Tumor Heterogeneity
... cells usually remain contiguous in solid tumors, sublines tend to be localized regionally or zoned (20, 31, 76). There might seem to be overwhelming evidence for tumor heterogeneity. It is important to recognize, however, that much of the evidence is similar in kind. In the first place, cultured, tu ...
... cells usually remain contiguous in solid tumors, sublines tend to be localized regionally or zoned (20, 31, 76). There might seem to be overwhelming evidence for tumor heterogeneity. It is important to recognize, however, that much of the evidence is similar in kind. In the first place, cultured, tu ...
Anosmin-1, the protein underlying the X -linked form of - HAL
... Genetic neurological disorders offer a powerful approach to identify proteins involved in the setting up of neural networks. They thus provide further insight into the molecular processes underlying axon growth and guidance and neuron migration. Kallmann syndrome (KS) (Kallmann et al., 1944; de Mors ...
... Genetic neurological disorders offer a powerful approach to identify proteins involved in the setting up of neural networks. They thus provide further insight into the molecular processes underlying axon growth and guidance and neuron migration. Kallmann syndrome (KS) (Kallmann et al., 1944; de Mors ...
BIM1 Encodes a Microtubule-binding Protein in Yeast.
... also was found to have more subtle defects in spindle morphology (Trueheart et al., 1987). However, bik1 mutants display synthetic lethality with tubulin mutations (Berlin et al., 1990) as well as mutations in other genes. A particularly interesting genetic characteristic of BIK1 is that overexpress ...
... also was found to have more subtle defects in spindle morphology (Trueheart et al., 1987). However, bik1 mutants display synthetic lethality with tubulin mutations (Berlin et al., 1990) as well as mutations in other genes. A particularly interesting genetic characteristic of BIK1 is that overexpress ...
Neural bHLH Genes Control the Neuronal versus Glial Fate
... double-mutant progenitors failed to adopt a neuronal fate, instead remaining pluripotent or entering an astrocytic differentiation pathway. Together, these results demonstrate that proneural genes are involved in lineage restriction of cortical progenitors, promoting the acquisition of the neuronal ...
... double-mutant progenitors failed to adopt a neuronal fate, instead remaining pluripotent or entering an astrocytic differentiation pathway. Together, these results demonstrate that proneural genes are involved in lineage restriction of cortical progenitors, promoting the acquisition of the neuronal ...
FREE Sample Here - We can offer most test bank and
... 15. Why is the interior of the plasma membrane potentially impermeable to water-soluble molecules? a. The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid molecules are found there. b. The hydrophilic tails of the phospholipid molecules are found there. c. The ion channels are found there. d. The cholesterol m ...
... 15. Why is the interior of the plasma membrane potentially impermeable to water-soluble molecules? a. The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid molecules are found there. b. The hydrophilic tails of the phospholipid molecules are found there. c. The ion channels are found there. d. The cholesterol m ...
Gutsy moves in mice: cellular and molecular dynamics of endoderm
... occurring within the VE layer during gut endoderm morphogenesis [23]. In this strain, green fluorescent protein (GFP) is expressed under the enhancer/promoter sequence of alpha-fetoprotein (Afp). Afp is a VE-specific marker in early postimplantation embryos, and is also expressed at later stages of ...
... occurring within the VE layer during gut endoderm morphogenesis [23]. In this strain, green fluorescent protein (GFP) is expressed under the enhancer/promoter sequence of alpha-fetoprotein (Afp). Afp is a VE-specific marker in early postimplantation embryos, and is also expressed at later stages of ...
Cell cycle control of septin ring dynamics in the
... the budding cell into a morphogenetically active daughter side and a morphogenetically inactive mother side (Barral et al., 2000). However, the relationship between septin filaments assembly and maintenance and cell cycle regulatory mechanisms is still poorly understood. In this work we study the ce ...
... the budding cell into a morphogenetically active daughter side and a morphogenetically inactive mother side (Barral et al., 2000). However, the relationship between septin filaments assembly and maintenance and cell cycle regulatory mechanisms is still poorly understood. In this work we study the ce ...
The Arabidopsis repressor of light signaling SPA1
... phloem (An et al., 2004). Upstream of CO, the photoreceptor cry2 also acts in the phloem to promote flowering in long days (Endo et al., 2007). By contrast, phyB acts in mesophyll cells to inhibit the induction of flowering (Endo et al., 2005). Thus, non-cellautonomous effects from both the phloem a ...
... phloem (An et al., 2004). Upstream of CO, the photoreceptor cry2 also acts in the phloem to promote flowering in long days (Endo et al., 2007). By contrast, phyB acts in mesophyll cells to inhibit the induction of flowering (Endo et al., 2005). Thus, non-cellautonomous effects from both the phloem a ...
