Pleiotropy of leptin receptor signalling is defined by distinct roles of
... agouti-related protein (AGRP) neurons [29]. ...
... agouti-related protein (AGRP) neurons [29]. ...
Staining and Bacterial Cell Morphology
... ion (a chromophore) and a counter ion to balance the charge. Attachment of the chromophore part of the dye complex to a cellular component represents the staining reaction. There are two types of dyes: cationic (basic) and anionic (acidic). Cationic dyes have a positively charged chromophore and hig ...
... ion (a chromophore) and a counter ion to balance the charge. Attachment of the chromophore part of the dye complex to a cellular component represents the staining reaction. There are two types of dyes: cationic (basic) and anionic (acidic). Cationic dyes have a positively charged chromophore and hig ...
The tubby-like proteins - Journal of Cell Science
... kinase domain, as well as by ABL and JAK2. This phosphorylation increases the binding capacity of TUB for proteins that have SH2 domains, such as PLC-γ. (b) TUB as a nuclear signaling molecule. TUB is attached to the plasma membrane through PtdIns(4,5)P2. The signals from Gprotein-coupled receptors ...
... kinase domain, as well as by ABL and JAK2. This phosphorylation increases the binding capacity of TUB for proteins that have SH2 domains, such as PLC-γ. (b) TUB as a nuclear signaling molecule. TUB is attached to the plasma membrane through PtdIns(4,5)P2. The signals from Gprotein-coupled receptors ...
Exocytosis and cell polarity in plants exocyst and recycling domains
... formation, which may take place at the trans-Golgi network even without coat assistance, facilitated by the local regulation of membrane lipid organization. The RabA4b guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), recruiting phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase to the trans-Golgi network, is a candidate vesicle forma ...
... formation, which may take place at the trans-Golgi network even without coat assistance, facilitated by the local regulation of membrane lipid organization. The RabA4b guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), recruiting phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase to the trans-Golgi network, is a candidate vesicle forma ...
Interaction of Bacterial Populations in Coupled Microchambers
... studying interacting bacterial populations is presented in this work. Bacterial cultures were grown in a device within distinct microchambers and channels that are separated by porous membranes. This membrane acts as a physical boundary for the populations in each chamber, nevertheless it enables ch ...
... studying interacting bacterial populations is presented in this work. Bacterial cultures were grown in a device within distinct microchambers and channels that are separated by porous membranes. This membrane acts as a physical boundary for the populations in each chamber, nevertheless it enables ch ...
A TUrBO SWITCH SpEEdS Up A CRUCIAL CALCIUM PUMP
... high-affinity pumps are situated in the cell membrane and they export calcium ions (Ca2+) from the cytoplasm to the extracellular environment. The pumps are crucial for controlling the overall balance of calcium inside cells and for local intracellular calcium ion signalling. ...
... high-affinity pumps are situated in the cell membrane and they export calcium ions (Ca2+) from the cytoplasm to the extracellular environment. The pumps are crucial for controlling the overall balance of calcium inside cells and for local intracellular calcium ion signalling. ...
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... developing fly retinal neuroepithelium (Figures 4A and 4C) while dLgl is overlapping but accumulates to higher levels at the periphery of cells (Figures 4B and 4C). We have also examined other tissues (ovaries, larval neuromuscular junctions) and observed a similar result (Figure 2 and data not show ...
... developing fly retinal neuroepithelium (Figures 4A and 4C) while dLgl is overlapping but accumulates to higher levels at the periphery of cells (Figures 4B and 4C). We have also examined other tissues (ovaries, larval neuromuscular junctions) and observed a similar result (Figure 2 and data not show ...
Actin behavior in bulk cytoplasm is cell cycle regulated in early
... cross-linked filament network and then contracts under the influence of myosin II. This was one of the founding observations for the field of non-muscle cell motility, and investigation of its mechanism led to the purification of important actin-interacting proteins (Pollard, 1981). Gelation-contrac ...
... cross-linked filament network and then contracts under the influence of myosin II. This was one of the founding observations for the field of non-muscle cell motility, and investigation of its mechanism led to the purification of important actin-interacting proteins (Pollard, 1981). Gelation-contrac ...
emboj7601781-sup
... in the animal regions. (C) Specificity of XCullin5 Mo. EGFP-Mo sensitive XCul5 mRNA (500 pg) was coexpressed with RFP-Mo resistant XCul5 mRNA (500 pg) with or without XCul5 Mo. (D) RFP-Mo sensitive XCul5 mRNA (500 pg) was co-expressed with EGFP-Mo resistant XCul5 mRNA (500 pg) with or without XCul5 ...
... in the animal regions. (C) Specificity of XCullin5 Mo. EGFP-Mo sensitive XCul5 mRNA (500 pg) was coexpressed with RFP-Mo resistant XCul5 mRNA (500 pg) with or without XCul5 Mo. (D) RFP-Mo sensitive XCul5 mRNA (500 pg) was co-expressed with EGFP-Mo resistant XCul5 mRNA (500 pg) with or without XCul5 ...
