C. elegans the L1 larval stage
... First and foremost I must give thanks to Dr. Chin-Sang for allowing me the opportunity to discover my passion for science and research. Without the opportunity to work in his lab as a lab volunteer, summer student and thesis student I would not be in graduate studies, and none of this would be possi ...
... First and foremost I must give thanks to Dr. Chin-Sang for allowing me the opportunity to discover my passion for science and research. Without the opportunity to work in his lab as a lab volunteer, summer student and thesis student I would not be in graduate studies, and none of this would be possi ...
Guard cell-specific inhibition of Arabidopsis MPK3 expression
... MPK3 transcription is rapidly induced in Arabidopsis plants treated with touch, low-temperature or salinity stress (Mizoguchi et al., 1996). Kovtun et al. (2000) found strong activation of MPK3 enzyme activity in leaf mesophyll protoplasts by H2O2 but not by ABA treatments. In contrast, Lu et al. (2 ...
... MPK3 transcription is rapidly induced in Arabidopsis plants treated with touch, low-temperature or salinity stress (Mizoguchi et al., 1996). Kovtun et al. (2000) found strong activation of MPK3 enzyme activity in leaf mesophyll protoplasts by H2O2 but not by ABA treatments. In contrast, Lu et al. (2 ...
Structure and function of the notochord: an essential
... turns on flh expression and becomes chordamesoderm. The maternal supply of Oep protein is likely to be depleted with time in these embryos, suggesting that one difference between prechordal and notochord specification is that the prechordal tissue requires persistent Nodal signalling, while transien ...
... turns on flh expression and becomes chordamesoderm. The maternal supply of Oep protein is likely to be depleted with time in these embryos, suggesting that one difference between prechordal and notochord specification is that the prechordal tissue requires persistent Nodal signalling, while transien ...
Interaction of PIN and PGP transport mechanisms in auxin
... PGP19-HA (GVG-PGP19-HA) or PIN7 (GVG-PIN7) constructs that had already been used to study the ability of corresponding proteins to mediate efflux from plant cells (Petrášek et al., 2006). After induction of GVG-PGP19-HA or GVG-PIN7 constructs, cells accumulated less auxin because of the increased au ...
... PGP19-HA (GVG-PGP19-HA) or PIN7 (GVG-PIN7) constructs that had already been used to study the ability of corresponding proteins to mediate efflux from plant cells (Petrášek et al., 2006). After induction of GVG-PGP19-HA or GVG-PIN7 constructs, cells accumulated less auxin because of the increased au ...
b-Arrestin1 and Distinct CXCR4 Structures Are Required for Stromal
... GPCRs, CXCR4 requires expression at the cell surface to bind its ligand. CXCR4 undergoes a conformational change upon binding extracellular ligand that activates the signal transduction function of one or more heterotrimeric G proteins associated with the cytoplasmic face of the receptor, including ...
... GPCRs, CXCR4 requires expression at the cell surface to bind its ligand. CXCR4 undergoes a conformational change upon binding extracellular ligand that activates the signal transduction function of one or more heterotrimeric G proteins associated with the cytoplasmic face of the receptor, including ...
Autoregulation of Actin Synthesis by Physiological
... up by hepatocytes in culture, binds to F-actm and drafiinctions of actm depend on the polymerization of mo· « j · j ι ...
... up by hepatocytes in culture, binds to F-actm and drafiinctions of actm depend on the polymerization of mo· « j · j ι ...
Polyamines in embryogenic cultures of Norway spruce (Picea abies
... The differentiation of somatic embryos from tissue cultures has been reported for several economically important conifers (Bonga and Durzan 1987). The development of somatic embryos is very sensitive to changes in the constituents of the medium and the physical environment of culture (Bhojwani and R ...
... The differentiation of somatic embryos from tissue cultures has been reported for several economically important conifers (Bonga and Durzan 1987). The development of somatic embryos is very sensitive to changes in the constituents of the medium and the physical environment of culture (Bhojwani and R ...
The role of ABA and MAPK signaling pathways in
... signaling in plants, such as the MAPK pathways, are beginning to unfold. This manuscript aims to review our current knowledge on the connection between ABA and MAPK pathways in the context of abiotic stress responses in plants. 2. ABA signaling in plants ABA belongs to the class of isoprenoids (terp ...
... signaling in plants, such as the MAPK pathways, are beginning to unfold. This manuscript aims to review our current knowledge on the connection between ABA and MAPK pathways in the context of abiotic stress responses in plants. 2. ABA signaling in plants ABA belongs to the class of isoprenoids (terp ...
Bioreactor landfills: experimental and field results
... distribution of the recirculated leachate. The nominal size of the gravel used for both filter layers range from 19 to 38 mm. Finally, the bioreactor cell covers were placed on top of each cell, and the whole unit was sealed using construction type sealant. The protruding ends of the gas collection w ...