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... conjugates increase in equatorial epithelial cell nuclei just prior to fiber cell differentiation, and localize to differentiating fiber cell nuclei (Shang et al., 1999). Second, zebrafish containing a mutation in the 26S proteasome gene Psmd6 experience abnormal retention of fiber cell nuclei, as w ...
... conjugates increase in equatorial epithelial cell nuclei just prior to fiber cell differentiation, and localize to differentiating fiber cell nuclei (Shang et al., 1999). Second, zebrafish containing a mutation in the 26S proteasome gene Psmd6 experience abnormal retention of fiber cell nuclei, as w ...
Redox Eustress: Roles for Redox-Active Metabolites in Bacterial
... a monooxygenase, and three redox enzymes. The sensors NsrR and SoxR are two examples of transcription factors that respond to redox-active metabolites in a context-specific fashion. In E. coli, they provide effective means to ward off or recover from redox toxicity and allow bacteria to cope with ex ...
... a monooxygenase, and three redox enzymes. The sensors NsrR and SoxR are two examples of transcription factors that respond to redox-active metabolites in a context-specific fashion. In E. coli, they provide effective means to ward off or recover from redox toxicity and allow bacteria to cope with ex ...
DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide), a potent inducer of
... were then resuspended in storage buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3; 40% (v/v) glycerol, 5 mM MgCl2, and 0.1 mM EDTA) and frozen in liquid nitrogen in portions of 100 pl corresponding to the nuclei of 107 cells. For nuclear run-on RNA synthesis, the nuclei were mixed with 100 p1 reaction buffer (10 mM T ...
... were then resuspended in storage buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3; 40% (v/v) glycerol, 5 mM MgCl2, and 0.1 mM EDTA) and frozen in liquid nitrogen in portions of 100 pl corresponding to the nuclei of 107 cells. For nuclear run-on RNA synthesis, the nuclei were mixed with 100 p1 reaction buffer (10 mM T ...
Role of Polycomb Group Protein Cbx2/M33 in Meiosis Onset and
... meiotic onset in fetal male germ cells as well as a spectrum of meiotic defects in female germ cells. Our results support an essential role for Cbx2 in germ cell development as well as the establishment of homologous chromosome synapsis during meiosis. Importantly, the meiotic phenotype observed in ...
... meiotic onset in fetal male germ cells as well as a spectrum of meiotic defects in female germ cells. Our results support an essential role for Cbx2 in germ cell development as well as the establishment of homologous chromosome synapsis during meiosis. Importantly, the meiotic phenotype observed in ...
Neutrophil Chemotaxis In Vitro and In Vivo Glycoprotein G (gG
... Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/ by guest on June 16, 2017 ...
... Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/ by guest on June 16, 2017 ...
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... mRNA (Higgins, Zwar & Jacobsen, 1976). These three features, morphological uniformity, a well-characterized developmental stimulus and a defined response at the level of gene expression all commend aleurone cells of germinating cereals as a tissue in which to study the details of a small development ...
... mRNA (Higgins, Zwar & Jacobsen, 1976). These three features, morphological uniformity, a well-characterized developmental stimulus and a defined response at the level of gene expression all commend aleurone cells of germinating cereals as a tissue in which to study the details of a small development ...
Regeneration in Vertebrates
... polarity of the lens. It has been shown that FGF-1 is present as a gradient in the eyeball, with higher concentration needed for fiber differentiation in the posterior chamber and lower concentration in the anterior, where the lens epithelial cells are (Caruelle et al., 1989). Other important genes ...
... polarity of the lens. It has been shown that FGF-1 is present as a gradient in the eyeball, with higher concentration needed for fiber differentiation in the posterior chamber and lower concentration in the anterior, where the lens epithelial cells are (Caruelle et al., 1989). Other important genes ...
Specialized filopodia direct long-range transport of SHH
... These extensions are remarkably fine, approximately 200 nm in diameter, at the resolving limit of conventional microscopy and can be labelled with membrane-bound (Fig. 1) but not cytoplasmic (Supplementary Fig. 3) fluorescent proteins. They are capable of elongating, at a maximum rate of 150 nm s21, ...
... These extensions are remarkably fine, approximately 200 nm in diameter, at the resolving limit of conventional microscopy and can be labelled with membrane-bound (Fig. 1) but not cytoplasmic (Supplementary Fig. 3) fluorescent proteins. They are capable of elongating, at a maximum rate of 150 nm s21, ...
