Plant microtubule organization
... plants and from the spindles and interphase arrays of many algae. In vascular and many nonvascular plants, somatic cells have dispensed with centrosomes altogether (Vaughn and Harper, 1998). Among the ‘higher’ seed-producing plants, only two orders of gymnosperm, the cycads and ginkgoes, retain flag ...
... plants and from the spindles and interphase arrays of many algae. In vascular and many nonvascular plants, somatic cells have dispensed with centrosomes altogether (Vaughn and Harper, 1998). Among the ‘higher’ seed-producing plants, only two orders of gymnosperm, the cycads and ginkgoes, retain flag ...
Limb Movements for Neurons That Contribute to Several Kinds of
... Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma Submitted 29 November 2005; accepted in final form 25 January 2006 ...
... Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma Submitted 29 November 2005; accepted in final form 25 January 2006 ...
Mitotic Disrupter Herbicides
... number of cells entering mitosis (22). However, there are a number of herbicides that specifically disrupt mitosis or cytokinesis as a mechanismof action. The study of the effects of these herbicides has not only shown us much about herbicide action but also which proteins and structuresare required ...
... number of cells entering mitosis (22). However, there are a number of herbicides that specifically disrupt mitosis or cytokinesis as a mechanismof action. The study of the effects of these herbicides has not only shown us much about herbicide action but also which proteins and structuresare required ...
Nonlysosomal Vesicles (Acidosomes) Are Involved
... not fused with the forming digestive vacuole membrane as indicated by their lack of horseradish peroxidase-reaction product. Bar, 2 /am. x 8,400. Fig. 2: Wet mounts of living P. caudatum incubated in neutral red (A) and acridine orange (B and C). Both compounds accumulated in a punctate pattern in t ...
... not fused with the forming digestive vacuole membrane as indicated by their lack of horseradish peroxidase-reaction product. Bar, 2 /am. x 8,400. Fig. 2: Wet mounts of living P. caudatum incubated in neutral red (A) and acridine orange (B and C). Both compounds accumulated in a punctate pattern in t ...
Tutorial for module BY1101 Cell biology revision: MCQ Joe Colgan
... Q. 27 Which of the following statements about diffusion is true? A. It is a passive process B. It occurs when molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration C. It always requires integral proteins of the cell membrane D. It is very rapid over long distances E ...
... Q. 27 Which of the following statements about diffusion is true? A. It is a passive process B. It occurs when molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration C. It always requires integral proteins of the cell membrane D. It is very rapid over long distances E ...
DNA methylation in ciliates: implications in differentiation processes
... in the so called CpG islands; in animal DNA, an average 70% of all CpG pairs are methylated [3]. For some genes or groups of genes, frequency clusters of the dinucleotide CpG can be found either close to or in the promoter, as well as in the leader or in the 5´ region of these genes. Site-specific m ...
... in the so called CpG islands; in animal DNA, an average 70% of all CpG pairs are methylated [3]. For some genes or groups of genes, frequency clusters of the dinucleotide CpG can be found either close to or in the promoter, as well as in the leader or in the 5´ region of these genes. Site-specific m ...
Cancer-Initiating Cells from Colorectal Cancer Patients Escape from
... of CICs isolated from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tissues and found low immunogenicity (10). Moreover, a preferential induction in vitro of Th2-type responses occurred following the coculture of CICs with autologous PBMCs (10). Cancer-testis Ags have been found to be expressed by mesenchymal stem ...
... of CICs isolated from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tissues and found low immunogenicity (10). Moreover, a preferential induction in vitro of Th2-type responses occurred following the coculture of CICs with autologous PBMCs (10). Cancer-testis Ags have been found to be expressed by mesenchymal stem ...
Dynamic Localization of Rop GTPases to the
... are particularly bright. Pre-immune control or antiRop1Ps premixed with GST-Rop1Ps fusion proteins did not stain these cells, demonstrating that the staining pattern was specific to Rop GTPases (Fig. 1H). The endomembrane localization of Rop GTPases appears to be developmentally regulated. In micros ...
... are particularly bright. Pre-immune control or antiRop1Ps premixed with GST-Rop1Ps fusion proteins did not stain these cells, demonstrating that the staining pattern was specific to Rop GTPases (Fig. 1H). The endomembrane localization of Rop GTPases appears to be developmentally regulated. In micros ...
MyRIP, a novel Rab effector, enables myosin VIIa recruitment to
... bind to MyRIP–RabBD, indicating that MyRIP specifically interacts with the GTP-bound form of Rab27A (Figure 2B). MyRIP–∆Ct exhibited no GTPase-activating protein (GAP) or guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity (data not shown). The crystal structure of Rabphilin3A–Rab3A complex indicates ...