... distribution of the recirculated leachate. The nominal size of the gravel used for both filter layers range from 19 to 38 mm. Finally, the bioreactor cell covers were placed on top of each cell, and the whole unit was sealed using construction type sealant. The protruding ends of the gas collection w ...
Interaction of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase with the CAT
... arginine might stimulate vasodilation in vivo by a mechanism that has nothing to do with its serving as a substrate for eNOS [18]. One such mechanism has been demonstrated by Giugliano et al. [19] to involve the long-known effect of arginine to stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β-cells. Insu ...
... arginine might stimulate vasodilation in vivo by a mechanism that has nothing to do with its serving as a substrate for eNOS [18]. One such mechanism has been demonstrated by Giugliano et al. [19] to involve the long-known effect of arginine to stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β-cells. Insu ...
Masking the Pathogen: Evolutionary Strategies of Fungi and Their
... The fungal capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans is also not visible by regular microscopy, but similar to bacterial capsules, can be viewed by India ink microscopy as an extensive clear zone surrounding the cell wall. It can also be robustly observed by other microscopic techniques, such as scanning e ...
... The fungal capsule of Cryptococcus neoformans is also not visible by regular microscopy, but similar to bacterial capsules, can be viewed by India ink microscopy as an extensive clear zone surrounding the cell wall. It can also be robustly observed by other microscopic techniques, such as scanning e ...
Dual role of autophagy in HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis Open Access
... increased autophagy in HIV-infected Jurkat cells [46] could be explained by the presence of inherent differences in autophagy between primary T cells and some immortalized cell-lines. The observations of increased Beclin-1 and LC3 levels in the later studies of HIV-1-infected primary CD4+ T cells [4 ...
... increased autophagy in HIV-infected Jurkat cells [46] could be explained by the presence of inherent differences in autophagy between primary T cells and some immortalized cell-lines. The observations of increased Beclin-1 and LC3 levels in the later studies of HIV-1-infected primary CD4+ T cells [4 ...
Foxp3-positive macrophages display immunosuppressive properties
... CD11b+F4/80+CD68+, indicating macrophage origin. These cells were observed in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, liver, and other tissues of naive animals. To characterize this subpopulation of macrophages, we devised a strategy to purify CD11b+F4/80+Foxp3+ macrophages using Foxp3-GFP mice. A ...
... CD11b+F4/80+CD68+, indicating macrophage origin. These cells were observed in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, liver, and other tissues of naive animals. To characterize this subpopulation of macrophages, we devised a strategy to purify CD11b+F4/80+Foxp3+ macrophages using Foxp3-GFP mice. A ...
Enhancement of Nuclear Factor- B Acetylation by Coactivator p300
... The prototype NF-B transcription factor consists of two subunits, NF-B1 (p50), the DNA-binding subunit, and RelA (p65), the transactivating subunit. NF-B transcription factors bind to 10-bp DNA sites (B sites) as dimers. They bind specifically to a decameric sequence (5⬘-GGGACTTTCC-3⬘) in the ...
... The prototype NF-B transcription factor consists of two subunits, NF-B1 (p50), the DNA-binding subunit, and RelA (p65), the transactivating subunit. NF-B transcription factors bind to 10-bp DNA sites (B sites) as dimers. They bind specifically to a decameric sequence (5⬘-GGGACTTTCC-3⬘) in the ...
The Arabidopsis homeotic genes APETALA3 and PISTILLATA are
... Plants ectopically expressing both class B genes were generated by crossing plants containing the p35S-AP3 construct (Jack et al., 1994) to p35S-PI plants. Flowers of these plants (p35S-PI p35S-AP3) have two outer whorls of petals and inner whorls of stamens (Figs 1C, 2E, compare with wild type, Fig ...
... Plants ectopically expressing both class B genes were generated by crossing plants containing the p35S-AP3 construct (Jack et al., 1994) to p35S-PI plants. Flowers of these plants (p35S-PI p35S-AP3) have two outer whorls of petals and inner whorls of stamens (Figs 1C, 2E, compare with wild type, Fig ...
chloroquine inhibits lysosomal enzyme pinocytosis and enhances
... replaced or reused about every 5 min . Enzyme pinocytosis was not affected by inhibition of new protein synthesis for several hours, suggesting a large pool of internal receptors and/or reuse of internalized receptors . Chloroquine treatment ofnormal human fibroblasts had three effects : (a) greatly ...
... replaced or reused about every 5 min . Enzyme pinocytosis was not affected by inhibition of new protein synthesis for several hours, suggesting a large pool of internal receptors and/or reuse of internalized receptors . Chloroquine treatment ofnormal human fibroblasts had three effects : (a) greatly ...
Ion Changes in Legume Root Hairs Responding to Nod
... of sequestered dye could be a major source of confusion, since it will likely be in a compartment with excess Ca2⫹, e.g. the vacuole, and thus generate a saturating signal, shifting the dynamic range of detection of the camera to levels at which cytosolic signals are lost. It should also be noted th ...
