Production and consumption of nitrous oxide in nitrate
... which is a copper-containing enzyme located on the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (i.e. the periplasm in Gramnegative bacteria) (Zumft, 1997; Zumft & Kroneck, 2007; Pomowski et al., 2011; Wüst et al., 2012; Pauleta et al., 2013). Various NosZ enzymes carry a C-terminal extension that forms a m ...
... which is a copper-containing enzyme located on the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane (i.e. the periplasm in Gramnegative bacteria) (Zumft, 1997; Zumft & Kroneck, 2007; Pomowski et al., 2011; Wüst et al., 2012; Pauleta et al., 2013). Various NosZ enzymes carry a C-terminal extension that forms a m ...
Mechanisms of dorsal-ventral axis determination in
... require additional steps of pattern formation. If, on the other hand, only a weak dorsal-ventral asymmetry were present in the vitelline membrane or perivitelline space, a system with an autonomous pattern-forming capacity would be necessary to generate the spatial information of the nuclear dorsal ...
... require additional steps of pattern formation. If, on the other hand, only a weak dorsal-ventral asymmetry were present in the vitelline membrane or perivitelline space, a system with an autonomous pattern-forming capacity would be necessary to generate the spatial information of the nuclear dorsal ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Mammals
... homotypic oligomer. These results suggest a model in which Mfn1 homotypic oligomers, Mfn2 homotypic oligomers, and Mfn1–Mfn2 heterotypic oligomers are all functional complexes that play diVerent roles in maintaining mitochondrial fusion, depending on the cell type. 2. Mgm1/OPA1 Yeast mutants of the ...
... homotypic oligomer. These results suggest a model in which Mfn1 homotypic oligomers, Mfn2 homotypic oligomers, and Mfn1–Mfn2 heterotypic oligomers are all functional complexes that play diVerent roles in maintaining mitochondrial fusion, depending on the cell type. 2. Mgm1/OPA1 Yeast mutants of the ...
Study of the Biogenesis of the Golgi Apparatus in Plant Cells （植物
... biogenesis process has been studied for a variety of cells. Especially some parasitic protozoa have ...
... biogenesis process has been studied for a variety of cells. Especially some parasitic protozoa have ...
Cardosin A Molecular Determinants and Biosynthetic Pathways
... and accumulates in the vacuole. Furthermore, an Arabidopsis thaliana line expressing cardosin A under an inducible promoter was explored to understand cardosin A dynamics in terms of vacuolar accumulation during seed germination events. Similarly to the Nicotiana tabacum one, this system was also va ...
... and accumulates in the vacuole. Furthermore, an Arabidopsis thaliana line expressing cardosin A under an inducible promoter was explored to understand cardosin A dynamics in terms of vacuolar accumulation during seed germination events. Similarly to the Nicotiana tabacum one, this system was also va ...
A Comparison of the Oxidation of Clozapine and Olanzapine to
... free radical would lead to formation of a GSH conjugate because it would be more likely to abstract a hydrogen atom from GSH, producing a glutathionyl radical and regenerating parent compound. More recently, we identified a reactive metabolite of clozapine that covalently binds to activated human ne ...
... free radical would lead to formation of a GSH conjugate because it would be more likely to abstract a hydrogen atom from GSH, producing a glutathionyl radical and regenerating parent compound. More recently, we identified a reactive metabolite of clozapine that covalently binds to activated human ne ...
The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 (TNFAIP3) is a central regulator of
... followed by their A20-mediated K48-linked polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Because A20 is also able to inhibit NF-kB activation induced by TAK1 overexpression, which signals downstream of RIP1, RIP2 and TRAF6 [19], it is likely that A20 acts at multiple steps in the NF-kB signaling pat ...
... followed by their A20-mediated K48-linked polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Because A20 is also able to inhibit NF-kB activation induced by TAK1 overexpression, which signals downstream of RIP1, RIP2 and TRAF6 [19], it is likely that A20 acts at multiple steps in the NF-kB signaling pat ...
Association of FMRP with Ribosomal Precursor Particles in the
... since in cells from fragile X patients, lacking FMRP, a normal transport of ribosomes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm occurs. On the other hand, the RNA binding properties of FMRP and the in vitro association with ribosomes led to different proposals for a theoretical function for FMRP. One possib ...
... since in cells from fragile X patients, lacking FMRP, a normal transport of ribosomes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm occurs. On the other hand, the RNA binding properties of FMRP and the in vitro association with ribosomes led to different proposals for a theoretical function for FMRP. One possib ...
