
... grow downward in response to gravity; instead, the root tip growth exhibited frequent changes of direction (Figure 2A). Of the 40 independent Pro35S:MIR160c lines examined, 36 displayed this phenotypic change, and the severity correlated with the level of transgene expression (data not shown). When ...
... grow downward in response to gravity; instead, the root tip growth exhibited frequent changes of direction (Figure 2A). Of the 40 independent Pro35S:MIR160c lines examined, 36 displayed this phenotypic change, and the severity correlated with the level of transgene expression (data not shown). When ...
Control of Mitotic Events by Nap1 and the Gin4 Kinase
... kinase complexes with specificity. To learn more about how cyclins might function in this capacity, we used affinity chromatography to identify proteins that interact with one kind of cyclin, but not with others. We reasoned that such proteins would be likely to play a role in the specific cell cycl ...
... kinase complexes with specificity. To learn more about how cyclins might function in this capacity, we used affinity chromatography to identify proteins that interact with one kind of cyclin, but not with others. We reasoned that such proteins would be likely to play a role in the specific cell cycl ...
antibodies
... Isolation of CD34+ stem cells for autologous/allogeneic transplantation (from peripheral blood!) - Blood group determination (with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D monoclonals) - Identification of cell surface and intracellular antigens Cell activation state - Targeted chemotherapy CD20+ anti-B-cell monoc ...
... Isolation of CD34+ stem cells for autologous/allogeneic transplantation (from peripheral blood!) - Blood group determination (with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D monoclonals) - Identification of cell surface and intracellular antigens Cell activation state - Targeted chemotherapy CD20+ anti-B-cell monoc ...
Mosaic Genetic Screen for Suppressors of the de2f1 Mutant
... play a pivotal role in control of cell proliferation(reviewed in Cayirlioglu and Duronio 2001; Trimarchi and Lees 2002; Blais and Dynlacht 2004; Dimova and Dyson 2005; Degregori and Johnson 2006). Although E2F is involved in a variety of cellular activities, the best understood function of E2F is to ...
... play a pivotal role in control of cell proliferation(reviewed in Cayirlioglu and Duronio 2001; Trimarchi and Lees 2002; Blais and Dynlacht 2004; Dimova and Dyson 2005; Degregori and Johnson 2006). Although E2F is involved in a variety of cellular activities, the best understood function of E2F is to ...
Next-generation proteomics: towards an integrative view of
... More recent developments include the use of stationary phases, such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)147, which can be efficiently miniaturized to obtain a high sensitivity148. • Further reduction of complexity is achieved by reversed-phase chromatography directly coupled to M ...
... More recent developments include the use of stationary phases, such as hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)147, which can be efficiently miniaturized to obtain a high sensitivity148. • Further reduction of complexity is achieved by reversed-phase chromatography directly coupled to M ...
Conserved functions of retinoblastoma proteins: From purple retina
... transition and in the tumorigenesis [3]. 3.2. Relevance to cancer and developmental defects Importantly, RB mutations have also been found in nonretinal cancers including sarcomas, small-cell lung, bladder, breast and parathyroid cancers, which evidently show the relevance of pRB role in the regulat ...
... transition and in the tumorigenesis [3]. 3.2. Relevance to cancer and developmental defects Importantly, RB mutations have also been found in nonretinal cancers including sarcomas, small-cell lung, bladder, breast and parathyroid cancers, which evidently show the relevance of pRB role in the regulat ...
Dissection of the Blue-Light-Dependent Signal
... We limited our investigations to the light-controlled conversion of pregametes to gametes because this second step in gametic differentiation is completely blue-lightdependent (Weissig and Beck, 1991).In addition, it is complete within a few hours (Treier et al., 1989; Beck and Acker, 1992) and can ...
... We limited our investigations to the light-controlled conversion of pregametes to gametes because this second step in gametic differentiation is completely blue-lightdependent (Weissig and Beck, 1991).In addition, it is complete within a few hours (Treier et al., 1989; Beck and Acker, 1992) and can ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.