... of sequestered dye could be a major source of confusion, since it will likely be in a compartment with excess Ca2⫹, e.g. the vacuole, and thus generate a saturating signal, shifting the dynamic range of detection of the camera to levels at which cytosolic signals are lost. It should also be noted th ...
Microtubule Independent Vesiculation of Golgi Membranes and the
... vesiculated Golgi membranes) as revealed by both, electron microscopy and light microscopy (Takizawa et al., 1993). Upon removal of the drug the Golgi membranes reassemble rapidly into the pericentriolar region of the cell. This process is observed in >95 % of the cells, is energy dependent, occurs ...
... vesiculated Golgi membranes) as revealed by both, electron microscopy and light microscopy (Takizawa et al., 1993). Upon removal of the drug the Golgi membranes reassemble rapidly into the pericentriolar region of the cell. This process is observed in >95 % of the cells, is energy dependent, occurs ...
Jelena Raspopovic Molecular basis for digit patterning in the vertebrate limb
... molecules that play an important role during the early digit patterning process. In this chapter I also present my two publications with the respective supplementary material. My first publication with the title “A GDF5 Point Mutation Strikes Twice - Causing BDA1 and SYNS2”, is a collaboration with ...
... molecules that play an important role during the early digit patterning process. In this chapter I also present my two publications with the respective supplementary material. My first publication with the title “A GDF5 Point Mutation Strikes Twice - Causing BDA1 and SYNS2”, is a collaboration with ...
To grow or not to grow: what can we learn on ethylene
... EIN3 like (EIL) transcription factors. EIN3 dimers are able to bind the primary ethylene response element (PERE) in the promoter of ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 1 (ERF1) and other ethylene response genes. Also EIL1 and EIL2 are able to bind this region (Solano et al., 1998). EIN3 is degraded in a protea ...
... EIN3 like (EIL) transcription factors. EIN3 dimers are able to bind the primary ethylene response element (PERE) in the promoter of ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 1 (ERF1) and other ethylene response genes. Also EIL1 and EIL2 are able to bind this region (Solano et al., 1998). EIN3 is degraded in a protea ...
Contribution of microtubule growth polarity and flux to spindle
... or perpendicular to the spindle axis (xt-plot, Fig. 3A), from the time-lapse measurements (xyt). Visual inspection of movies and these constructed kymographs revealed that metaphase plant chromosomes (seen as a negative stain) maintained their positions without appreciable movements in x or y direct ...
... or perpendicular to the spindle axis (xt-plot, Fig. 3A), from the time-lapse measurements (xyt). Visual inspection of movies and these constructed kymographs revealed that metaphase plant chromosomes (seen as a negative stain) maintained their positions without appreciable movements in x or y direct ...
A Novel Form of DAP5 Protein Accumulates in Apoptotic Cells as a
... hand and the rescue of the gene as a mediator of apoptosis on the other hand suggest that further studies of this gene should highlight novel mechanisms linking translational control to restriction of cellular outgrowth by PCD (21). While DAP5 was reported to be ubiquitously and abundantly expressed ...
... hand and the rescue of the gene as a mediator of apoptosis on the other hand suggest that further studies of this gene should highlight novel mechanisms linking translational control to restriction of cellular outgrowth by PCD (21). While DAP5 was reported to be ubiquitously and abundantly expressed ...
Chapter 4 - Neurasync
... Measurement of long-lived protein degradation, where CMA-dependent activity is calculated as the difference between total lysosomal-dependent degradation (inhibited by general lysosomal inhibitors) and macroautophagy-dependent degradation (inhibited by 3-methyl-adenine (3-MA) or other inhibitors of ...
... Measurement of long-lived protein degradation, where CMA-dependent activity is calculated as the difference between total lysosomal-dependent degradation (inhibited by general lysosomal inhibitors) and macroautophagy-dependent degradation (inhibited by 3-methyl-adenine (3-MA) or other inhibitors of ...
A differential response element for the homeotics at the Antennapedia P1 promoter of Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7420-7424 .pdf
... and ABD-A activation element, as it is not bound by purified UBX protein; it is described in detail elsewhere (16). These results establish several important points with respect to homeotic regulatory specificity. (i) All three homeoproteins can act through the downstream binding sites. (ii) The hom ...
... and ABD-A activation element, as it is not bound by purified UBX protein; it is described in detail elsewhere (16). These results establish several important points with respect to homeotic regulatory specificity. (i) All three homeoproteins can act through the downstream binding sites. (ii) The hom ...
Arrested Differentiation of Proplastids into Chloroplasts in
... proposed to play a dual role in chloroplasts; an unrelated role to variegation in the PSII repair cycle and a variegationrelated role in thylakoid formation. In addition, several transacting recessive mutations that suppressed leaf variegation in var2 have been identified. A majority of the suppresso ...
... proposed to play a dual role in chloroplasts; an unrelated role to variegation in the PSII repair cycle and a variegationrelated role in thylakoid formation. In addition, several transacting recessive mutations that suppressed leaf variegation in var2 have been identified. A majority of the suppresso ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.