118 - University of Oxford
... to laying through several hours afterwards has been subdivided into 14 stages [31, 50]. Cell division is dominant during stages I - VI, and morphogenetic movements begin during stages VII-X, when cells of the central blastodisc, called the area pellucida (cf. Figure 1), separate from the yolk, produ ...
... to laying through several hours afterwards has been subdivided into 14 stages [31, 50]. Cell division is dominant during stages I - VI, and morphogenetic movements begin during stages VII-X, when cells of the central blastodisc, called the area pellucida (cf. Figure 1), separate from the yolk, produ ...
Expression of the nidogen-binding site of the laminin γ1 chain
... production of the basement membrane (Smyth et al., 1999), a structure crucial for the normal development of many epithelia (Murray and Edgar, 2000). Results from a multitude of sources (Paulsson et al., 1987; Mann et al., 1988; Aumailley et al., 1989; Fox et al., 1991; Aumailley et al., 1993) sugges ...
... production of the basement membrane (Smyth et al., 1999), a structure crucial for the normal development of many epithelia (Murray and Edgar, 2000). Results from a multitude of sources (Paulsson et al., 1987; Mann et al., 1988; Aumailley et al., 1989; Fox et al., 1991; Aumailley et al., 1993) sugges ...
Functional interaction between a novel protein phosphatase 2A
... The notion that PP2A plays a role in cell cycle regulation is supported by several observations. First, okadaic acid, a strong inhibitor of PP2A, is a tumor promoting agent (Mumby and Walter, 1993). Furthermore, PP2A is a target of transforming proteins of several DNA tumor viruses (Sontag et al., 1 ...
... The notion that PP2A plays a role in cell cycle regulation is supported by several observations. First, okadaic acid, a strong inhibitor of PP2A, is a tumor promoting agent (Mumby and Walter, 1993). Furthermore, PP2A is a target of transforming proteins of several DNA tumor viruses (Sontag et al., 1 ...
Viruses are not alive but affect living things.
... material contained inside a protective protein coat called a capsid. The protein coat may be a simple tube, such as the coat of an ebola virus, or have many layers, such as the smallpox virus shown on page 272. Viruses may come in many shapes and sizes, but all viruses consist of a capsid and geneti ...
... material contained inside a protective protein coat called a capsid. The protein coat may be a simple tube, such as the coat of an ebola virus, or have many layers, such as the smallpox virus shown on page 272. Viruses may come in many shapes and sizes, but all viruses consist of a capsid and geneti ...
The posterior section of the chick`s area pellucida
... only ones capable of inducing a primitive streak (PS) in the epiblast. We therefore assumed that those cells occupy a very defined area within the hypoblast, underneath the forming primitive streak. As the cells of posterior origin are morphologically indistinguishable from the polyinvaginating cell ...
... only ones capable of inducing a primitive streak (PS) in the epiblast. We therefore assumed that those cells occupy a very defined area within the hypoblast, underneath the forming primitive streak. As the cells of posterior origin are morphologically indistinguishable from the polyinvaginating cell ...
Cellular damage induced by cadmium and
... treatments were long enough to attain substantial metabolic changes. In such experiments, the effects caused by relatively long exposure to metal might reflect a general failure of the plant metabolism. Little is known about the early stages. Even though toxic metals can clearly induce oxidative str ...
... treatments were long enough to attain substantial metabolic changes. In such experiments, the effects caused by relatively long exposure to metal might reflect a general failure of the plant metabolism. Little is known about the early stages. Even though toxic metals can clearly induce oxidative str ...
A Late Mitotic Regulatory Network Controlling
... HCT1 promotes the destruction of Clb2 and Ase1 but not that of Pds1 (Schwab et al., 1997; Visintin et al., 1997). The regulation of these putative specificity factors is not well understood, although recent studies suggest that Cdc20 may be regulated by multiple mechanisms: its levels increase durin ...
... HCT1 promotes the destruction of Clb2 and Ase1 but not that of Pds1 (Schwab et al., 1997; Visintin et al., 1997). The regulation of these putative specificity factors is not well understood, although recent studies suggest that Cdc20 may be regulated by multiple mechanisms: its levels increase durin ...
Analysis of the paralysed trypanosome mutant snl-1
... Fig. 1. Mutant snl-1 trypanosomes are paralysed. Images of live wild-type trypanosomes (A), snl-1 mutant (B) cells and snl-1 transformed with pPFRATAG430 (C) were captured every second and the anterior end of four representative cells was labelled with a black dot. The arrows indicate the direction ...