Altered morphology produced by ftsZ expression in
... tuberculosis (Dziadek et al., 2002), among others. In N. gonorrhoeae, the expression of FtsZ resulted in abnormal cell division in some cells, characterized by the presence of multiple and atypically arranged cell division sites. H. salinarium transformed with a plasmid carrying its own ftsZ gene yi ...
... tuberculosis (Dziadek et al., 2002), among others. In N. gonorrhoeae, the expression of FtsZ resulted in abnormal cell division in some cells, characterized by the presence of multiple and atypically arranged cell division sites. H. salinarium transformed with a plasmid carrying its own ftsZ gene yi ...
Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism
... proteins that cannot be diluted via cell division113. Loss of autophagy in neurons or cardiac muscles can result in the accumulation of ubiquitylated proteins and inclusion bodies, leading to neurodegeneration and cardiac hypertrophy, respectively114,115. Constitutive autophagy in non-stressed condi ...
... proteins that cannot be diluted via cell division113. Loss of autophagy in neurons or cardiac muscles can result in the accumulation of ubiquitylated proteins and inclusion bodies, leading to neurodegeneration and cardiac hypertrophy, respectively114,115. Constitutive autophagy in non-stressed condi ...
PDF
... facilitates the integration and processing of synaptic and sensory input. Although studies in Drosophila and vertebrate systems have identified a variety of factors that regulate dendrite branch formation, the molecular mechanisms that control this process remain poorly defined. Here, we introduce t ...
... facilitates the integration and processing of synaptic and sensory input. Although studies in Drosophila and vertebrate systems have identified a variety of factors that regulate dendrite branch formation, the molecular mechanisms that control this process remain poorly defined. Here, we introduce t ...
Glycoproteins with Type Common and Type Specific Antigenic Sites
... Methods and reacted against HSV I and HSV z general antisera in agar gel immunodiffusion plates (Fig. 0- Although the I C R P fractions are three times more concentrated in terms o f cell equivalents than the total cell antigen fractions, it is clear that certain antigens in the total cell fractions ...
... Methods and reacted against HSV I and HSV z general antisera in agar gel immunodiffusion plates (Fig. 0- Although the I C R P fractions are three times more concentrated in terms o f cell equivalents than the total cell antigen fractions, it is clear that certain antigens in the total cell fractions ...
A three-stage model of Golgi structure and function
... arrangement of Golgi processing enzymes seems to reflect gradients of enzyme localization rather than precise separations (Glick et al. 1997). In addition to the four putative classes of Golgi cisternae, mammalian cells contain an ER–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) (Appenzeller-Herzog and Hau ...
... arrangement of Golgi processing enzymes seems to reflect gradients of enzyme localization rather than precise separations (Glick et al. 1997). In addition to the four putative classes of Golgi cisternae, mammalian cells contain an ER–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) (Appenzeller-Herzog and Hau ...
Mutations in the Catalytic Domain of Prohormone Convertase 2
... Construction of PC2 Mutants—Mouse PC2 cDNA (obtained from Dr. N. G. Seidah, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada) was first subcloned through blunt-end ligation into the pcDNA3 vector cut at the KpnI site, and this plasmid was used in constructing PC2 mutants. Mutants were gener ...
... Construction of PC2 Mutants—Mouse PC2 cDNA (obtained from Dr. N. G. Seidah, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Canada) was first subcloned through blunt-end ligation into the pcDNA3 vector cut at the KpnI site, and this plasmid was used in constructing PC2 mutants. Mutants were gener ...
1 Calcium at the Cell Wall
... due to movement of Ca2+ directly into the cytoplasm, while other supporting wall binding. Kwack (1967), applying autoradiography to pollen tubes that had been administered with 45Ca2+, showed extensive labeling of the tube apex, which he interpreted as Ca2+ binding by the acidic pectic residues. A s ...
... due to movement of Ca2+ directly into the cytoplasm, while other supporting wall binding. Kwack (1967), applying autoradiography to pollen tubes that had been administered with 45Ca2+, showed extensive labeling of the tube apex, which he interpreted as Ca2+ binding by the acidic pectic residues. A s ...
A bi-functional siRNA construct induces RNA
... Previously we have shown that routine transfection of E7 siRNA into SiHa cervical cancer cells induces growth arrest and apoptosis (11). In contrast, the growth and viability of nonvirally infected cells, such as normal human diploid fibroblasts and HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells, are unaffect ...
... Previously we have shown that routine transfection of E7 siRNA into SiHa cervical cancer cells induces growth arrest and apoptosis (11). In contrast, the growth and viability of nonvirally infected cells, such as normal human diploid fibroblasts and HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells, are unaffect ...
