Immune Escape of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 in A Major Role
... langerin, CD1a, and E-cadherin. Our results show that LC generated from human monocytes are a pure population and phenotypically equivalent to LC found in the epidermis (Fig. 1A). Our LC derived from human monocytes contain Birbeck granules, as we have also previously shown (19). Although it is poss ...
... langerin, CD1a, and E-cadherin. Our results show that LC generated from human monocytes are a pure population and phenotypically equivalent to LC found in the epidermis (Fig. 1A). Our LC derived from human monocytes contain Birbeck granules, as we have also previously shown (19). Although it is poss ...
Renal tubular Sirt1 attenuates diabetic albuminuria by
... decreased in PTs but remained unchanged in glomeruli. Twenty-four weeks after STZ treatment, Sirt1 levels in glomeruli were also decreased (Fig. 1a). Laser micro-dissection followed by RT-PCR revealed that Sirt1 mRNA expression decreased in PT before glomeruli in diabetic mice (Fig. 1b, Supplementar ...
... decreased in PTs but remained unchanged in glomeruli. Twenty-four weeks after STZ treatment, Sirt1 levels in glomeruli were also decreased (Fig. 1a). Laser micro-dissection followed by RT-PCR revealed that Sirt1 mRNA expression decreased in PT before glomeruli in diabetic mice (Fig. 1b, Supplementar ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Sites and Golgi Bodies Behave as
... contrast, Sec12p is uniformly distributed along the ER network and does not accumulate in these structures, consistent with the fact that Sec12p does not become part of a COPII vesicle. We propose that punctate accumulation of Sar1p represents ER export sites (ERES). The sites may represent a combin ...
... contrast, Sec12p is uniformly distributed along the ER network and does not accumulate in these structures, consistent with the fact that Sec12p does not become part of a COPII vesicle. We propose that punctate accumulation of Sar1p represents ER export sites (ERES). The sites may represent a combin ...
Auxin coordinates cell division and cell fate specification during
... ubiquitination through interaction with the E3-ligase SINAT5 (Xie et al., 2002). More recently, it was shown that the microRNA, miR164, targets several NAC-domain transcription factors, among which NAC1 (Mallory et al., 2005). All these levels of regulation on NAC1 suggest that the auxin response me ...
... ubiquitination through interaction with the E3-ligase SINAT5 (Xie et al., 2002). More recently, it was shown that the microRNA, miR164, targets several NAC-domain transcription factors, among which NAC1 (Mallory et al., 2005). All these levels of regulation on NAC1 suggest that the auxin response me ...
Auxin coordinates cell division and cell fate specification during
... ubiquitination through interaction with the E3-ligase SINAT5 (Xie et al., 2002). More recently, it was shown that the microRNA, miR164, targets several NAC-domain transcription factors, among which NAC1 (Mallory et al., 2005). All these levels of regulation on NAC1 suggest that the auxin response me ...
... ubiquitination through interaction with the E3-ligase SINAT5 (Xie et al., 2002). More recently, it was shown that the microRNA, miR164, targets several NAC-domain transcription factors, among which NAC1 (Mallory et al., 2005). All these levels of regulation on NAC1 suggest that the auxin response me ...
Pathogenic potential of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from surface
... were randomly selected, taking at least two isolates from each site for further characterization. These isolates were identified as A. hydrophila by the criteria described in Methods. Four and two of the environmental and clinical isolates of A. hydrophila, respectively, were determined to be positi ...
... were randomly selected, taking at least two isolates from each site for further characterization. These isolates were identified as A. hydrophila by the criteria described in Methods. Four and two of the environmental and clinical isolates of A. hydrophila, respectively, were determined to be positi ...
Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signalling by
... This is obtained through a complex circuitry of positive and negative feedback regulation. Feedback inhibitory mechanisms restrain EGFR activity in time and space, which is key to ensuring that receptor outputs are commensurate to the cell and tissue needs. Here, we focus on the emerging field of in ...
... This is obtained through a complex circuitry of positive and negative feedback regulation. Feedback inhibitory mechanisms restrain EGFR activity in time and space, which is key to ensuring that receptor outputs are commensurate to the cell and tissue needs. Here, we focus on the emerging field of in ...
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... embryos, antagonism of Wnt signaling allows the formation of anterior structures at the expense of posterior ones (Leyns et al., 1997; Glinka et al., 1998). This is also true for zebrafish: morpholino knockdown of wnt8a results in embryos that predominantly form head but lack posterior structures (E ...
... embryos, antagonism of Wnt signaling allows the formation of anterior structures at the expense of posterior ones (Leyns et al., 1997; Glinka et al., 1998). This is also true for zebrafish: morpholino knockdown of wnt8a results in embryos that predominantly form head but lack posterior structures (E ...
