REACTIVATION IN VITRO OF IMMUNOCOMPETENCE IN
... excluding the possibility of direct participation of thymus cells in the reaction; and (c) furthermore, preliminary studies2 have shown thymus activity in the system with thin filters of 0.3 or 0.1 # porosity. These results are in llne with observations made in vivo, suggesting an indirect effect of ...
... excluding the possibility of direct participation of thymus cells in the reaction; and (c) furthermore, preliminary studies2 have shown thymus activity in the system with thin filters of 0.3 or 0.1 # porosity. These results are in llne with observations made in vivo, suggesting an indirect effect of ...
Four-cell stage mouse blastomeres have different developmental
... embryos) when two-cell blastomeres undergo either sequential meridional or equatorial/oblique divisions, a relationship between the first cleavage and the embryonicabembryonic axis is not observed. Since in a major group of embryos (ME embryos) the progeny of individual four-cell blastomeres tends t ...
... embryos) when two-cell blastomeres undergo either sequential meridional or equatorial/oblique divisions, a relationship between the first cleavage and the embryonicabembryonic axis is not observed. Since in a major group of embryos (ME embryos) the progeny of individual four-cell blastomeres tends t ...
Bacillus anthracis produces membrane-derived vesicles containing biologically active toxins
... Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles that contain toxins or other virulence factors and, in several cases, vesicles have been proposed to be vehicles for toxin delivery to eukaryotic cells (14– 17). Significantly less is known about the r ...
... Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, produce vesicles that contain toxins or other virulence factors and, in several cases, vesicles have been proposed to be vehicles for toxin delivery to eukaryotic cells (14– 17). Significantly less is known about the r ...
Paired and LIM class homeodomain proteins coordinate
... The ancient origin of sleep is evidenced by deeply conserved signaling pathways regulating sleep-like behavior, such as signaling through the Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In Caenorhabditis elegans, a sleep-like state can be induced at any time during development or adulthood through cond ...
... The ancient origin of sleep is evidenced by deeply conserved signaling pathways regulating sleep-like behavior, such as signaling through the Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In Caenorhabditis elegans, a sleep-like state can be induced at any time during development or adulthood through cond ...
Mechanical motion promotes expression of Prg4
... (C) Sections of the knee joints depicted in B (n = 6 running or 6 control mice). For each mouse, the total number of b-galactosidaseexpressing cells in five sections of the lateral condyles and five sections of the medial condyles in both knees was quantitated. (D) The knees of either control or run ...
... (C) Sections of the knee joints depicted in B (n = 6 running or 6 control mice). For each mouse, the total number of b-galactosidaseexpressing cells in five sections of the lateral condyles and five sections of the medial condyles in both knees was quantitated. (D) The knees of either control or run ...
Metabolism of Tac - The Journal of Experimental Medicine
... modeling, approximated as a first order system over the first 4--8 h ...
... modeling, approximated as a first order system over the first 4--8 h ...
Regulation of nuclear poly(A) addition controls the expression of
... mutations mut4s and mut8s reproduced the effects of the longer mutations mut4 and mut8 (data not shown). These mutants were combined to produce double mutations and a triple mutation. The triple mutant contains only nine (3 3 3) single nucleotide changes in a 212 nucleotide RNA. To examine whether t ...
... mutations mut4s and mut8s reproduced the effects of the longer mutations mut4 and mut8 (data not shown). These mutants were combined to produce double mutations and a triple mutation. The triple mutant contains only nine (3 3 3) single nucleotide changes in a 212 nucleotide RNA. To examine whether t ...
Coordination of Hox identity between germ layers along the anterior
... directional migration of the mesoderm, but it has only a permissive role (Winklbauer, 1991; Nagel and Winkelbauer, 1991). Correct deposition of fibronectin occurs during the blastula stage, where FGF and activin-like signals emanating from the contiguous nascent mesoderm may play a role (Winklbauer, ...
... directional migration of the mesoderm, but it has only a permissive role (Winklbauer, 1991; Nagel and Winkelbauer, 1991). Correct deposition of fibronectin occurs during the blastula stage, where FGF and activin-like signals emanating from the contiguous nascent mesoderm may play a role (Winklbauer, ...
2. introduction
... through gap junctions, thus spreading depolarization by involving enough adjoining tissue to bring it to threshold to produce a conducted beat. It is important to note, however, that the spread of Ca2+ between myocytes is carefully regulated by the myocyte through regulation of gap junctions which a ...
... through gap junctions, thus spreading depolarization by involving enough adjoining tissue to bring it to threshold to produce a conducted beat. It is important to note, however, that the spread of Ca2+ between myocytes is carefully regulated by the myocyte through regulation of gap junctions which a ...
