Increased Agonist Affinity at the
... G-protein activation induce downstream kinase activation and phosphorylation by G-protein-coupled receptor kinase. This phosphorylation leads to the recruitment of -arrestin, which binds to receptors with high-affinity preventing receptor association and activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins (Ben ...
... G-protein activation induce downstream kinase activation and phosphorylation by G-protein-coupled receptor kinase. This phosphorylation leads to the recruitment of -arrestin, which binds to receptors with high-affinity preventing receptor association and activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins (Ben ...
The bHLH Class Protein pMesogenin1 Can Specify Paraxial
... additional bHLH gene in the mouse, Paraxis, collectively define discrete but highly dynamic prepatterned subdomains of the paraxial mesoderm. In functional assays, we show that pMesogenin1 from either mouse or frog can efficiently drive nonmesodermal cells to assume a phenotype with molecular and ce ...
... additional bHLH gene in the mouse, Paraxis, collectively define discrete but highly dynamic prepatterned subdomains of the paraxial mesoderm. In functional assays, we show that pMesogenin1 from either mouse or frog can efficiently drive nonmesodermal cells to assume a phenotype with molecular and ce ...
Targeted wild-type and jerker espins reveal a novel, WH2
... especially the case for the PC12 cells, which expressed each construct at a lower level than Neuro-2a cells. CABs were not observed in either cell line when the GFP-espin was expressed at the 2% level. Under these conditions, the GFP fluorescence was no longer visible by fluorescence microscopy, but ...
... especially the case for the PC12 cells, which expressed each construct at a lower level than Neuro-2a cells. CABs were not observed in either cell line when the GFP-espin was expressed at the 2% level. Under these conditions, the GFP fluorescence was no longer visible by fluorescence microscopy, but ...
PDF + SI - The Journal of Immunology
... are active in the induction of IL-10 production. It has been shown that genomic DNA, isolated from bifidobacteria or lactobacilli, could induce IL-10 production by human PBMCs (12). Other reports have shown that soluble or insoluble cell preparations, obtained from centrifugation of sonicated bifido ...
... are active in the induction of IL-10 production. It has been shown that genomic DNA, isolated from bifidobacteria or lactobacilli, could induce IL-10 production by human PBMCs (12). Other reports have shown that soluble or insoluble cell preparations, obtained from centrifugation of sonicated bifido ...
LIINA JAKOBSON The roles of abscisic acid, CO , and the cuticle in
... response to different stimuli would allow us to design appropriate molecular targets that can be used to breed crops with improved water management. The cuticle is a lipid-based water-repellent biopolymer, which covers all aboveground parts of plants. At night, when the stomata are closed, the cutic ...
... response to different stimuli would allow us to design appropriate molecular targets that can be used to breed crops with improved water management. The cuticle is a lipid-based water-repellent biopolymer, which covers all aboveground parts of plants. At night, when the stomata are closed, the cutic ...
Effects of nitric oxide on red blood cell deformability
... has been suggested to have cardiovascular effects via regulation of red blood cell (RBC) deformability. The present study was designed to further explore this possibility. Human RBCs in autologous plasma were incubated for 1 h with NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors [N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NA ...
... has been suggested to have cardiovascular effects via regulation of red blood cell (RBC) deformability. The present study was designed to further explore this possibility. Human RBCs in autologous plasma were incubated for 1 h with NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors [N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NA ...
Evolutionarily conserved recognition and innate immunity to fungal
... fungal-derived -glucan), acetylated low density lipoprotein (acLDL), poly I, fucoidan, and, to a lesser extent, mannan inhibited SCARF1 recognition of C. neoformans (Fig. 3, e and f). In contrast, addition of dextran, pullulan, or poly C had no effect. These results suggested that binding of C. neo ...
... fungal-derived -glucan), acetylated low density lipoprotein (acLDL), poly I, fucoidan, and, to a lesser extent, mannan inhibited SCARF1 recognition of C. neoformans (Fig. 3, e and f). In contrast, addition of dextran, pullulan, or poly C had no effect. These results suggested that binding of C. neo ...
Probing for Binding Regions of the FtsZ Protein Surface through Site
... for PALM. A second goal was to identify sites where the inserted FP or a smaller peptide could block a region of FtsZ’s lateral surface but allow FtsZ to remain functional. Because these inserts would sterically block protein interactions at the site, this would explore the surface of the pf for pot ...
... for PALM. A second goal was to identify sites where the inserted FP or a smaller peptide could block a region of FtsZ’s lateral surface but allow FtsZ to remain functional. Because these inserts would sterically block protein interactions at the site, this would explore the surface of the pf for pot ...