... Fig. 1. Mutant snl-1 trypanosomes are paralysed. Images of live wild-type trypanosomes (A), snl-1 mutant (B) cells and snl-1 transformed with pPFRATAG430 (C) were captured every second and the anterior end of four representative cells was labelled with a black dot. The arrows indicate the direction ...
ForC, a novel type of formin family protein lacking an FH1 domain, is
... SLB408, could potentially code for formin proteins, and cloned the entire coding regions of the two genes using colony hybridization, inverse PCR and 5′ and 3′ RACE. From their predicted amino acid sequences, we determined that both genes encode typical formin proteins and named the genes forA and f ...
... SLB408, could potentially code for formin proteins, and cloned the entire coding regions of the two genes using colony hybridization, inverse PCR and 5′ and 3′ RACE. From their predicted amino acid sequences, we determined that both genes encode typical formin proteins and named the genes forA and f ...
Post-transcriptional control of gene expression: a genome
... most transcripts, usually occurs by changes in the phosphorylation state of translation initiation factors and by adjusting the number of available ribosomes. Transcript-specific regulation, by contrast, modulates the translation of a distinct group of mRNAs and is mediated by a large diversity of m ...
... most transcripts, usually occurs by changes in the phosphorylation state of translation initiation factors and by adjusting the number of available ribosomes. Transcript-specific regulation, by contrast, modulates the translation of a distinct group of mRNAs and is mediated by a large diversity of m ...
Endocytosis unplugged: multiple ways to enter the cell
... plasma membrane (PM) ruffles, macropinosomes were initially thought to occur via non-selective membrane uptake. This view has changed with increased understanding of this process. Owing to its specific characteristics such as its inhibition with Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor, amiloride [25], and depend ...
... plasma membrane (PM) ruffles, macropinosomes were initially thought to occur via non-selective membrane uptake. This view has changed with increased understanding of this process. Owing to its specific characteristics such as its inhibition with Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor, amiloride [25], and depend ...
Expression and function of cell adhesion molecules during neural
... intracellular trafficking of N-cadherin to the cell membrane is regulated in a subset of ...
... intracellular trafficking of N-cadherin to the cell membrane is regulated in a subset of ...
here - The Nebenführ Lab
... marker (GmMan1-GFP) (Nebenführ et al. 1999) were grown at 27 C in the dark in a modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium as described (Nagata et al. 1992). The Golgi marker was used to confirm that the BDM concentrations used were sufficient to inhibit directional organelle movements as described by Ne ...
... marker (GmMan1-GFP) (Nebenführ et al. 1999) were grown at 27 C in the dark in a modified Murashige–Skoog (MS) medium as described (Nagata et al. 1992). The Golgi marker was used to confirm that the BDM concentrations used were sufficient to inhibit directional organelle movements as described by Ne ...
Functional Analysis of Whole Cell Currents From Hair Cells of the
... (Brichta et al. 2002). Briefly, red-eared turtles were decapitated, the posterior ampulla on one side was excised, the neuroepithelium was exposed, and an enzymatic dissociation procedure was used to harvest hair cells from one of three regions (planum, torus, or central zone). The chamber containin ...
... (Brichta et al. 2002). Briefly, red-eared turtles were decapitated, the posterior ampulla on one side was excised, the neuroepithelium was exposed, and an enzymatic dissociation procedure was used to harvest hair cells from one of three regions (planum, torus, or central zone). The chamber containin ...
6 December 2009
... Figure 1. The engulfment of gold spines by a cell is based on mimicry of phagocytosis. (a) Phagocytosis of particles by cells is generated by binding of receptor molecules presented on the surface of the cell to molecules presented by the target particle (the immobilized ligand is shown at the tip o ...
... Figure 1. The engulfment of gold spines by a cell is based on mimicry of phagocytosis. (a) Phagocytosis of particles by cells is generated by binding of receptor molecules presented on the surface of the cell to molecules presented by the target particle (the immobilized ligand is shown at the tip o ...
Column Flotation
... The first computer controlled multicolumn/mechanical cell portable pilot plant for on-site evaluation of flotation ...
... The first computer controlled multicolumn/mechanical cell portable pilot plant for on-site evaluation of flotation ...
How to build a grid cell
... cortex (MEC II) show pure grid firing lacking other types of spatial modulation, such as head-direction sensitivity [3], and grid-like firing behaviour can be found in both types of principal neurons in MEC II, stellate and pyramidal cells [4]. Grid cells have most extensively been studied in rats a ...
