Pathogenesis in tuberculosis: transcriptomic
... cells, during acidification and mycobacterial phagosome maturation (Russell et al., 1996; Schaible et al., 1998). However, it is unclear whether the observed mycobacterial phagosome acidification and maturation is the cause or effect of the killing of M. tuberculosis, as these treatments activate ma ...
... cells, during acidification and mycobacterial phagosome maturation (Russell et al., 1996; Schaible et al., 1998). However, it is unclear whether the observed mycobacterial phagosome acidification and maturation is the cause or effect of the killing of M. tuberculosis, as these treatments activate ma ...
Classification - HAL
... gp120Bx08 as a tracer (Fig. 1). The enhanced potency of PSC-RANTES, which occurs despite its relatively low capacity to compete with 35S-gp120Bx08 for binding to CCR5, is likely to be due to its enhanced capacity to induce CCR5 downregulation (23). To test this hypothesis, we performed infection inh ...
... gp120Bx08 as a tracer (Fig. 1). The enhanced potency of PSC-RANTES, which occurs despite its relatively low capacity to compete with 35S-gp120Bx08 for binding to CCR5, is likely to be due to its enhanced capacity to induce CCR5 downregulation (23). To test this hypothesis, we performed infection inh ...
Analysis of the genetic hierarchy guiding wing vein development in
... phenotype by itself); 0? = no phenotype differing from that of the rhoHS line was observed in progeny from flies heterozygous for the test mutation, but test mutation alone when homozygous was incompletely penetrant or had a very weak phenotype; − = not tested. Underlined genes in the first column w ...
... phenotype by itself); 0? = no phenotype differing from that of the rhoHS line was observed in progeny from flies heterozygous for the test mutation, but test mutation alone when homozygous was incompletely penetrant or had a very weak phenotype; − = not tested. Underlined genes in the first column w ...
Auxin Transport Promotes Arabidopsis Lateral Root Initiation
... Lateral root development in Arabidopsis provides a model for the study of hormonal signals that regulate postembryonic organogenesis in higher plants. Lateral roots originate from pairs of pericycle cells, in several cell files positioned opposite the xylem pole, that initiate a series of asymmetric ...
... Lateral root development in Arabidopsis provides a model for the study of hormonal signals that regulate postembryonic organogenesis in higher plants. Lateral roots originate from pairs of pericycle cells, in several cell files positioned opposite the xylem pole, that initiate a series of asymmetric ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics
... coli, show that cytokinesis is carried out by proteins such as filamentous temperaturesensitive Z (FtsZ), a bacterial tubulin homologue (Bi and Lutkenhaus 1991). FtsZ localizes to the inner surface of the cell membrane at division sites, where it forms a ring structure (Z ring) that enables constric ...
... coli, show that cytokinesis is carried out by proteins such as filamentous temperaturesensitive Z (FtsZ), a bacterial tubulin homologue (Bi and Lutkenhaus 1991). FtsZ localizes to the inner surface of the cell membrane at division sites, where it forms a ring structure (Z ring) that enables constric ...
Damage response of XRCC1 at sites of DNA single strand breaks is
... XRCC1 dissociation kinetics in live cells How these functional domains and modifications of XRCC1 affect the repair of SSBs has been investigated in cells. The BRCT I domain of XRCC1 is required for efficient SSBR both in G1 and S-G2 phases and for cell survival following treatment with methyl-metha ...
... XRCC1 dissociation kinetics in live cells How these functional domains and modifications of XRCC1 affect the repair of SSBs has been investigated in cells. The BRCT I domain of XRCC1 is required for efficient SSBR both in G1 and S-G2 phases and for cell survival following treatment with methyl-metha ...
Costes et al.
... interactions, which does not have the limitations of the above methods, but still requires live samples. It evaluates binding kinetics of a protein by measuring the rate of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (McNally et al., 2000) and interpreting slow recovery as the signature of bound prot ...
... interactions, which does not have the limitations of the above methods, but still requires live samples. It evaluates binding kinetics of a protein by measuring the rate of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (McNally et al., 2000) and interpreting slow recovery as the signature of bound prot ...
