Xylem Structure and Function
... Xylem Structure and Variability The cell types that make up xylem tissue show great variability across different plant groups, from species to species and even within the same plant. This section will focus on the structure and variability of xylem produced during primary and secondary growth in diffe ...
... Xylem Structure and Variability The cell types that make up xylem tissue show great variability across different plant groups, from species to species and even within the same plant. This section will focus on the structure and variability of xylem produced during primary and secondary growth in diffe ...
Xpf suppresses mutagenic consequences of bacterial phagocytosis
... mutational pattern underlying these mutagenic events and thus amplified, cloned, and sequenced the catA gene from Ax2 and xpf- methanol resistant clones. However, the pattern of mutations did not differ greatly between the two strains (Fig. S2), although it is important to note that the mutational p ...
... mutational pattern underlying these mutagenic events and thus amplified, cloned, and sequenced the catA gene from Ax2 and xpf- methanol resistant clones. However, the pattern of mutations did not differ greatly between the two strains (Fig. S2), although it is important to note that the mutational p ...
Multiscale Systems Analysis of Root Growth and
... gradient of cells transiting the meristem, elongation, and differentiation zones as they first divide, then expand and ultimately adopt specialized cell fates (Figure 1E). Much of our discussion below will therefore focus on this model species. ...
... gradient of cells transiting the meristem, elongation, and differentiation zones as they first divide, then expand and ultimately adopt specialized cell fates (Figure 1E). Much of our discussion below will therefore focus on this model species. ...
Title in Title Case and Bolded
... phosphate (Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)•5H2O, OCP, minor). Further annealing at 300℃, OCP disappeared and only HA was clearly identified on the HA/TiO2 coated specimens. Annealing above 500℃, composite coatings maintain HA crystal phase, didn’t occur phase transformation, as showed in Fig.1. The potentiodynamic ...
... phosphate (Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)•5H2O, OCP, minor). Further annealing at 300℃, OCP disappeared and only HA was clearly identified on the HA/TiO2 coated specimens. Annealing above 500℃, composite coatings maintain HA crystal phase, didn’t occur phase transformation, as showed in Fig.1. The potentiodynamic ...
Size evolution in microorganisms masks trade-offs
... Our objective was to investigate the relationship between the capacity for rapid growth (mmax), competitive ability for nutrients (CP and CN for phosphorus and nitrogen, respectively), and cell size using experimental evolution of microbial cells. We took advantage of the rapid multiplication rate o ...
... Our objective was to investigate the relationship between the capacity for rapid growth (mmax), competitive ability for nutrients (CP and CN for phosphorus and nitrogen, respectively), and cell size using experimental evolution of microbial cells. We took advantage of the rapid multiplication rate o ...
Auxin and the Communication Between Plant Cells
... (consisting of equivalent members that are completely autonomous) to a true organism, where two cell types are coupled by hypocellular and hypercellular interactions. Genetic analysis of differentiation mutants in Volvox carteri has uncovered a transcription factor, regA, repressing nuclear encoded ...
... (consisting of equivalent members that are completely autonomous) to a true organism, where two cell types are coupled by hypocellular and hypercellular interactions. Genetic analysis of differentiation mutants in Volvox carteri has uncovered a transcription factor, regA, repressing nuclear encoded ...
c-Jun Reprograms Schwann Cells of Injured Nerves to Generate a
... 2008), c-Jun expression in neurons, macrophages, and fibroblasts was normal, and the rate of axonal disintegration after cut was similar in WT and mutants (Figures S2 and S3). The close similarity between WT and mutant nerves was confirmed by the Affymetrix screen (Figure 1), since only two genes (k ...
... 2008), c-Jun expression in neurons, macrophages, and fibroblasts was normal, and the rate of axonal disintegration after cut was similar in WT and mutants (Figures S2 and S3). The close similarity between WT and mutant nerves was confirmed by the Affymetrix screen (Figure 1), since only two genes (k ...
Alamethicin permeabilizes the plasma membrane and mitochondria
... The use of submitochondrial particles of defined purity and sidedness has allowed the characterization of alternative electrontransport pathways on the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane [3]. The respiratory chain of plant mitochondria is more complex than that of animal mitochondria ...
... The use of submitochondrial particles of defined purity and sidedness has allowed the characterization of alternative electrontransport pathways on the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane [3]. The respiratory chain of plant mitochondria is more complex than that of animal mitochondria ...
Cryoelectron Tomography: Implications for Actin Cytoskeleton
... verity of postfixation, dehydration, and embedding required for thin-section electron microscopy.1 Single filaments or more loosely interconnected filament networks, either purified or examined in situ, are very sensitive to these procedures. Meshworks of actin filaments found in lamellipodia are pa ...