Figure 17. Ptc1 expression in Tulp3 mutant limb buds
... 4.3 Analysis of limb patterning in Tulp3-/- embryos .................................................................. 93 4.3.1 Loss of Tulp3 affects formation of the ZPA but the AER appears intact ..................... 93 4.3.2 Altered A-P patterning of the autopod in Tulp3 mutant limb buds........ ...
... 4.3 Analysis of limb patterning in Tulp3-/- embryos .................................................................. 93 4.3.1 Loss of Tulp3 affects formation of the ZPA but the AER appears intact ..................... 93 4.3.2 Altered A-P patterning of the autopod in Tulp3 mutant limb buds........ ...
Fear-of-intimacy mediated zinc transport controls the
... families of zinc transporters control zinc homeostasis in organisms, but there is little information about their specific developmental roles. We show that the ZIP transporter fear-of-intimacy (foi) is necessary for the formation of Drosophila muscles. In foi mutants, myoblasts segregate normally, b ...
... families of zinc transporters control zinc homeostasis in organisms, but there is little information about their specific developmental roles. We show that the ZIP transporter fear-of-intimacy (foi) is necessary for the formation of Drosophila muscles. In foi mutants, myoblasts segregate normally, b ...
HIV-1 Transactivator of Transcription Protein Induces Mitochondrial
... cells (2), thus increasing the probability that it will be found at higher concentrations in the extracellular space in brain parenchyma relative to other HIV gene products. Tat is often described as pleiotropic because of its diverse effects in the periphery and the CNS. In keeping with this, Tat e ...
... cells (2), thus increasing the probability that it will be found at higher concentrations in the extracellular space in brain parenchyma relative to other HIV gene products. Tat is often described as pleiotropic because of its diverse effects in the periphery and the CNS. In keeping with this, Tat e ...
Wnt-7a maintains appropriate uterine patterning
... Accepted 8 June; published on WWW 21 July 1998 ...
... Accepted 8 June; published on WWW 21 July 1998 ...
Effect of ABA signalling in primary cell wall Minor Thesis Report
... new wall materials is required in order to maintain the spacing between cellulose microfibrils and irreversibly extension of wall that make wall compartment to become large (Obel et al. 2007; Thompson 2005). Xyloglucan (XyG) is thought to play an important role in cell wall elongation/expansion and ...
... new wall materials is required in order to maintain the spacing between cellulose microfibrils and irreversibly extension of wall that make wall compartment to become large (Obel et al. 2007; Thompson 2005). Xyloglucan (XyG) is thought to play an important role in cell wall elongation/expansion and ...
ICAM-1 - The Journal of Cell Biology
... molecules that interact and support these functions originate from observations of their spatial arrangements by immunostaining methods. These studies have suggested, for instance, that membrane-cytoskeleton interactions take place in specialized contacts such as focal adhesions (12) or desmosomes ( ...
... molecules that interact and support these functions originate from observations of their spatial arrangements by immunostaining methods. These studies have suggested, for instance, that membrane-cytoskeleton interactions take place in specialized contacts such as focal adhesions (12) or desmosomes ( ...
Two lineage boundaries coordinate vertebrate apical ectodermal
... Received February 24, 2000; revised version accepted April 4, 2000. ...
... Received February 24, 2000; revised version accepted April 4, 2000. ...
The Small RNA Chaperone Hfq and Multiple Small RNAs Control
... the transition between low to high cell density by allowing the influence of additional regulatory inputs. Simultaneous inactivation of all four sRNAs is necessary to eliminate Hfq-mediated quorum sensing repression Overexpression of only one sRNA is sufficient for repression Simultaneous presence o ...
... the transition between low to high cell density by allowing the influence of additional regulatory inputs. Simultaneous inactivation of all four sRNAs is necessary to eliminate Hfq-mediated quorum sensing repression Overexpression of only one sRNA is sufficient for repression Simultaneous presence o ...
Control Bacterial Quorum Sensing: Its Role in Virulence and
... enterotoxins, superantigens, and urease (SaidSalim et al. 2003; Geisinger et al. 2006). The net result of this QS regulatory cascade is downregulation of surface virulence factors (such as protein A), and up-regulation of secreted virulence factors (such as a-toxin). Most of the effects of QS on reg ...
... enterotoxins, superantigens, and urease (SaidSalim et al. 2003; Geisinger et al. 2006). The net result of this QS regulatory cascade is downregulation of surface virulence factors (such as protein A), and up-regulation of secreted virulence factors (such as a-toxin). Most of the effects of QS on reg ...
Phloem loading and unloading of sugars and amino acids
... to transport and release phloem (see van Bel, this volume). The most compelling evidence that minor veins are the major sites of phloem loading has been obtained at a molecular level. Thus, the low affinity/high capacity sucrose transporter (SUT4) is expressed strongly in minor veins (Weise et al. 2 ...