The Crucial Role of Biofilms in Cryptococcus neoformans Survival
... formation of the EPM needed to facilitate, coordinate and stabilize the biofilm framework [27]. Notably, magnesium ions act as a signaling molecule, inducing capsule biosynthesis by promoting CAP gene expression [28]. Thus, divalent cations may be providing both mechanical and chemical support by pa ...
... formation of the EPM needed to facilitate, coordinate and stabilize the biofilm framework [27]. Notably, magnesium ions act as a signaling molecule, inducing capsule biosynthesis by promoting CAP gene expression [28]. Thus, divalent cations may be providing both mechanical and chemical support by pa ...
HELICOBACTER PYLORI VacA, A PARADIGM FOR TOXIN
... The importance of bacterial toxins in infectious diseases was recognized more than a century ago, when it was discovered that culture filtrates of many pathogens contain soluble factors that can damage host tissues1. Over the past century, more than one hundred different toxins that are produced by ...
... The importance of bacterial toxins in infectious diseases was recognized more than a century ago, when it was discovered that culture filtrates of many pathogens contain soluble factors that can damage host tissues1. Over the past century, more than one hundred different toxins that are produced by ...
MIKROBIOT 2013.indb
... immunology. We are proud that outstanding experts in these fields have accepted our invitation to present plenary lectures. We hope to provide a meeting atmosphere conductive to constructive interactions of leading senior scientists with young researchers, students and postdoctoral fellows. The edi ...
... immunology. We are proud that outstanding experts in these fields have accepted our invitation to present plenary lectures. We hope to provide a meeting atmosphere conductive to constructive interactions of leading senior scientists with young researchers, students and postdoctoral fellows. The edi ...
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling
... mTOR is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase that is capable of integrating signals from many stimuli including amino acids, energy levels, oxygen, growth factors, and stress to coordinate cell growth and maintain metabolic homeostasis [59]. mTOR forms two functionally distinct complexes in ma ...
... mTOR is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase that is capable of integrating signals from many stimuli including amino acids, energy levels, oxygen, growth factors, and stress to coordinate cell growth and maintain metabolic homeostasis [59]. mTOR forms two functionally distinct complexes in ma ...
Architecture and Biosynthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell
... HE wall gives Saccharomyces cerevisiae its morphologies during budding growth, pseudohypha formation, mating, and sporulation; it preserves the cell’s osmotic integrity; and it provides a scaffold to present agglutinins and flocculins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of mannoproteins, b-glucan ...
... HE wall gives Saccharomyces cerevisiae its morphologies during budding growth, pseudohypha formation, mating, and sporulation; it preserves the cell’s osmotic integrity; and it provides a scaffold to present agglutinins and flocculins to other yeast cells. The wall consists of mannoproteins, b-glucan ...
Microbial Cell Factories
... attachment and colonization by rhizobia follow the twophase sequence of events previously described for bacteria in general [1]. Several bacterial proteins, such as adhesins, and flagellar proteins [2,3], have been proposed to be important factors for the early reversible, specific binding events, w ...
... attachment and colonization by rhizobia follow the twophase sequence of events previously described for bacteria in general [1]. Several bacterial proteins, such as adhesins, and flagellar proteins [2,3], have been proposed to be important factors for the early reversible, specific binding events, w ...
Involvement of auxin in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato
... expression of the precursors of the miR393 was down-regulated during mycorrhization. In addition DR5-GUS, a reporter for auxin response, was found to be preferentially expressed in root cells containing arbuscules. By over-expressing miR393 in roots and therefore downregulating auxin receptor genes, ...
... expression of the precursors of the miR393 was down-regulated during mycorrhization. In addition DR5-GUS, a reporter for auxin response, was found to be preferentially expressed in root cells containing arbuscules. By over-expressing miR393 in roots and therefore downregulating auxin receptor genes, ...
Review Role of a novel photopigment, melanopsin, in behavioral
... suppressed during the entire period of illumination. This demonstrates a unique role for melanopsin in long-term light adaptation [40] and possibly for promoting sleep in nocturnal animals. Importantly, attenuation of photoadaptive responses in opn4–/– mice correlates with the loss of intrinsic phot ...
... suppressed during the entire period of illumination. This demonstrates a unique role for melanopsin in long-term light adaptation [40] and possibly for promoting sleep in nocturnal animals. Importantly, attenuation of photoadaptive responses in opn4–/– mice correlates with the loss of intrinsic phot ...
AcmA of Lactococcus lactis is an N-acetylglucosaminidase
... of muropeptides released from Bacillus subtilis peptidoglycan, after digestion with AcmA, shows that AcmA is an N-acetylglucosaminidase. In the C-terminus of AcmA three highly similar repeated regions of 45 amino acid residues are present, which are separated by short nonhomologous sequences. The re ...