PDF + SI
... extracellular space (1) and also by back-signaling to neurons directly through the release of neuroactive substances (2). Although glutamate and ATP are the most recognized chemical transmitters that mediate astrocyte–neuron signaling (2), other cell–cell mediators also are involved in this pathway. ...
... extracellular space (1) and also by back-signaling to neurons directly through the release of neuroactive substances (2). Although glutamate and ATP are the most recognized chemical transmitters that mediate astrocyte–neuron signaling (2), other cell–cell mediators also are involved in this pathway. ...
Conditional expression of Mycobacterium smegmatis
... The genus Mycobacterium includes fast-growing species, with doubling times (d.t.) of between 2 and 3 h (Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium fortuitum) and 10 h (Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex), and slow-growing species, with d.t. of 24 h (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacteriu ...
... The genus Mycobacterium includes fast-growing species, with doubling times (d.t.) of between 2 and 3 h (Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium fortuitum) and 10 h (Mycobacterium avium–intracellulare complex), and slow-growing species, with d.t. of 24 h (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacteriu ...
Light and Electron Microscopy of the Sheath of a Blue
... uni-algal. It is regarded as a Nostoc sp. as it conforms to the descriptions of this genus given by Fritsch (1945)and Smith (1950). Cultivation. Cultures were maintained in Knop medium (Pringsheim, I949) and the medium given by Stanier, Doudoroff & Adelberg (1963,table 19-6) without a nitrogen sourc ...
... uni-algal. It is regarded as a Nostoc sp. as it conforms to the descriptions of this genus given by Fritsch (1945)and Smith (1950). Cultivation. Cultures were maintained in Knop medium (Pringsheim, I949) and the medium given by Stanier, Doudoroff & Adelberg (1963,table 19-6) without a nitrogen sourc ...
EnvZ is not essential for the upregulation of OmpC following
... This was contrary to what we observed in our MIC data. Instead we observed no change in MIC following pretreatment with salt or kanamycin in either strain. High salt and sublethal kanamycin induced OmpC upregulation independent of EnvZ signalling. By visual analysis, the untreated LYVZ-13W strain ex ...
... This was contrary to what we observed in our MIC data. Instead we observed no change in MIC following pretreatment with salt or kanamycin in either strain. High salt and sublethal kanamycin induced OmpC upregulation independent of EnvZ signalling. By visual analysis, the untreated LYVZ-13W strain ex ...
Determinants of Action Potential Propagation in Cerebellar Purkinje
... is particularly important because these axons form the sole output of the cerebellar cortex. All computations of the cerebellar cortical circuitry are therefore condensed into the spike trains of Purkinje cell axons, which must transmit this information to the deep cerebellar nuclei, several millime ...
... is particularly important because these axons form the sole output of the cerebellar cortex. All computations of the cerebellar cortical circuitry are therefore condensed into the spike trains of Purkinje cell axons, which must transmit this information to the deep cerebellar nuclei, several millime ...
A GH3-like Domain in Reaper Is Required for Mitochondrial
... cells, this may not be the case in vertebrates. Indeed, XIAP knockout mice do not exhibit any overt phenotypes (21). Although this could well indicate some functional redundancy among the IAPs, it may also reflect a requirement for additional events in the activation of caspases and cell death in ve ...
... cells, this may not be the case in vertebrates. Indeed, XIAP knockout mice do not exhibit any overt phenotypes (21). Although this could well indicate some functional redundancy among the IAPs, it may also reflect a requirement for additional events in the activation of caspases and cell death in ve ...
Actin Dynamics in Muscle Cells
... generation of contraction. In non-muscle cells, actin filaments are very dynamic and regulated by an array of proteins that interact with actin filaments and/or monomeric actin. Interestingly, in non-muscle cells the barbed ends of the filaments are the predominant assembly place, whereas in muscle cel ...
... generation of contraction. In non-muscle cells, actin filaments are very dynamic and regulated by an array of proteins that interact with actin filaments and/or monomeric actin. Interestingly, in non-muscle cells the barbed ends of the filaments are the predominant assembly place, whereas in muscle cel ...
Physical Interaction of Floral Organs Controls
... elongate at later stages through the narrow space between anthers and sepals. Although many of the genes involved in regulating petal identity and primordia growth are known, the molecular mechanism for the later elongation process remains unknown. We found a mutant, folded petals1 (fop1), in which ...
... elongate at later stages through the narrow space between anthers and sepals. Although many of the genes involved in regulating petal identity and primordia growth are known, the molecular mechanism for the later elongation process remains unknown. We found a mutant, folded petals1 (fop1), in which ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.