An immunologist`s perspective on nutrition, immunity, and infectious
... pathogens, each containing different PAMP, can interact with a certain combination of PRR on or in a host cell. The variety of PRR complexes triggers specific intracellular signal transduction pathways that will induce specific gene expression profiles, particularly cytokine/chemokine expression, be ...
... pathogens, each containing different PAMP, can interact with a certain combination of PRR on or in a host cell. The variety of PRR complexes triggers specific intracellular signal transduction pathways that will induce specific gene expression profiles, particularly cytokine/chemokine expression, be ...
Lactic acid excretion by Streptococcus mutans
... Ingbritt (Krasse, 1966 ; Linzer, 1976) was stored in 30 YOglycerol broth at -20 "C. The strain was checked regularly according to the criteria of Hardie & Bowden (1976). Bacteria were grown as batch cultures at 37 OC in T Y E growth medium as described previously (Dashper & Reynolds, 1990, 1992). Ce ...
... Ingbritt (Krasse, 1966 ; Linzer, 1976) was stored in 30 YOglycerol broth at -20 "C. The strain was checked regularly according to the criteria of Hardie & Bowden (1976). Bacteria were grown as batch cultures at 37 OC in T Y E growth medium as described previously (Dashper & Reynolds, 1990, 1992). Ce ...
Original Article Prediction of non-small cell lung cancer metastasis
... (miRNA), it is indicated that post-transcriptional regulation is widely present in organisms. miRNAs are single-strand small-molecule RNAs with 21-24 nucleotides, which are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, embryo development, morphogenesis and disease occurrence during the ...
... (miRNA), it is indicated that post-transcriptional regulation is widely present in organisms. miRNAs are single-strand small-molecule RNAs with 21-24 nucleotides, which are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, embryo development, morphogenesis and disease occurrence during the ...
Lactic acid excretion by Streptococcus mutans
... Ingbritt (Krasse, 1966 ; Linzer, 1976) was stored in 30 YOglycerol broth at -20 "C. The strain was checked regularly according to the criteria of Hardie & Bowden (1976). Bacteria were grown as batch cultures at 37 OC in T Y E growth medium as described previously (Dashper & Reynolds, 1990, 1992). Ce ...
... Ingbritt (Krasse, 1966 ; Linzer, 1976) was stored in 30 YOglycerol broth at -20 "C. The strain was checked regularly according to the criteria of Hardie & Bowden (1976). Bacteria were grown as batch cultures at 37 OC in T Y E growth medium as described previously (Dashper & Reynolds, 1990, 1992). Ce ...
The regulation and function of Class III PI3Ks: novel roles for Vps34
... of the C. elegans Class II PI3K, F39B1.1, reduces the rescue of let-512 mutants by the myotubularin knockdown. The enzymatic activity of recombinant Vps34 is readily assayed in vitro [19], and the activity of endogenous Vps34 can be measured in immunoprecipitates of Vps34 or its binding partners [5, ...
... of the C. elegans Class II PI3K, F39B1.1, reduces the rescue of let-512 mutants by the myotubularin knockdown. The enzymatic activity of recombinant Vps34 is readily assayed in vitro [19], and the activity of endogenous Vps34 can be measured in immunoprecipitates of Vps34 or its binding partners [5, ...
What do colony patterns mean? - James A. Shapiro
... Observations and hypotheses for modeling B. subtilis DBM Observations: 1. Amino acids necessary (I.B. Holland, personal communication) 2. DBM limited to a special region of the nutritional-mobility space 3. DBM characterized by branches that do not grow in width 4. Tip-splitting occurs when branche ...
... Observations and hypotheses for modeling B. subtilis DBM Observations: 1. Amino acids necessary (I.B. Holland, personal communication) 2. DBM limited to a special region of the nutritional-mobility space 3. DBM characterized by branches that do not grow in width 4. Tip-splitting occurs when branche ...
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Pancreatic Carcinoma
... repression of the gene that encodes E-cadherin, the principal epithelial adhesion protein [9]. 2.2. Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) and SMAD Signaling TGF is arguably the most important EMT-inducing soluble factor in a diverse range of tumor cells. TGF is an important regulator of tissue home ...
... repression of the gene that encodes E-cadherin, the principal epithelial adhesion protein [9]. 2.2. Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) and SMAD Signaling TGF is arguably the most important EMT-inducing soluble factor in a diverse range of tumor cells. TGF is an important regulator of tissue home ...
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... have found that the cap cell, one of two accessory cells of v’ch1, a chordotonal organ in the Drosophila embryo, strongly influences the development of its associated neuron. As it projects a long dorsally directed cellular extension, the cap cell reorients the dendrite of the v’ch1 neuron and tows ...