Fibronectin and Other Adhesive Glycoproteins
... et al. 1982). Most of the sulfation of fibronectin occurs at tyrosine residues as tyrosineO–SO4, probably in the V region (Liu and Lipmann 1985; Paul and Hynes 1984). It should be noted that the referenced analyses are somewhat dated; application of new mass spectrometric techniques should allow loc ...
... et al. 1982). Most of the sulfation of fibronectin occurs at tyrosine residues as tyrosineO–SO4, probably in the V region (Liu and Lipmann 1985; Paul and Hynes 1984). It should be noted that the referenced analyses are somewhat dated; application of new mass spectrometric techniques should allow loc ...
single cotyledon (sic) mutants of pea and their significance in
... WT:mutant would be expected for alleles at the same locus), indicating that E4650 represents a third locus, which we have termed, therefore, sic3. Cotyledon Formation in Mutants sic1. The mutation at the sic1 locus had the least effect on embryo development. Embryos of this mutant were similar to th ...
... WT:mutant would be expected for alleles at the same locus), indicating that E4650 represents a third locus, which we have termed, therefore, sic3. Cotyledon Formation in Mutants sic1. The mutation at the sic1 locus had the least effect on embryo development. Embryos of this mutant were similar to th ...
Reduced initiation frequency from oriC restores viability of a
... E. coli cells with reduced DnaA protein activity, due either to certain mutations in domain III or IV of the protein, or to the introduction of additional datA sites, initiate replication at an increased cell mass per origin. Initiations are often asynchronous, indicating that not all origins are in ...
... E. coli cells with reduced DnaA protein activity, due either to certain mutations in domain III or IV of the protein, or to the introduction of additional datA sites, initiate replication at an increased cell mass per origin. Initiations are often asynchronous, indicating that not all origins are in ...
Mathematical model predicts a critical role for osteoclast autocrine
... some factors. For example, transforming growth factor  (TGF) increases bone formation by a direct action on osteoblast differentiation [9,10]. In addition, TGF directly activates osteoclast formation in the absence of osteoblasts, but inhibits osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures of osteoclasts and ...
... some factors. For example, transforming growth factor  (TGF) increases bone formation by a direct action on osteoblast differentiation [9,10]. In addition, TGF directly activates osteoclast formation in the absence of osteoblasts, but inhibits osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures of osteoclasts and ...
Reperfusion of ischemic myocardium: Ultrastructural and
... In numerous animal experiments, the possible beneficial or harmful effects of reperfusion on ischemic myocardium were investigated and many abnormalities were noted. The common denominator observed in ischemic reperfused cardiac tissue was that functional recovery occurred only very slowly and often ...
... In numerous animal experiments, the possible beneficial or harmful effects of reperfusion on ischemic myocardium were investigated and many abnormalities were noted. The common denominator observed in ischemic reperfused cardiac tissue was that functional recovery occurred only very slowly and often ...
Can muscle regeneration fail in chronic inflammation: a weakness in
... mediated mechanisms include immune cell-mediated muscle fibre necrosis as well as direct effects of various cytokines on muscle fibre contractility. Among the nonimmune-mediated mechanisms, an acquired metabolic myopathy and so-called endoplasmic reticulum stress may be important. There is also a po ...
... mediated mechanisms include immune cell-mediated muscle fibre necrosis as well as direct effects of various cytokines on muscle fibre contractility. Among the nonimmune-mediated mechanisms, an acquired metabolic myopathy and so-called endoplasmic reticulum stress may be important. There is also a po ...
interactions between the glycosylated gag protein of a murine
... (DLS), and packaging (psi). Next are the genes that code for internal structural components (Gag), replication (Pol) and receptor recognition (Env). These are followed by a sequence required for DNA synthesis (PPT) and an LTR which contains transcriptional regulatory sequences. Transcription of prov ...
... (DLS), and packaging (psi). Next are the genes that code for internal structural components (Gag), replication (Pol) and receptor recognition (Env). These are followed by a sequence required for DNA synthesis (PPT) and an LTR which contains transcriptional regulatory sequences. Transcription of prov ...
aureus Staphylococcus MyD88-Dependent Responses to Are
... associated with these organelles (6); our data suggest that the signals that emanate from the phagosome are likely to include defense pathways that are able to signal via NF-kB and MAP kinases. Professional phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, destroy engulfed material and, after pathoge ...
... associated with these organelles (6); our data suggest that the signals that emanate from the phagosome are likely to include defense pathways that are able to signal via NF-kB and MAP kinases. Professional phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, destroy engulfed material and, after pathoge ...