... to transport and release phloem (see van Bel, this volume). The most compelling evidence that minor veins are the major sites of phloem loading has been obtained at a molecular level. Thus, the low affinity/high capacity sucrose transporter (SUT4) is expressed strongly in minor veins (Weise et al. 2 ...
Active Hair Bundle Movements and the Cochlear Amplifier
... These mechanisms can vary between species, but there are some fundamental similarities used by hair cells to overcome difficulties that are common to each. One common problem faced by all hair cells is that the energy associated with sound at threshold is small. In order to obtain such low threshold ...
... These mechanisms can vary between species, but there are some fundamental similarities used by hair cells to overcome difficulties that are common to each. One common problem faced by all hair cells is that the energy associated with sound at threshold is small. In order to obtain such low threshold ...
LPAproducing enzyme PAPLA1 regulates hair follicle development
... LPA exerts most of its functions through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (Anliker and Chun, 2004; Moolenaar et al, 2004). So far, six LPA-specific GPCRs belonging to either the endothelial cell differentiation gene family (LPA1,2,3) or P2Y family (LPA4,5,6) have been identified (Anliker and Chun ...
... LPA exerts most of its functions through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (Anliker and Chun, 2004; Moolenaar et al, 2004). So far, six LPA-specific GPCRs belonging to either the endothelial cell differentiation gene family (LPA1,2,3) or P2Y family (LPA4,5,6) have been identified (Anliker and Chun ...
Cellulose Biosynthesis in Oomycetes
... increased since the dissemination of the second mating type that lead to genetic recombinations and the emergence of more virulent strains of P. infestans (Fry and Goodwin, 1997). The spread of Oomycetes to new habitats has lead to new diseases and devast ...
... increased since the dissemination of the second mating type that lead to genetic recombinations and the emergence of more virulent strains of P. infestans (Fry and Goodwin, 1997). The spread of Oomycetes to new habitats has lead to new diseases and devast ...
Logistics of water and salt transport through the plant
... of course is the question whether these ion-mediated changes in hydraulic resistance do have a physiological role. The K+ concentrations having the strongest effect (0– 20 mM; Zwieniecki et al. 2001), are within the range measured in transpiring intact plants (Herdel et al. 2001). However, it remain ...
... of course is the question whether these ion-mediated changes in hydraulic resistance do have a physiological role. The K+ concentrations having the strongest effect (0– 20 mM; Zwieniecki et al. 2001), are within the range measured in transpiring intact plants (Herdel et al. 2001). However, it remain ...
Saliva of the Lyme Disease Vector, Lxodes dammini, Blocks
... inoculation but these responses are greatly delayed or are nonexistent in animals infected with similar numbers of spirochetes delivered by infected ticks (12, 13). This suggests that tick saliva modifies the host-specific T and B cell response to the Lyme spirochete. However, the immunological mech ...
... inoculation but these responses are greatly delayed or are nonexistent in animals infected with similar numbers of spirochetes delivered by infected ticks (12, 13). This suggests that tick saliva modifies the host-specific T and B cell response to the Lyme spirochete. However, the immunological mech ...
Many ways to telomere dysfunction: in vivo studies using
... (Boulton and Jackson, 1996, 1998; Laroche et al., 1998; Gravel et al., 1998; Nugent et al., 1998b). The analysis of Ku86 de®cient mice, however, depicts a very dierent scenario. Although Ku86 de®ciency in the mouse results in telomeric fusions (Bailey et al., 1999; Hsu et al., 2000; Samper et al., ...
... (Boulton and Jackson, 1996, 1998; Laroche et al., 1998; Gravel et al., 1998; Nugent et al., 1998b). The analysis of Ku86 de®cient mice, however, depicts a very dierent scenario. Although Ku86 de®ciency in the mouse results in telomeric fusions (Bailey et al., 1999; Hsu et al., 2000; Samper et al., ...
Further analysis on lidocaine-induced increase in intracellular Zn2+
... concentration. However, the mechanism for lidocaine-induced increase in the intensity of FluoZin-3 fluorescence was not elucidated. In this study, in order to reveal the mechanism, the effects of lidocaine on FluoZin-3 and 5-chloromethylfluorescein (5-CMF) fluorescence were examined under various co ...
... concentration. However, the mechanism for lidocaine-induced increase in the intensity of FluoZin-3 fluorescence was not elucidated. In this study, in order to reveal the mechanism, the effects of lidocaine on FluoZin-3 and 5-chloromethylfluorescein (5-CMF) fluorescence were examined under various co ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.