... bind to MyRIP–RabBD, indicating that MyRIP specifically interacts with the GTP-bound form of Rab27A (Figure 2B). MyRIP–∆Ct exhibited no GTPase-activating protein (GAP) or guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity (data not shown). The crystal structure of Rabphilin3A–Rab3A complex indicates ...
Transforming growth factor‐β1 suppresses hepatitis B virus
... established by stably transfecting HepG2 cells with a 1.3fold HBV genome.26 The 1.3ES2 cells were chosen because of the production of viral replicative intermediates and its capacity to support cccDNA formation. To identify the effective dose that interfered with HBV replication, various concentrati ...
... established by stably transfecting HepG2 cells with a 1.3fold HBV genome.26 The 1.3ES2 cells were chosen because of the production of viral replicative intermediates and its capacity to support cccDNA formation. To identify the effective dose that interfered with HBV replication, various concentrati ...
Extra-embryonic endoderm differentiation
... in other experiments to display strong laminin immunoreactivity, consistent with their identity as PE cells. Results are presented ± s.e.m., the significance of differences being assessed by unpaired ttest; P<0.05 was regarded as significant. For analysis of PE migration, EBs were cultured in suspen ...
... in other experiments to display strong laminin immunoreactivity, consistent with their identity as PE cells. Results are presented ± s.e.m., the significance of differences being assessed by unpaired ttest; P<0.05 was regarded as significant. For analysis of PE migration, EBs were cultured in suspen ...
The control of vessel size and density along the
... tively with the amount of auxin applied to the tissue [2, 17, 281. However, the mechanism by which the patterns of vessel size and density are regulated in the whole plant is not known. In an attempt to explore the mechanism that controls vessel size and density, the following six-point working hypo ...
... tively with the amount of auxin applied to the tissue [2, 17, 281. However, the mechanism by which the patterns of vessel size and density are regulated in the whole plant is not known. In an attempt to explore the mechanism that controls vessel size and density, the following six-point working hypo ...
The Mechanisms of hsp27 Antibody-Mediated Apoptosis in Retinal
... Controversial evidence suggests that autoantibodies can penetrate living cells, subsequently alter cellular function associated with their intracellular target antigens, and cause apoptosis in several autoimmune diseases (Alarcon-Segovia and Lorente, 1983; Reichlin, 1995, 1998; Alarcon-Segovia et al ...
... Controversial evidence suggests that autoantibodies can penetrate living cells, subsequently alter cellular function associated with their intracellular target antigens, and cause apoptosis in several autoimmune diseases (Alarcon-Segovia and Lorente, 1983; Reichlin, 1995, 1998; Alarcon-Segovia et al ...
The Distribution of Polycomb-Group Proteins During Cell Division
... et al., 1995; Kanno et al., 1995; Mueller et al., 1995; Pearce et al., 1992; van der Lugt et al., 1994; van Lohuizen et al., 1991). It may be assumed that a better understanding of the mechanism of PcG-mediated repression in Drosophila will have broad ramifications with respect to the problem of dev ...
... et al., 1995; Kanno et al., 1995; Mueller et al., 1995; Pearce et al., 1992; van der Lugt et al., 1994; van Lohuizen et al., 1991). It may be assumed that a better understanding of the mechanism of PcG-mediated repression in Drosophila will have broad ramifications with respect to the problem of dev ...
NF-κB
... induces apoptosis and inflammation HOIL-1L-/- and Sharpin-deficient cpdm mice are defective in NF-κB activation, due to the decreased amount of the 600 kDa ternary LUBACcomplex in cells . Cells derived from both cpdm mice and HOIL-1L-/- mice show decreased activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway i ...
... induces apoptosis and inflammation HOIL-1L-/- and Sharpin-deficient cpdm mice are defective in NF-κB activation, due to the decreased amount of the 600 kDa ternary LUBACcomplex in cells . Cells derived from both cpdm mice and HOIL-1L-/- mice show decreased activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway i ...
DAZL is essential for stress granule formation
... Mammalian male germ cells should be maintained below body temperature for proper development. Here, we investigated how male germ cells respond to heat stress. A short exposure of mouse testes to core body temperature induced phosphorylation of eIF2 and the formation of stress granules (SGs) in mal ...
... Mammalian male germ cells should be maintained below body temperature for proper development. Here, we investigated how male germ cells respond to heat stress. A short exposure of mouse testes to core body temperature induced phosphorylation of eIF2 and the formation of stress granules (SGs) in mal ...
Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 chemotaxis proteins and electron
... Swimming tracks of S. oneidensis MR-1 around a stationary particle of manganese oxide (A) or an electrode poised at + 700 mV compared with Ag/AgCl (B) were analysed. Particles of MnO2 were mixed with S. oneidensis MR-1 cells and then sealed in a capillary tube with lactate as the carbon source (A). ...
... Swimming tracks of S. oneidensis MR-1 around a stationary particle of manganese oxide (A) or an electrode poised at + 700 mV compared with Ag/AgCl (B) were analysed. Particles of MnO2 were mixed with S. oneidensis MR-1 cells and then sealed in a capillary tube with lactate as the carbon source (A). ...
multiple functions The ADAMs family of metalloproteases
... to the zinc protease superfamily. Members of the family have a modular design, characterized by the presence of metalloprotease and integrin receptor-binding activities, and a cytoplasmic domain that in many family members specifies binding sites for various signal transducing proteins. The ADAMs fa ...
... to the zinc protease superfamily. Members of the family have a modular design, characterized by the presence of metalloprotease and integrin receptor-binding activities, and a cytoplasmic domain that in many family members specifies binding sites for various signal transducing proteins. The ADAMs fa ...
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... In vertebrates, the primary body axis is generated from head to tail through a similar principle, consisting in the progressive addition of new tissue at the posterior end of the embryo (reviewed in [2,6]). This process requires a highly controlled balance between the maintenance of progenitor pools ...
... In vertebrates, the primary body axis is generated from head to tail through a similar principle, consisting in the progressive addition of new tissue at the posterior end of the embryo (reviewed in [2,6]). This process requires a highly controlled balance between the maintenance of progenitor pools ...
Sporangiophores' Technique Study Transpiration Pressure Probe
... Pressure probe techniques have been used to determine the biophysical and biomechanical properties of higher plant cells which control water transport and plant cell growth (2-4, 8, 14). These pressure probe techniques have also been used to study the water relations of the sporangiophores of Phycom ...
... Pressure probe techniques have been used to determine the biophysical and biomechanical properties of higher plant cells which control water transport and plant cell growth (2-4, 8, 14). These pressure probe techniques have also been used to study the water relations of the sporangiophores of Phycom ...
KIR2DS1-Positive NK Cells Mediate Alloresponse against the C2
... Activating NK cell receptors of the Ly49 gene family have been described in the mouse (17–19). The activating function of multiple murine Ly49 receptors have been described, but possible ligand specificity for MHC class I Ags has been difficult to establish (17–19). Ly49D activation of NK cells by H ...
... Activating NK cell receptors of the Ly49 gene family have been described in the mouse (17–19). The activating function of multiple murine Ly49 receptors have been described, but possible ligand specificity for MHC class I Ags has been difficult to establish (17–19). Ly49D activation of NK cells by H ...
The sea urchin animal pole domain is a Six3
... Zheng Wei, Junko Yaguchi*, Shunsuke Yaguchi*, Robert C. Angerer and Lynne M. Angerer† Two major signaling centers have been shown to control patterning of sea urchin embryos. Canonical Wnt signaling in vegetal blastomeres and Nodal signaling in presumptive oral ectoderm are necessary and sufficient ...
... Zheng Wei, Junko Yaguchi*, Shunsuke Yaguchi*, Robert C. Angerer and Lynne M. Angerer† Two major signaling centers have been shown to control patterning of sea urchin embryos. Canonical Wnt signaling in vegetal blastomeres and Nodal signaling in presumptive oral ectoderm are necessary and sufficient ...
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours(GIST)
... • In normal cells activation of the of the c-kit tyrosine kinase requires the presence of an endogenous ligand (KIT ligand, ckit ligand, or stem cell factor) • Approx 80 % of GISTs have KIT protooncogene mutations that lead to activation of the c-kit receptor resulting in spontaneous receptor activa ...
... • In normal cells activation of the of the c-kit tyrosine kinase requires the presence of an endogenous ligand (KIT ligand, ckit ligand, or stem cell factor) • Approx 80 % of GISTs have KIT protooncogene mutations that lead to activation of the c-kit receptor resulting in spontaneous receptor activa ...
A protein kinase target of a PDK1 signalling pathway is involved in
... in animals, with the important exception of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) triphosphate, the protein targets and signalling pathways of plant phospholipids are largely unknown (Mueller-Roeber and Pical, 2002). In animal cells, PDK1 is a central integrator for signalling events downstream of various re ...
... in animals, with the important exception of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) triphosphate, the protein targets and signalling pathways of plant phospholipids are largely unknown (Mueller-Roeber and Pical, 2002). In animal cells, PDK1 is a central integrator for signalling events downstream of various re ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.