Neural induction requires continued suppression of
... fates even at gastrula stages, after the conventionally assigned end of mesodermal competence, so that continued suppression of both mesoderm- and epidermis-inducing Smad signals leads to efficient neural induction. ...
... fates even at gastrula stages, after the conventionally assigned end of mesodermal competence, so that continued suppression of both mesoderm- and epidermis-inducing Smad signals leads to efficient neural induction. ...
Formation and excretion of autophagic plastids (plastolysomes) in
... e-mail: seguisim@btc.upv.es ...
... e-mail: seguisim@btc.upv.es ...
Response to Bacteria Excess Production of IL-12 and IL
... IL-23 upon stimulation with bacteria. More importantly, our results suggested that endogenous IL-10 played an essential role in differentiation of the anti-inflammatory M subset induced by M-CSF. ...
... IL-23 upon stimulation with bacteria. More importantly, our results suggested that endogenous IL-10 played an essential role in differentiation of the anti-inflammatory M subset induced by M-CSF. ...
Sensitive Interaction between Raptor a
... contains an N-terminal RNC (raptor N-terminal conserved) domain found in all its eukaryotic homologs, followed by three HEAT repeats and seven WD-40 repeats in the C-terminal third of the protein (Kim et al., 2002). The mTOR binding site on raptor is not easily defined and, based on mutagenesis and ...
... contains an N-terminal RNC (raptor N-terminal conserved) domain found in all its eukaryotic homologs, followed by three HEAT repeats and seven WD-40 repeats in the C-terminal third of the protein (Kim et al., 2002). The mTOR binding site on raptor is not easily defined and, based on mutagenesis and ...
Excitatory Mechanisms in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Role of
... STEPHAN MICHEL,* JASON ITRI,* AND CHRISTOPHER S. COLWELL Mental Retardation Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024-1759 Received 14 January 2002; accepted in final form 27 March 2002 ...
... STEPHAN MICHEL,* JASON ITRI,* AND CHRISTOPHER S. COLWELL Mental Retardation Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024-1759 Received 14 January 2002; accepted in final form 27 March 2002 ...
The Spemann Organizer Signal noggin Binds and
... MAb1A4’s effects were specific for Xenopus noggin, since induction of muscle actin by human noggin protein or by injection of mRNAs encoding two alternative dorsalizing agents—chordin and a dominant negative BMP receptor—was not inhibited by the presence of this antibody (Figure 6D). We then compare ...
... MAb1A4’s effects were specific for Xenopus noggin, since induction of muscle actin by human noggin protein or by injection of mRNAs encoding two alternative dorsalizing agents—chordin and a dominant negative BMP receptor—was not inhibited by the presence of this antibody (Figure 6D). We then compare ...
Calcium oscillations in higher plants Nicola H Evans*, Martin R
... Grill E, Schroeder JI: Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells. Nature ...
... Grill E, Schroeder JI: Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells. Nature ...
Photoactivatable GFP tagging cassettes for protein
... mammalian cells to tag various proteins for photomarking experiments, including α-tubulin for tracking microtubule dynamics (Ferenz and Wadsworth, 2007; Tulu et al., 2003). We verified photoactivatability of the PA–GFP in living yeast cells as described below. Next, in order to broaden the utility o ...
... mammalian cells to tag various proteins for photomarking experiments, including α-tubulin for tracking microtubule dynamics (Ferenz and Wadsworth, 2007; Tulu et al., 2003). We verified photoactivatability of the PA–GFP in living yeast cells as described below. Next, in order to broaden the utility o ...
patterning mechanisms controlling vertebrate limb development
... Among the structures and organs mentioned above, the vertebrate limb bud is clearly an excellent experimental model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate pattern formation during embryogenesis. Vertebrate limbs are appendages that perform crucial roles, being involved in locom ...
... Among the structures and organs mentioned above, the vertebrate limb bud is clearly an excellent experimental model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate pattern formation during embryogenesis. Vertebrate limbs are appendages that perform crucial roles, being involved in locom ...
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP
... through sequence homology to members of the BMP/TGF- superfamily. The hypermuscular phenotype observed upon inactivation of the myostatin gene in multiple species, including mice, cattle, and most recently a human subject, have confirmed the role of myostatin as a negative regulator of skeletal mus ...