Eyes Absent, a key repressor of polar cell fate during
... types among the somatic follicle cells is crucial not only for oogenesis, but also later for the specification of embryonic polarity; however, the molecular basis for establishment of their cell fates is not completely understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that the specification of all somati ...
... types among the somatic follicle cells is crucial not only for oogenesis, but also later for the specification of embryonic polarity; however, the molecular basis for establishment of their cell fates is not completely understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that the specification of all somati ...
The ability of natural tolerance to be applied to
... (post-FL) they were reconstituted with B6 fetal liver cells. Visual inspection of grafts at 3.5 mos. after FL injection showed all 9 mos. healed grafts (n = 8) were present and beating, while 7 of 8 grafts given post-FL and all those healed only 1 mos. (n = 4) were completely gone (only scar tissue ...
... (post-FL) they were reconstituted with B6 fetal liver cells. Visual inspection of grafts at 3.5 mos. after FL injection showed all 9 mos. healed grafts (n = 8) were present and beating, while 7 of 8 grafts given post-FL and all those healed only 1 mos. (n = 4) were completely gone (only scar tissue ...
Bacteria and Archaea
... divide every 20 minutes under ideal lab conditions, one reason it is used as a model organism in research. However, when growing in a human intestine, one of its natural environments, E. coli cells divide only once every 12–24 hours. But whether cell division occurs every 20 minutes or every few day ...
... divide every 20 minutes under ideal lab conditions, one reason it is used as a model organism in research. However, when growing in a human intestine, one of its natural environments, E. coli cells divide only once every 12–24 hours. But whether cell division occurs every 20 minutes or every few day ...
The Science of the Total Environment
... sediments ŽDunett test and Student᎐Newman᎐ Keuls method.. In all microcosms more than 50% of the cells visualized by DAPI staining were also detected by the probe EUB 338, which is specific for all Eubacteria. Similar yields were obtained for wadden sea sediments ŽLlobert-Brossa et al., 1998. and ac ...
... sediments ŽDunett test and Student᎐Newman᎐ Keuls method.. In all microcosms more than 50% of the cells visualized by DAPI staining were also detected by the probe EUB 338, which is specific for all Eubacteria. Similar yields were obtained for wadden sea sediments ŽLlobert-Brossa et al., 1998. and ac ...
Tonic and burst firing: dual modes of
... pathological state), relay cells depolarize, thereby inactivating IT and promoting tonic firing, which is seen as the only useful relay mode. However, recent data, mostly arising from studies on the lateral geniculate nucleus in rodents, cats and monkeys10–16, indicate that burst firing serves as an ...
... pathological state), relay cells depolarize, thereby inactivating IT and promoting tonic firing, which is seen as the only useful relay mode. However, recent data, mostly arising from studies on the lateral geniculate nucleus in rodents, cats and monkeys10–16, indicate that burst firing serves as an ...
- Mochtar Riady Institute
... note that they were still functional in regulating MDDC function similarly to the fulllength AFP derived from purified human cord blood serum, which presumably are glycosylated. These results indicated that glycosylation of AFP seems to be unnecessary in their immunoregulatory function. Our result ...
... note that they were still functional in regulating MDDC function similarly to the fulllength AFP derived from purified human cord blood serum, which presumably are glycosylated. These results indicated that glycosylation of AFP seems to be unnecessary in their immunoregulatory function. Our result ...
Gain of function in the immune system caused by a ryanodine
... RyR1 cDNA from wild-type mice (WT) yields the uncut band of about 376 bp, whereas digestion of the cDNA from heterozygous mice (HET RYR1Y522S) yields two bands of 276 bp and 100 bp plus the uncut 376 bp band from the wild-type allele. (B) The resting [Ca2+] of DCs from HET RYR1Y522S mice is signific ...
... RyR1 cDNA from wild-type mice (WT) yields the uncut band of about 376 bp, whereas digestion of the cDNA from heterozygous mice (HET RYR1Y522S) yields two bands of 276 bp and 100 bp plus the uncut 376 bp band from the wild-type allele. (B) The resting [Ca2+] of DCs from HET RYR1Y522S mice is signific ...
activator
... (a) Lactose present, glucose scarce (cAMP level high): abundant lac mRNA synthesized ...
... (a) Lactose present, glucose scarce (cAMP level high): abundant lac mRNA synthesized ...
Epithelial Tissue
... • The long axis of the nucleus is always parallel to the main axis of the cell. • The form of the cell nucleus is an important clue to the shape and number of cells. • Nuclear form is also of value in determining whether the cells are arranged in layers. ...
... • The long axis of the nucleus is always parallel to the main axis of the cell. • The form of the cell nucleus is an important clue to the shape and number of cells. • Nuclear form is also of value in determining whether the cells are arranged in layers. ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.