... have found that the cap cell, one of two accessory cells of v’ch1, a chordotonal organ in the Drosophila embryo, strongly influences the development of its associated neuron. As it projects a long dorsally directed cellular extension, the cap cell reorients the dendrite of the v’ch1 neuron and tows ...
Only a subset of the binary cell fate decisions
... Asymmetric cell division is a fundamental process for the generation of daughter cells with different fates. Two types of mechanisms may be used in generating asymmetric cell divisions, an extrinsic mechanism and an intrinsic mechanism. The intrinsic mechanism involves the segregation of an inherite ...
... Asymmetric cell division is a fundamental process for the generation of daughter cells with different fates. Two types of mechanisms may be used in generating asymmetric cell divisions, an extrinsic mechanism and an intrinsic mechanism. The intrinsic mechanism involves the segregation of an inherite ...
Alternative splicing induced by nonsense mutations in the
... FIGURE 1. Activation of an alternative 3⬘ splice site by PTCs at different positions in the Ig-µ VDJ exon. (A) Schematic representation of the Ig-µ gene with numbers depicting the amino acid positions where PTCs were inserted into the µ-minigene. The position of the PTC in the endogenous Ig-µ gene i ...
... FIGURE 1. Activation of an alternative 3⬘ splice site by PTCs at different positions in the Ig-µ VDJ exon. (A) Schematic representation of the Ig-µ gene with numbers depicting the amino acid positions where PTCs were inserted into the µ-minigene. The position of the PTC in the endogenous Ig-µ gene i ...
Xror2 modulates convergent extension
... polarity (PCP) signaling in Drosophila (Heisenberg et al., 2000; Tada and Smith, 2000). Components of Wnt signaling for the PCP pathway include Frizzled 7 (Xfz7), Strabismus (Stbm), Dishevelled, a Formin Homology Protein called Daam1, and the Rho family GTPases, Rho, Rac and Cdc42 (all of which have ...
... polarity (PCP) signaling in Drosophila (Heisenberg et al., 2000; Tada and Smith, 2000). Components of Wnt signaling for the PCP pathway include Frizzled 7 (Xfz7), Strabismus (Stbm), Dishevelled, a Formin Homology Protein called Daam1, and the Rho family GTPases, Rho, Rac and Cdc42 (all of which have ...
Year 10 Biology GCSE Objectives
... on plant tissue. I can calculate percentage change and use this to plot a line graph with negative numbers and draw a line of best fit. I can explain why active transport is ...
... on plant tissue. I can calculate percentage change and use this to plot a line graph with negative numbers and draw a line of best fit. I can explain why active transport is ...
T Cells + Lymphotropic Virus (MTLV) Destroying CD4 Autoimmune
... To determine the role of the MTLV-induced T cell deficiency in the autoimmune development, the deficiency was sustained by removal of the thymus 3 wk after neonatal infection, and the mice were examined at 3 mo of age for the development of autoimmune disease (Table I, Fig. 5). The virus-infected an ...
... To determine the role of the MTLV-induced T cell deficiency in the autoimmune development, the deficiency was sustained by removal of the thymus 3 wk after neonatal infection, and the mice were examined at 3 mo of age for the development of autoimmune disease (Table I, Fig. 5). The virus-infected an ...
Developmental origin and lineage plasticity of endogenous cardiac
... which presents a technical challenge for studying their roles in vivo. In the following sections, we describe what it is known about the different putative adult cardiac stem/progenitor-like populations that reside around vessels and among cardiac muscle fibers in the adult heart. A recurring theme ...
... which presents a technical challenge for studying their roles in vivo. In the following sections, we describe what it is known about the different putative adult cardiac stem/progenitor-like populations that reside around vessels and among cardiac muscle fibers in the adult heart. A recurring theme ...
That Impairs Th1-Type Immunity Down
... by bacillus Calmette-Guérin, the TB vaccine bacillus (30). The current literature suggests that the inflammatory response of macrophages is terminated in part by several intracellular regulators, including IL receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) and SOCS (28, 31, 32). IRAK-M dampens TLR signaling, ...
... by bacillus Calmette-Guérin, the TB vaccine bacillus (30). The current literature suggests that the inflammatory response of macrophages is terminated in part by several intracellular regulators, including IL receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) and SOCS (28, 31, 32). IRAK-M dampens TLR signaling, ...
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation isa cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth. Differentiation occurs numerous times during the development of a multicellular organism as it changes from a simple zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation continues in adulthood as adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover. Some differentiation occurs in response to antigen exposure. Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, membrane potential, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to highly controlled modifications in gene expression and are the study of epigenetics. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.A cell that can differentiate into all cell types of the adult organism is known as pluripotent. Such cells are called embryonic stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants. A cell that can differentiate into all cell types, including the placental tissue, is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and subsequent blastomeres are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques. In cytopathology, the level of cellular differentiation is used as a measure of cancer progression. ""Grade"" is a marker of how differentiated a cell in a tumor is.