Chapter 3: Cells
... (Outcome 3.19) F. Two types of proteins called ____________ also control cell division. (Outcome 3.17) G. When a cell becomes too large to obtain nutrients, it is likely to _______________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.17) H. Two examples of external controls t ...
... (Outcome 3.19) F. Two types of proteins called ____________ also control cell division. (Outcome 3.17) G. When a cell becomes too large to obtain nutrients, it is likely to _______________________________________________________________________ . (Outcome 3.17) H. Two examples of external controls t ...
Inhibition of Blumeria graminis germination and germling
... Germination by Blumeria graminis DC Speer . spp. avenae, hordei and tritici, was greatly suppressed when conidia fell within colonies of . spp. avenae or hordei established on susceptible oat or barley, respectively. On healthy oat or barley, and when distant from powdery mildew colonies, all . s ...
... Germination by Blumeria graminis DC Speer . spp. avenae, hordei and tritici, was greatly suppressed when conidia fell within colonies of . spp. avenae or hordei established on susceptible oat or barley, respectively. On healthy oat or barley, and when distant from powdery mildew colonies, all . s ...
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... Membrane compartments communicate constantly with each other by means of transport vesicles. As in all other eukaryotes, there are two main pathways of membrane flow in plant cells: secretory and endocytic pathways [48,49]. Within the early secretion pathway (ESP), which includes the ER and the Golg ...
... Membrane compartments communicate constantly with each other by means of transport vesicles. As in all other eukaryotes, there are two main pathways of membrane flow in plant cells: secretory and endocytic pathways [48,49]. Within the early secretion pathway (ESP), which includes the ER and the Golg ...
p23 and organization of the Golgi apparatus
... Belden and Barlowe, 1996). Until now, no specific association between a p24 protein and a cargo molecule has been reported. However, it is possible that p24-cargo interactions are weak and/or transient, and cannot be revealed by classical biochemical approaches. Alternatively, it is possible that p2 ...
... Belden and Barlowe, 1996). Until now, no specific association between a p24 protein and a cargo molecule has been reported. However, it is possible that p24-cargo interactions are weak and/or transient, and cannot be revealed by classical biochemical approaches. Alternatively, it is possible that p2 ...
Guanylate cyclase in Dictyostelium discoideum with the topology of
... activity in itro supports a role for G-proteins in the regulation of guanylate cyclase [10], but the precise mechanism is unclear. Besides chemoattractants, guanylate cyclase is also activated by osmotic shock in io (e.g. 0.3 M glucose), a pathway that does not require the presence of Gβ [11–13]. ...
... activity in itro supports a role for G-proteins in the regulation of guanylate cyclase [10], but the precise mechanism is unclear. Besides chemoattractants, guanylate cyclase is also activated by osmotic shock in io (e.g. 0.3 M glucose), a pathway that does not require the presence of Gβ [11–13]. ...
www.drmichaellevin.org
... Wood, 1997; Levin, 1998; Levin and Mercola, 1998]. Within the last few years, some understanding of the molecular basis for LR patterning has been gained through the characterization of a cascade of asymmetrically expressed genes in the chick [Levin et al., 1995, 1997; Isaac et al., 1997]. The most ...
... Wood, 1997; Levin, 1998; Levin and Mercola, 1998]. Within the last few years, some understanding of the molecular basis for LR patterning has been gained through the characterization of a cascade of asymmetrically expressed genes in the chick [Levin et al., 1995, 1997; Isaac et al., 1997]. The most ...
Receptor Regulation of the Volume-Sensitive Efflux of Taurine and
... osmolarity), there was a time-dependent release of the radiolabeled amino acid from the cells (Fig. 1A). Although the presence of a functionally coupled thrombin receptor on SH-SY5Y cells has not previously been reported, inclusion of thrombin (0.25 U/ml, equivalent to 1.25 nM) significantly enhance ...
... osmolarity), there was a time-dependent release of the radiolabeled amino acid from the cells (Fig. 1A). Although the presence of a functionally coupled thrombin receptor on SH-SY5Y cells has not previously been reported, inclusion of thrombin (0.25 U/ml, equivalent to 1.25 nM) significantly enhance ...
and Fibrinogen-Dependent Mechanisms Contribute to Platelet
... Depletion of IgG from fibrinogen and human serum. Fibrinogen was purified of contaminating IgG by passage through a column of protein A coupled to Sepharose (Amersham Biosciences). The flowthrough was collected and concentrated back to the original volume in a centrifugal filter device (Amicon). Hum ...
... Depletion of IgG from fibrinogen and human serum. Fibrinogen was purified of contaminating IgG by passage through a column of protein A coupled to Sepharose (Amersham Biosciences). The flowthrough was collected and concentrated back to the original volume in a centrifugal filter device (Amicon). Hum ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.