... of muropeptides released from Bacillus subtilis peptidoglycan, after digestion with AcmA, shows that AcmA is an N-acetylglucosaminidase. In the C-terminus of AcmA three highly similar repeated regions of 45 amino acid residues are present, which are separated by short nonhomologous sequences. The re ...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa poplar tree response in the rhizosphere
... disinfectants (Stover et al., 2000). Although this bacterium is well studied, roughly one-fourth of its ORFs are uncharacterized (Lewenza et al., 2005). Populus trichocarpa is a model woody plant due to its small genome size (520 Mb) (Tuskan et al., 2004) and routine transformation system mediated b ...
... disinfectants (Stover et al., 2000). Although this bacterium is well studied, roughly one-fourth of its ORFs are uncharacterized (Lewenza et al., 2005). Populus trichocarpa is a model woody plant due to its small genome size (520 Mb) (Tuskan et al., 2004) and routine transformation system mediated b ...
Mechanisms of plasmid stable maintenance with special focus on
... All three components, partition proteins A, B and par site, are required for partition. The ParB proteins bind specifically to their cognate cis-acting DNA sequences termed centromere-like regions (Mori et al., 1989; Watanabe et al., 1989). These cis-acting sites are located downstream (plasmids P1, ...
... All three components, partition proteins A, B and par site, are required for partition. The ParB proteins bind specifically to their cognate cis-acting DNA sequences termed centromere-like regions (Mori et al., 1989; Watanabe et al., 1989). These cis-acting sites are located downstream (plasmids P1, ...
iv Molecular Mechanisms of Notochord Vacuole
... as it marks the beginning of our phylum, chordata. In vertebrates the notochord arises from the dorsal organizer, also known as the embryonic shield in zebrafish, and is critical for proper vertebrate development (Saude et al., 2000; Shih and Fraser, 1996). The notochord is an important midline stru ...
... as it marks the beginning of our phylum, chordata. In vertebrates the notochord arises from the dorsal organizer, also known as the embryonic shield in zebrafish, and is critical for proper vertebrate development (Saude et al., 2000; Shih and Fraser, 1996). The notochord is an important midline stru ...
Chromosome Segregation in Budding Yeast: Sister Chromatid
... and Kleckner 1999; Megee et al. 1999; Tanaka et al. 1999; Glynn et al. 2004; Weber et al. 2004; Kiburz et al. 2005). This region of cohesin enrichment surrounding the centromere defines the budding yeast pericentromere, which differs from that in other eukaryotes in that it lacks heterochromatin. The ...
... and Kleckner 1999; Megee et al. 1999; Tanaka et al. 1999; Glynn et al. 2004; Weber et al. 2004; Kiburz et al. 2005). This region of cohesin enrichment surrounding the centromere defines the budding yeast pericentromere, which differs from that in other eukaryotes in that it lacks heterochromatin. The ...
Direct Somatic Embryogenesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L - JMS
... A study concerning the effect of 2,4-D on indirect somatic embryogenesis and surface structural changes in garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. Lumbu Hijau was conducted. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of 2,4-D on the induction of somatic embryogenesis and to observe the developmen ...
... A study concerning the effect of 2,4-D on indirect somatic embryogenesis and surface structural changes in garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. Lumbu Hijau was conducted. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of 2,4-D on the induction of somatic embryogenesis and to observe the developmen ...
Gram Stain RL.20.02 Michigan Regional Laboratory System
... The Gram stain is used to classify bacteria on the basis of the forms, sizes, cellular morphologies, and Gram reactions; it is additionally a critical test for the presumptive diagnosis of infectious agents. Bacteria stain either gram positive or gram negative on the basis of differences in their ce ...
... The Gram stain is used to classify bacteria on the basis of the forms, sizes, cellular morphologies, and Gram reactions; it is additionally a critical test for the presumptive diagnosis of infectious agents. Bacteria stain either gram positive or gram negative on the basis of differences in their ce ...
Naturally Occurring Ligand Isoforms Receptor Binding and Function
... bovine flt3 ligand isoform 1 constructs truncated at specific residues outside the 18 aa sequence. Overall, the flt3 ligand structure required for function is markedly similar to that of the related hemopoietic growth factors, CSF-1 and steel factor. This definition of the required flt3 ligand struc ...
... bovine flt3 ligand isoform 1 constructs truncated at specific residues outside the 18 aa sequence. Overall, the flt3 ligand structure required for function is markedly similar to that of the related hemopoietic growth factors, CSF-1 and steel factor. This definition of the required flt3 ligand struc ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.