... verity of postfixation, dehydration, and embedding required for thin-section electron microscopy.1 Single filaments or more loosely interconnected filament networks, either purified or examined in situ, are very sensitive to these procedures. Meshworks of actin filaments found in lamellipodia are pa ...
Some Characteristics of an Early Protein (ICP 22) Synthesized in
... Infection. ,HSV-I (F) and HSV-2 (G), obtained from Dr B. Roizman, Chicago, were grown by low multiplicity passage in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells and stored at - 70 °C as sonicated whole cell lysates with titres of 5 × lOS to 20 × IO8 p.f.u./ml. Infection of ceils, labelling of proteins ...
... Infection. ,HSV-I (F) and HSV-2 (G), obtained from Dr B. Roizman, Chicago, were grown by low multiplicity passage in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells and stored at - 70 °C as sonicated whole cell lysates with titres of 5 × lOS to 20 × IO8 p.f.u./ml. Infection of ceils, labelling of proteins ...
Global microRNA depletion suppresses tumor angiogenesis Please share
... significant derepression of their targets. Pathway analysis showed that mRNA genes downregulated upon microRNA depletion are highly enriched in angiogenesis functions, including gene sets with clustered functions such as angiogenesis, vasculature development, blood vessel morphogenesis, cardiovascul ...
... significant derepression of their targets. Pathway analysis showed that mRNA genes downregulated upon microRNA depletion are highly enriched in angiogenesis functions, including gene sets with clustered functions such as angiogenesis, vasculature development, blood vessel morphogenesis, cardiovascul ...
Germ Cell Speci fi cation - Molecular Biology and Genetics
... the eventual degradation of OMA-1 and OMA-2 during the first cleavage (Pellettieri et al. 2003; Nishi and Lin 2005; Shirayama et al. 2006; Guven-Ozkan et al. 2010). zif-1 continues to be silenced, however, through the combined action of MEX-3 and SPN-4 in zygotes and POS-1 in later stages (Oldenbroe ...
... the eventual degradation of OMA-1 and OMA-2 during the first cleavage (Pellettieri et al. 2003; Nishi and Lin 2005; Shirayama et al. 2006; Guven-Ozkan et al. 2010). zif-1 continues to be silenced, however, through the combined action of MEX-3 and SPN-4 in zygotes and POS-1 in later stages (Oldenbroe ...
Synovial fibroblasts: key players in rheumatoid
... up-regulation of adhesion molecules, enabling the strong interaction of fibroblasts with the extracellular matrix, which culminates in the destruction of cartilage and bone. The attachment of RASFs to the articular cartilage is the first step of synovial invasion and is mediated by the up-regulation o ...
... up-regulation of adhesion molecules, enabling the strong interaction of fibroblasts with the extracellular matrix, which culminates in the destruction of cartilage and bone. The attachment of RASFs to the articular cartilage is the first step of synovial invasion and is mediated by the up-regulation o ...
a-detailed-study-of
... Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved, highly regulated process of programmed, active, cell death, morphologically and biochemically different from necrosis, and is important in normal development and physiological homeostasis of multicellular organisms [1, 2 and 3]. Cells dying by apoptosis main ...
... Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved, highly regulated process of programmed, active, cell death, morphologically and biochemically different from necrosis, and is important in normal development and physiological homeostasis of multicellular organisms [1, 2 and 3]. Cells dying by apoptosis main ...
Host Immune Modulation Mycobacterial Capsular Polysaccharides
... escapes its containment and causes active disease (2, 3). The interaction between M. tuberculosis and the host immune system is very complex (4, 5). An important question is how the bacillus survives its hostile environment, that is, the intracellular compartments of the macrophage, and thereby is a ...
... escapes its containment and causes active disease (2, 3). The interaction between M. tuberculosis and the host immune system is very complex (4, 5). An important question is how the bacillus survives its hostile environment, that is, the intracellular compartments of the macrophage, and thereby is a ...
Merotelic kinetochore orientation occurs frequently during early
... capturing microtubule plus ends from the same pole (syntelic orientation) and promotes the correct attachment of sisters to opposite spindle poles (amphytelic orientation, or biorientation) (Nicklas, 1997; Rieder and Salmon, 1998). Little is known about the initial incidence of merotelic kinetochore ...
... capturing microtubule plus ends from the same pole (syntelic orientation) and promotes the correct attachment of sisters to opposite spindle poles (amphytelic orientation, or biorientation) (Nicklas, 1997; Rieder and Salmon, 1998). Little is known about the initial incidence of merotelic kinetochore ...
Synergistic interaction of three ERECTA-family
... Torii et al., 2003; Torii et al., 1996). The shortened erecta pedicels (floral stems) are associated with an increase in 4C cells, suggesting a possible aberration in cell cycle progression (Shpak et al., 2003). ERECTA encodes a leucine-rich receptorlike serine/threonine kinase (LRR-RLK) (Torii et a ...
