What`s the Difference? Efficient Set Reconciliation without
... We start with a simple model of set reconciliation. For two sets SA , SB each containing elements from a universe, U = [0, u), we want to compute the set difference, DA−B and DB−A , where DA−B = SA − SB such that for all s ∈ DA−B , s ∈ SA and s∈ / SB . Likewise, DB−A = SB −SA . We say that D = DA−B ...
... We start with a simple model of set reconciliation. For two sets SA , SB each containing elements from a universe, U = [0, u), we want to compute the set difference, DA−B and DB−A , where DA−B = SA − SB such that for all s ∈ DA−B , s ∈ SA and s∈ / SB . Likewise, DB−A = SB −SA . We say that D = DA−B ...
Ceman, S, O Donnell, WT, Reed, M, Patton, S, Pohl, J and Warren, ST: Phosphorylation regulates translation state of FMRP-associated polyribosomes. Human Molecular Genetics 12:3295-3305 (2003).
... was phosphorylated primarily on serine residues (Fig. 1B). This observation was confirmed in a number of other cultured mammalian cell lines including Cos 7, NIH 3T3 and HeLa cells (data not shown). To identify which of the 47 serines in FMRP is phosphorylated, we used the mass spectrometry-based me ...
... was phosphorylated primarily on serine residues (Fig. 1B). This observation was confirmed in a number of other cultured mammalian cell lines including Cos 7, NIH 3T3 and HeLa cells (data not shown). To identify which of the 47 serines in FMRP is phosphorylated, we used the mass spectrometry-based me ...
Species-Specific Activity of SIV Nef and HIV-1 Vpu
... Tetherin, also known as BST2, CD317 or HM1.24, was recently identified as an interferon-inducible host–cell factor that interferes with the detachment of virus particles from infected cells. HIV-1 overcomes this restriction by expressing an accessory protein, Vpu, which counteracts tetherin. Since l ...
... Tetherin, also known as BST2, CD317 or HM1.24, was recently identified as an interferon-inducible host–cell factor that interferes with the detachment of virus particles from infected cells. HIV-1 overcomes this restriction by expressing an accessory protein, Vpu, which counteracts tetherin. Since l ...
Self-amplifying autocrine actions of BDNF in axon development Pei-Lin Cheng , Ai-Hong Song
... structure, consisting of a single long axon and many short and highly branched dendrites. This polarized structure is essential for two primary neuronal functions: the reception and integration of synaptic inputs at the dendrite, and the conduction and delivery of output signals to other cells via t ...
... structure, consisting of a single long axon and many short and highly branched dendrites. This polarized structure is essential for two primary neuronal functions: the reception and integration of synaptic inputs at the dendrite, and the conduction and delivery of output signals to other cells via t ...
-Tubulin Plays an Essential Role in the Coordination of Mitotic Events
... scanning mutagenesis (Jung et al., 2001) are potentially powerful tools for studying ␥-tubulin functions. Among these mutant alleles, some have robust but highly abnormal mitotic spindles under restrictive conditions and normal localization of ␥-tubulin to the spindle pole bodies (SPBs). These data ...
... scanning mutagenesis (Jung et al., 2001) are potentially powerful tools for studying ␥-tubulin functions. Among these mutant alleles, some have robust but highly abnormal mitotic spindles under restrictive conditions and normal localization of ␥-tubulin to the spindle pole bodies (SPBs). These data ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Sites and Golgi Bodies Behave as
... contrast, Sec12p is uniformly distributed along the ER network and does not accumulate in these structures, consistent with the fact that Sec12p does not become part of a COPII vesicle. We propose that punctate accumulation of Sar1p represents ER export sites (ERES). The sites may represent a combin ...
... contrast, Sec12p is uniformly distributed along the ER network and does not accumulate in these structures, consistent with the fact that Sec12p does not become part of a COPII vesicle. We propose that punctate accumulation of Sar1p represents ER export sites (ERES). The sites may represent a combin ...
Receptor Regulation of the Volume-Sensitive Efflux of Taurine and
... osmolarity), there was a time-dependent release of the radiolabeled amino acid from the cells (Fig. 1A). Although the presence of a functionally coupled thrombin receptor on SH-SY5Y cells has not previously been reported, inclusion of thrombin (0.25 U/ml, equivalent to 1.25 nM) significantly enhance ...
... osmolarity), there was a time-dependent release of the radiolabeled amino acid from the cells (Fig. 1A). Although the presence of a functionally coupled thrombin receptor on SH-SY5Y cells has not previously been reported, inclusion of thrombin (0.25 U/ml, equivalent to 1.25 nM) significantly enhance ...