... cortex (MEC II) show pure grid firing lacking other types of spatial modulation, such as head-direction sensitivity [3], and grid-like firing behaviour can be found in both types of principal neurons in MEC II, stellate and pyramidal cells [4]. Grid cells have most extensively been studied in rats a ...
Cell-wall carbohydrates and their modification as a resource for
... Golgi apparatus differs significantly from cellulose biosynthesis. In the case of the mannans, the backbone is synthesized by CslA proteins (Liepman et al., 2007) that have been identified in a number of species (Dhugga et al., 2004; Liepman et al., 2005, 2007; Suzuki et al., 2006). Each plant speci ...
... Golgi apparatus differs significantly from cellulose biosynthesis. In the case of the mannans, the backbone is synthesized by CslA proteins (Liepman et al., 2007) that have been identified in a number of species (Dhugga et al., 2004; Liepman et al., 2005, 2007; Suzuki et al., 2006). Each plant speci ...
We have found that an H3K27 methyltransferase activity co
... would be important to clarify that Ezh2 regulation by NIPP1 is a direct event rather than an indirect one. The fact that NIPP1 and eed, a Ezh2 partner in PRC2,3,4 complexes and needed for their H3K27me3 activity, would support such a direct role. However, it is not possible to ensure that all eed is ...
... would be important to clarify that Ezh2 regulation by NIPP1 is a direct event rather than an indirect one. The fact that NIPP1 and eed, a Ezh2 partner in PRC2,3,4 complexes and needed for their H3K27me3 activity, would support such a direct role. However, it is not possible to ensure that all eed is ...
CD4 T cells that enter the draining lymph nodes after antigen
... exposure will be activated immediately, whereas others that enter this lymph node from other parts of the body will be activated later. These “resident” and “late-arriving” T cells are likely to experience different levels of TCR and CD28 stimulation caused by changes in peptide–MHC and costimulator ...
... exposure will be activated immediately, whereas others that enter this lymph node from other parts of the body will be activated later. These “resident” and “late-arriving” T cells are likely to experience different levels of TCR and CD28 stimulation caused by changes in peptide–MHC and costimulator ...
Discovery of genes with highly restricted expression
... approximately 13,500 known and predicted genes in the Drosophila genome (Genechip Drosophila Genome Array 1, Affymetrix). The transcripts were ranked by average foldchange and those showing a two-fold or greater enrichment are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Information for all genes is available at http:/ ...
... approximately 13,500 known and predicted genes in the Drosophila genome (Genechip Drosophila Genome Array 1, Affymetrix). The transcripts were ranked by average foldchange and those showing a two-fold or greater enrichment are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Information for all genes is available at http:/ ...
Suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW
... cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-a ŽTNF-a . as well as genes encoding cell adhesion molecules, immunoreceptors, hematopoetic growth factors and growth factor receptors ŽBaeuerle and Henkel, 1994.. In addition, NF-kB response eleme ...
... cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-a ŽTNF-a . as well as genes encoding cell adhesion molecules, immunoreceptors, hematopoetic growth factors and growth factor receptors ŽBaeuerle and Henkel, 1994.. In addition, NF-kB response eleme ...
Molecular cloning and expression of a novel
... The cell lineage in early development has been established completely up to the 110-cell stage in Halocynthia roretzi (Nishida, 1987). It is thought that the autonomous development of the ascidians is due to factors, named determinants, which appear to be involved in the determination of the fate of ...
... The cell lineage in early development has been established completely up to the 110-cell stage in Halocynthia roretzi (Nishida, 1987). It is thought that the autonomous development of the ascidians is due to factors, named determinants, which appear to be involved in the determination of the fate of ...
Novel codon-optimized GM-CSF gene as an adjuvant to enhance
... gene and its level of expression [28–30]. GM-CSF is species specific and human GM-CSF has no biological effects on mouse cells. We optimized condon of murine GM-CSF to evaluate the HIV-1 Gag-specific immune response in a mouse model system. In this current study, we used total gene synthesis to deve ...
... gene and its level of expression [28–30]. GM-CSF is species specific and human GM-CSF has no biological effects on mouse cells. We optimized condon of murine GM-CSF to evaluate the HIV-1 Gag-specific immune response in a mouse model system. In this current study, we used total gene synthesis to deve ...
article in press - MPI
... to generate segment polarity, and conflicting evidence exists regarding whether fss/tbx24 is required cell-autonomously ...
... to generate segment polarity, and conflicting evidence exists regarding whether fss/tbx24 is required cell-autonomously ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.