... Torii et al., 2003; Torii et al., 1996). The shortened erecta pedicels (floral stems) are associated with an increase in 4C cells, suggesting a possible aberration in cell cycle progression (Shpak et al., 2003). ERECTA encodes a leucine-rich receptorlike serine/threonine kinase (LRR-RLK) (Torii et a ...
Standard PDF - Wiley Online Library
... are (1) long-distance transport of water and nutrients from roots to transpiring leaves, (2) providing mechanical support to the plant body and (3) storage of carbohydrates, water and various other specialized compounds. In a typical hardwood such as poplar, these three functions are divided between ...
... are (1) long-distance transport of water and nutrients from roots to transpiring leaves, (2) providing mechanical support to the plant body and (3) storage of carbohydrates, water and various other specialized compounds. In a typical hardwood such as poplar, these three functions are divided between ...
Cell Communication and Signaling
... immune system [30]. However, the molecular signaling pathways of early host cell invasion events and the complex crosstalk between bacterial and cellular factors are still widely unclear. Here we identified the signaling cascade of C. jejuni−induced Cdc42 activation and its role in host cell entry. ...
... immune system [30]. However, the molecular signaling pathways of early host cell invasion events and the complex crosstalk between bacterial and cellular factors are still widely unclear. Here we identified the signaling cascade of C. jejuni−induced Cdc42 activation and its role in host cell entry. ...
Aquaporin-Mediated Fluid Regulation in the Inner Ear
... of injected marker molecules into the scala media (Salt and Thalmann, 1988). The sensory cells of the inner ear are exposed to the endolymph at their apical sides whereas the basolateral parts are bathed in a perilymph environment (Fig. 1(B)). This contributes to a high electrochemical gradient of a ...
... of injected marker molecules into the scala media (Salt and Thalmann, 1988). The sensory cells of the inner ear are exposed to the endolymph at their apical sides whereas the basolateral parts are bathed in a perilymph environment (Fig. 1(B)). This contributes to a high electrochemical gradient of a ...
BioWire_Progress_Report,_Week_One
... To engineer bacteria capable of propagating signals on a macroscopic level. And to make it look wicked cool. ...
... To engineer bacteria capable of propagating signals on a macroscopic level. And to make it look wicked cool. ...
Mochii - Salamander Genome Project
... the cells finally differentiate into vacuolated cells. The axolotl larva also contains a notochord in its tail but differs greatly from Xenopus after tail amputation, as the regenerated axolotl tail contains cartilage rather than notochord (Echeverri et al. 2001). The amputated spinal cord creates a ...
... the cells finally differentiate into vacuolated cells. The axolotl larva also contains a notochord in its tail but differs greatly from Xenopus after tail amputation, as the regenerated axolotl tail contains cartilage rather than notochord (Echeverri et al. 2001). The amputated spinal cord creates a ...
Adenomatous polyposis coli - Journal of Cell Science
... APC has been shown to regulate cell polarity and migration through control of the actin cytoskeleton (Akiyama and Kawasaki, 2006). Forced expression of APC in the small intestine induces disordered migration of epithelial cells (Wong et al., 1996). By contrast, loss of APC slows down their migration ...
... APC has been shown to regulate cell polarity and migration through control of the actin cytoskeleton (Akiyama and Kawasaki, 2006). Forced expression of APC in the small intestine induces disordered migration of epithelial cells (Wong et al., 1996). By contrast, loss of APC slows down their migration ...
Localization of Green Fluorescent Protein Fusions
... confirmed BP-80 TMD/CT contained information necessary for efficient progress to the PVC in tobacco cells (daSilva et al., 2006). Because the TMD/CT regions among various BP-80 homologs (VSR proteins) are highly conserved (Hadlington and Denecke, 2000; Paris and Neuhaus, 2002; Neuhaus and Paris, 200 ...
... confirmed BP-80 TMD/CT contained information necessary for efficient progress to the PVC in tobacco cells (daSilva et al., 2006). Because the TMD/CT regions among various BP-80 homologs (VSR proteins) are highly conserved (Hadlington and Denecke, 2000; Paris and Neuhaus, 2002; Neuhaus and Paris, 200 ...
Aluminum-Induced 133-ß-D-Glucan Inhibits Cell
... Symplastic intercellular transport in plants is achieved by plasmodesmata (PD). These cytoplasmic channels are well known to interconnect plant cells to facilitate intercellular movement of water, nutrients, and signaling molecules including hormones. However, it is not known whether Al may affect t ...
... Symplastic intercellular transport in plants is achieved by plasmodesmata (PD). These cytoplasmic channels are well known to interconnect plant cells to facilitate intercellular movement of water, nutrients, and signaling molecules including hormones. However, it is not known whether Al may affect t ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.