Nab controls the activity of the zinc-finger
... in various organisms. They lack DNA-binding domains and act by associating with other transcription factors, but their precise roles in development are not known. Here we analyze the role of nab in Drosophila development. By employing genetic approaches we found that nab is required for proximodista ...
... in various organisms. They lack DNA-binding domains and act by associating with other transcription factors, but their precise roles in development are not known. Here we analyze the role of nab in Drosophila development. By employing genetic approaches we found that nab is required for proximodista ...
Wood - 2010 - Nat Rev Genet
... Chromosomes undergo essential changes in morphology that promote proper expression and maintenance of the genome. These changes are mediated, in part, by structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins that restructure the genome by promoting interactions between some chromosomal sites while in ...
... Chromosomes undergo essential changes in morphology that promote proper expression and maintenance of the genome. These changes are mediated, in part, by structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) proteins that restructure the genome by promoting interactions between some chromosomal sites while in ...
Modes of anaerobic respiration catalysed by
... The bacterial class Dehalococcoidia, phylum Chloroflexi, encompasses several cultivated strains and many so far uncultivated bacteria, known from molecular detection of their 16S rRNA gene sequences in marine sediments. All cultivated representatives exclusively respire with halogenated compounds as ...
... The bacterial class Dehalococcoidia, phylum Chloroflexi, encompasses several cultivated strains and many so far uncultivated bacteria, known from molecular detection of their 16S rRNA gene sequences in marine sediments. All cultivated representatives exclusively respire with halogenated compounds as ...
Desmin Is Essential for the Tensile Strength and
... change in myofiber architecture occurs whereby Z disks become aligned, nuclei move from central to peripheral locations, and tubules adopt a transverse orientation. The preexisting desmin IF networks shift from a longitudinal to a predominantly transverse orientation, associated with the Z disk. Sk ...
... change in myofiber architecture occurs whereby Z disks become aligned, nuclei move from central to peripheral locations, and tubules adopt a transverse orientation. The preexisting desmin IF networks shift from a longitudinal to a predominantly transverse orientation, associated with the Z disk. Sk ...
Biology I End-of-Course
... According to their classification, which of the following animals are most closely related? A. Q and R This answer is not correct. The most closely related organisms share the greatest number of classification levels. Animals Q and R share only three classification levels, which is not the greatest ...
... According to their classification, which of the following animals are most closely related? A. Q and R This answer is not correct. The most closely related organisms share the greatest number of classification levels. Animals Q and R share only three classification levels, which is not the greatest ...
Optical mapping of atrioventricular node reveals
... across the N zone so that delay is distributed across the cell network. However, Billette (3) demonstrated that the conduction delay is not decremental in space following a premature stimulus but seems more localized in N cells, where conduction stagnates. Studies from several investigators (1, 3, 4 ...
... across the N zone so that delay is distributed across the cell network. However, Billette (3) demonstrated that the conduction delay is not decremental in space following a premature stimulus but seems more localized in N cells, where conduction stagnates. Studies from several investigators (1, 3, 4 ...
Optical mapping of atrioventricular node reveals a - AJP
... across the N zone so that delay is distributed across the cell network. However, Billette (3) demonstrated that the conduction delay is not decremental in space following a premature stimulus but seems more localized in N cells, where conduction stagnates. Studies from several investigators (1, 3, 4 ...
... across the N zone so that delay is distributed across the cell network. However, Billette (3) demonstrated that the conduction delay is not decremental in space following a premature stimulus but seems more localized in N cells, where conduction stagnates. Studies from several investigators (1, 3, 4 ...
2386 East Heritage Way, Suite B, Salt Lake City, Utah 84109 USA
... local swelling of the ORS that houses a significant fraction of skin epithelial stem cells (Fig. 1A; Paus and Cotsarelis 1999; Fuchs et al. 2001; Millar 2002). Anagen reentry requires the action of a papilla-derived signal (Hardy 1992) that causes bulge epithelial stem cells to proliferate, migrate ...
... local swelling of the ORS that houses a significant fraction of skin epithelial stem cells (Fig. 1A; Paus and Cotsarelis 1999; Fuchs et al. 2001; Millar 2002). Anagen reentry requires the action of a papilla-derived signal (Hardy 1992) that causes bulge epithelial stem cells to proliferate, migrate ...
Deep Insight Section Mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells
... macroautophagy and of its functions in physiology and diseases (Klionsky et al., 2003; Nakatogawa et al., 2009). However the term "autophagy" also embraces microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Klionsky, 2007) that we will briefly describe here. In contrast to macroautophagy, which starts ...