... through sequence homology to members of the BMP/TGF- superfamily. The hypermuscular phenotype observed upon inactivation of the myostatin gene in multiple species, including mice, cattle, and most recently a human subject, have confirmed the role of myostatin as a negative regulator of skeletal mus ...
Specific Organization of Golgi Apparatus in Plant Cells
... MTOC, microtubule organizing center; tER, transitional endoplasmic reticulum; TGN, trans-Golgi network; γ-TURC, γ-tubulin ring complex. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. ...
... MTOC, microtubule organizing center; tER, transitional endoplasmic reticulum; TGN, trans-Golgi network; γ-TURC, γ-tubulin ring complex. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. ...
Mouse Hoxa2 mutations provide a model for microtia and auricle
... transcriptional regulators involved in external ear morphogenesis. Among these factors, Hoxa2 plays a crucial role. In humans, a HOXA2 mutation induces a bilateral microtia associated with abnormal shape of the auricle (Alasti et al., 2008). Moreover, hearing impairment and partial cleft palate have ...
... transcriptional regulators involved in external ear morphogenesis. Among these factors, Hoxa2 plays a crucial role. In humans, a HOXA2 mutation induces a bilateral microtia associated with abnormal shape of the auricle (Alasti et al., 2008). Moreover, hearing impairment and partial cleft palate have ...
Receptors Distinct Parasite Molecules and Host Chemoattractant
... patterns associated with microbes. There are 10 TLR family members that together recognize a diverse collection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Recognition by TLR initiates signaling pathways through the common adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), leading to activat ...
... patterns associated with microbes. There are 10 TLR family members that together recognize a diverse collection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Recognition by TLR initiates signaling pathways through the common adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), leading to activat ...
Control of Leaf and Vein Development by Auxin
... the flanks of the SAM ( purple) and correspond to sites of elevated auxin activity (red) resulting from convergence points of PIN1 polarity in the epidermal layer (black arrows). From PIN1 convergence points, auxin is transported in internal tissues (white arrow), where it gradually induces formatio ...
... the flanks of the SAM ( purple) and correspond to sites of elevated auxin activity (red) resulting from convergence points of PIN1 polarity in the epidermal layer (black arrows). From PIN1 convergence points, auxin is transported in internal tissues (white arrow), where it gradually induces formatio ...
Prostaglandin E2 Regulates the Level and Stability of
... activation. We explored a positive feedback, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-dependent stabilization of COX-2 mRNA mediated by the p38 MAPK cascade in IL-1-stimulated human synovial fibroblasts. We observed a rapid (5 min), massive (>30-fold), and sustained (>48 h) increase in COX-2 mRNA, protein, and PGE2 ...
... activation. We explored a positive feedback, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-dependent stabilization of COX-2 mRNA mediated by the p38 MAPK cascade in IL-1-stimulated human synovial fibroblasts. We observed a rapid (5 min), massive (>30-fold), and sustained (>48 h) increase in COX-2 mRNA, protein, and PGE2 ...
Reactive oxygen species are linked to the toxicity of the
... Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in marine ecosystems are increasing worldwide, presenting a scientifically complex and economically significant challenge to the management of coastal waters (Smayda 1990, Hallegraeff 1993). Among HAB species, dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium are among the most ec ...
... Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in marine ecosystems are increasing worldwide, presenting a scientifically complex and economically significant challenge to the management of coastal waters (Smayda 1990, Hallegraeff 1993). Among HAB species, dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium are among the most ec ...
An Important Pool of Sucrose Linked to Starch Biosynthesis is Taken
... Weschke et al. 2003); and/or (ii) import of sucrose by plasmalemma-bound carriers (Tegeder et al. 1999, Barker et al. 2000, Noiraud et al. 2000, Weschke et al. 2000, Manning et al. 2001, Aoki et al. 2002, Kühn et al. 2003) (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Fig. 1). In addition, and as evidenced by recent st ...
... Weschke et al. 2003); and/or (ii) import of sucrose by plasmalemma-bound carriers (Tegeder et al. 1999, Barker et al. 2000, Noiraud et al. 2000, Weschke et al. 2000, Manning et al. 2001, Aoki et al. 2002, Kühn et al. 2003) (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Fig. 1). In addition, and as evidenced by recent st ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.