... macroautophagy and of its functions in physiology and diseases (Klionsky et al., 2003; Nakatogawa et al., 2009). However the term "autophagy" also embraces microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Klionsky, 2007) that we will briefly describe here. In contrast to macroautophagy, which starts ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
... The time course and orientation of attachment of Rhizobium trifolii 0403 to white clover root hairs was examined in slide cultures by light and electron microscopy. Inocula were grown for 5 days on defined Bll agar medium and represented the large subpopulation of fully encapsulated single cells whi ...
... The time course and orientation of attachment of Rhizobium trifolii 0403 to white clover root hairs was examined in slide cultures by light and electron microscopy. Inocula were grown for 5 days on defined Bll agar medium and represented the large subpopulation of fully encapsulated single cells whi ...
Localization of retinitis pigmentosa 2 to cilia is regulated by Importin 2
... Bloodgood, 2008). How the cilia regulate import and export of proteins is still unclear, but it might involve an electron-dense area at the base of the cilia, which is known as the transition zone. This area might function in a similar fashion to the tight junctions of epithelia, which specifically ...
... Bloodgood, 2008). How the cilia regulate import and export of proteins is still unclear, but it might involve an electron-dense area at the base of the cilia, which is known as the transition zone. This area might function in a similar fashion to the tight junctions of epithelia, which specifically ...
Modeling the Mechanics of Cell Division: Influence of
... and surface tension. The turgor of the vesicle is maintained under a positive difference of osmotic pressure between the inside cell and the outside extracellular milieu, which represents hypotonic conditions. Flaccid configurations are defined, in general by iso-, hypertonic conditions characterize ...
... and surface tension. The turgor of the vesicle is maintained under a positive difference of osmotic pressure between the inside cell and the outside extracellular milieu, which represents hypotonic conditions. Flaccid configurations are defined, in general by iso-, hypertonic conditions characterize ...
Article (Published version)
... code, the sum of their combinatorial positive and negative functions, dictates cell fate and behavior. Using an antisense approach to knockdown gene function in vivo, we find that each of the three Gli proteins is required for the induction of all primary neurons in the amphibian neural plate and re ...
... code, the sum of their combinatorial positive and negative functions, dictates cell fate and behavior. Using an antisense approach to knockdown gene function in vivo, we find that each of the three Gli proteins is required for the induction of all primary neurons in the amphibian neural plate and re ...
Microtubules Contribute to Tubule Elongation and
... ER dynamics in eukaryotes depend on the cytoskeleton. In plants, major contributors for ER organization are actin filaments (Quader et al., 1989; Knebel et al., 1990; Lichtscheidl and Hepler, 1996; Sparkes et al., 2009a) and the actin-associated motor proteins (myosins; Prokhnevsky et al., 2008; Pere ...
... ER dynamics in eukaryotes depend on the cytoskeleton. In plants, major contributors for ER organization are actin filaments (Quader et al., 1989; Knebel et al., 1990; Lichtscheidl and Hepler, 1996; Sparkes et al., 2009a) and the actin-associated motor proteins (myosins; Prokhnevsky et al., 2008; Pere ...
Activin-mediated mesoderm induction requires FGF
... the head organizer-specific genes gsc and Xlim-1, is less sensitive. These results are consistent with the phenotype of the truncated FGF receptor-injected embryo and imply that the activin induction of mesoderm depends on FGF, with some genes requiring a higher level of FGF signaling than others. ...
... the head organizer-specific genes gsc and Xlim-1, is less sensitive. These results are consistent with the phenotype of the truncated FGF receptor-injected embryo and imply that the activin induction of mesoderm depends on FGF, with some genes requiring a higher level of FGF signaling than others. ...
Chromatin Fibers Observed In Situ in Frozen Hydrated Sections
... spreading on a water surface. What, then is the native chromatin organization of the typical interphase nucleus and mitotic chromosome? It can be argued that a 30-urn fiber structure exists, but is not revealed in thin sections because of preparative deficiencies; or, alternatively, that a 30-nm org ...
... spreading on a water surface. What, then is the native chromatin organization of the typical interphase nucleus and mitotic chromosome? It can be argued that a 30-urn fiber structure exists, but is not revealed in thin sections because of preparative deficiencies; or, alternatively, that a 30-nm org ...
REVIEWS
... cascades in the chick embryo. A cascade of sidespecific transcripts that has been characterized in the chick is shown, and is overlaid on the dorsal view of a Hamburger Hamilton stage 5 chick embryo (anterior to the top). Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is expressed on both sides of Hensen’s node until the chi ...
... cascades in the chick embryo. A cascade of sidespecific transcripts that has been characterized in the chick is shown, and is overlaid on the dorsal view of a Hamburger Hamilton stage 5 chick embryo (anterior to the top). Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is expressed on both sides of Hensen’s node until the chi ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.